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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wMfhmqHWzzhzBGjxwJtbKDJ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672025001100167</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0550</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00167</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Family management of care for children with chronic conditions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Gesti&#243;n familiar del cuidado de ni&#241;os con enfermedades cr&#243;nicas en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0765-187X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Henriques</surname>
            <given-names>Nayara Luiza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8075-6857</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mac&#234;do</surname>
            <given-names>Ma&#237;sa Mara Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0706-3170</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Felizardo</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa Joice de Abreu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9153-5777</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gesteira</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Cristina Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8170-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Elys&#226;ngela Dittz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
          <state>Minas Gerais</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Campinas</city>
          <state>S&#227;o Paulo</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR IN CHIEF:</label>
          <p>Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>ASSOCIATE EDITOR:</label>
          <p>Hugo Fernandes</p>
        </fn>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Nayara Luiza Henriques, E-mail: <email>nayaraluizah@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>78</volume>
      <issue>Suppl 2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240550</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>to understand the experience of family management in caring for children with chronic conditions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>a qualitative study, based on the Family Management Style Framework, carried out with 24 families of children with chronic conditions. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and subjected to thematic analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>before the pandemic, families followed their routines, adapting to care demands. With the pandemic, new challenges in family dynamics were imposed, influencing management behaviors. Coping and resilience were crucial to maintaining focus on the well-being of their children in the context of crisis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Final Considerations:</title>
          <p>knowledge about family management of care for children with chronic conditions in the context of the pandemic allowed us to recognize families&#8217; efforts to provide care in adverse situations. New skills and competencies were acquired, but there was an impact on continuity of care.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>comprender la experiencia de la gesti&#243;n familiar en el cuidado de ni&#241;os con enfermedades cr&#243;nicas en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudio cualitativo, basado en el Family Management Style Framework, realizado con 24 familias de ni&#241;os con enfermedades cr&#243;nicas. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y sometidos a an&#225;lisis tem&#225;tico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>antes de la pandemia, las familias segu&#237;an sus rutinas, adapt&#225;ndose a las demandas de cuidado. Con la pandemia se impusieron nuevos desaf&#237;os en la din&#225;mica familiar, influyendo en las conductas de gesti&#243;n. La capacidad de afrontar las situaciones y la resiliencia fueron cruciales para mantener el foco en el bienestar de sus hijos en el contexto de la crisis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones Finales:</title>
          <p>el conocimiento sobre la gesti&#243;n familiar del cuidado de ni&#241;os con enfermedades cr&#243;nicas en el contexto de la pandemia permiti&#243; reconocer los esfuerzos de las familias por brindar cuidados en situaciones adversas. Se adquirieron nuevas habilidades y competencias, pero hubo un impacto en la continuidad de la atenci&#243;n.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Chronic Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Child Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Family</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualitative Research.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Enfermedad Cr&#243;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidado del Ni&#241;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Familia</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Investigaci&#243;n Cualitativa.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Council for Scientific Development</funding-source>
          <award-id>428929/2018-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minas Gerais State Research Support Foundation</funding-source>
          <award-id>25960/01</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>National Council for Scientific Development (Process 428929/2018-4) and Minas Gerais State Research Support Foundation (Process 25960/01). Title: <italic>Adapta&#231;&#227;o familiar &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o de nascimento prematuro durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na UTIN, no 1&#186;, 3&#186;, 6&#186;, 9&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar</italic>. Coordinated by: Elys&#226;ngela Dittz Duarte.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>The growth in the number of children living with a chronic condition is a reality identified in recent years<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. This can be attributed to factors such as the increasing specialization of child care and technological advances that allow for more accurate diagnoses and treatments<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. When a child&#8217;s health is stable, the home is the main care setting and the family assumes responsibility for this task<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Throughout life, adaptation and readaptation processes will be experienced by families of children with chronic conditions (CCC)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>. This is because a child&#8217;s health condition can vary, as can the family&#8217;s finances and support network so that the family&#8217;s organization for care will undergo changes over time and according to the context in which CCC and their caregivers are inserted<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. The context, therefore, is understood as the environment in which children and family live<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nurses Kathleen Knafl and Janet Deatrick, authors of the Family Management Style Framework (FMSF)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>, propose the definition of context as a dimension for family care, since it can interfere in the family&#8217;s living conditions and in the way it perceives and manages care<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A significant change in context was experienced globally with the pandemic due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Although the literature indicates that children have been less affected by the severe and symptomatic form of COVID-19, CCC have an increased risk of more serious complications and hospitalizations due to infection<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the context of CCC families, the goals of complying with all health regulations and being able to provide continuity of care were considered challenges<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>. Additional demands resulting from the pandemic, such as hygiene-related care, mask use and the need for social distancing, have created a greater burden for caregivers and increased stress levels<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. In addition to these demands, the family had to deal with the reduction of their support network, family life and care from healthcare professionals<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Given this context, it was considered necessary to investigate how families organized themselves to ensure CCC care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, the FMSF was used as a subsidy for this investigation. It is believed that knowing the experience of managing care by families of CCC during the COVID-19 pandemic allows us to identify the potential of the family as a social nucleus of care, its capacity to resist and adapt or not to this type of contextual change, and aspects that may have been weakened during the pandemic, putting family functioning at risk.</p>
      <p>Therefore, it is considered that the changes produced in the context of families, brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, accentuated the family efforts made to meet the care demands of CCC. Based on this assertion, the research question was defined: how was the family management of CCC care during the COVID-19 pandemic?</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVES</title>
      <p>To understand the experience of family management in caring for children with chronic conditions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in light of the theoretical framework of the Family Management Style Framework.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The project was submitted and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the proposing institution. In order to ensure the adequacy of this study to the ethical standards of research involving human beings, Resolution 466/2012 of the Brazilian National Health Council (In Portuguese, <italic>Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de</italic> - CNS) was complied with, as well as the guidelines of Circular Letter 2/2021<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup> of the Brazilian National Research Ethics Commission. Informed Consent Form (ICF) was obtained from all individuals involved in the study through oral expression, since the interviews were conducted by telephone due to the social distancing scenario. Thus, the ICF was read and the consent to participate in the study was recorded and archived in secure media as provided for in Resolutions 466/2012 and 580/2018 of the CNS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Theoretical-methodological framework</title>
        <p>The FMSF<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup> was adopted as the theoretical framework for this study, since it allows an analysis of responses of families to the needs experienced due to the existence of a chronic condition in childhood, considering the influence of the context in family life through the following components: definition of the situation (meanings attributed by the family in the experience of illness, identified by the dimensions: child identity, view of illness, management mindset, and parental mutuality); management behaviors (behaviors acquired by family members in different situations exposed by the condition, identified by parental philosophy and management approach); and perceived consequences (current and expected results by the family regarding illness management, identified by family focus and future expectation)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This is a qualitative study built based on Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodological procedures</title>
        <p>The research was conducted with 24 CCC families. Initially, a representative of each family was interviewed, 22 mothers, one father and one aunt, considered the main caregivers of children, i.e., those who take the most intense responsibility for child care. In order to contemplate different perspectives of the family, these caregivers were asked to indicate another family member who was also involved in child care. In five families, there was no other caregiver; three did not respond to the request; and 16 caregivers indicated another family member. Of these 16 families, it was possible to interview another family member in nine, six fathers, one mother, one uncle and one grandmother. Therefore, a total of 33 interviews were conducted. It is worth noting that, although the research was not conducted with all family members, the production of information referred to the family as a whole.</p>
        <p>Inclusion criteria for participation in the research were being a family member of CCC and being involved in their care, being over 18 years old, able to hear, understand and verbalize the answers to the researcher, and being able to be contacted by telephone. The exclusion criterion was not obtaining a response from the family member after three attempts to contact the researcher. The thematic saturation criterion was adopted to interrupt data collection<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study setting</title>
        <p>The participating families were identified through hospital admission records of children discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) between December 2016 and December 2017, from two reference hospitals for maternal and child health in the capital of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The period was defined to allow the identification of children aged between 2 and 4 years, an age group in which changes in neuropsychomotor development are most noticeable by families<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data source</title>
        <p>Children were identified between October 2019 and May 2020, for a primary study, carried out in the context prior to the COVID-19 pandemic<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Moreover, 1,115 families were located. Subsequently, telephone contact was made with all these families to apply the Questionnaire for Identification of Children with Chronic Conditions - Revised (QuICCC-R)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. Of the total number of families, it was not possible to contact 829 because the telephone number was non-existent or no longer belonged to the family member. A total of 286 families were contacted, of which five children had died; 219 did not have chronic conditions according to the QuICCC-R<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>; and nine families refused to participate. Thus, 53 CCC families participated in the primary study<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>For this research, attempts were made to contact the same 53 families participating in the primary study<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. Of these, nine families could not be contacted because the telephone number was not valid; 13 did not respond after three attempted calls; and four did not wish to participate. Thus, data collection was carried out with 27 families; however, three participated in a pilot test and were not part of data analysis, thus leaving 24 families.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection and organization</title>
        <p>Data collection took place between January and May 2021, through semi-structured interviews. Due to COVID-19 infection prevention measures, it was decided to produce the data through telephone contact, which ensured access and reach to families in the context of social isolation. To ensure the effectiveness of the interview, participants were initially contacted by the researcher of the primary study with whom they were already familiar. At the time, she introduced this study and the researchers involved in it, facilitating contact. Recognizing the potential limitations of telephone interviews, such as participant distractions, technical and connection problems, lack of nonverbal communication and weaker connection between researcher and interviewee, strategies were adopted such as scheduling the interview in advance to minimize distractions, maintaining contact with interviewees via text messages on WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> to strengthen the bond and creating an interview script with questions to facilitate the proper conduct of the interview.</p>
        <p>The interview script was prepared according to the FMSF components<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>, with questions about daily care of children during the pandemic, focusing on changes in care demands, family dynamics, family mutuality, access to healthcare services, and perspectives on children&#8217;s future. The interviews were conducted by one of the authors of this study, after prior telephone contact with participants to schedule a day and time of their preference. The researcher is a nurse, master&#8217;s and doctoral student in nursing, with experience in conducting qualitative interviews and, although she worked in child care at one of the hospitals in which participants were identified, she had no prior contact with them.</p>
        <p>The interview was conducted individually with each member of the participating family. Care was taken to ensure that the environment was quiet and had good telephone signal coverage. The average length of interviews was 15 minutes and 34 seconds. All interviews were transcribed in full. To validate each transcription, the text was read and the audio was listened to.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The data were subjected to thematic analysis<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>, with a deductive approach guided by the FMSF. The transcribed interview documents were exported to the MAXQDA<sup>&#174;</sup> software<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup> for qualitative data coding, exploration and management.</p>
        <p>To construct the thematic analysis, the six stages proposed by Braun and Clarke were used<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. Initially, themes corresponding to the FMSF components and dimensions were listed<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. These themes were applied to the interview transcripts and subsequently we sought to identify aspects that signaled patterns in families&#8217; experience. To validate theme assignment, the first five interviews were coded independently and blindly by two researchers, the first and second authors of this study. At this stage, a Kappa index of 0.95 was obtained, which represents a high level of intercoder agreement<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. Any discrepancies found were discussed with a third researcher to reach consensus. The remaining interviews were coded by the second author of this article.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participant characterization</title>
        <p>Twenty-four CCC families participated. It is considered that, since a primary caregiver is a person who takes on the most intense care of children, they can provide information about the family&#8217;s perspective. Therefore, the sociodemographic characteristics that will be presented refer to primary caregivers. The majority (n=22) of interviews were answered by mothers, of whom 41% were housewives. Among the primary caregivers (n=24), the predominant age range was 31 to 40 years (n=17). The majority (n=8) had completed high school, followed by higher education. As for ethnicity, four were white, four were black, and 16 were of other ethnicities. The majority (n=21) had some religion and lived with a partner (n=18). Family income was based on the minimum wage (R$1,100.00), with 25% receiving less than this. Seventeen families received some type of financial aid.</p>
        <p>The 25 children participating were between 3 and 4 years old, with a mean gestational age of 31.8 weeks, and nine were premature. The majority were male (n=17), and 12 attended school. All received specialized healthcare, with the majority (n=13) requiring multiple specialties. Diagnoses included neurological and/or neuromuscular conditions (n=13), cardiovascular conditions (n=3), respiratory conditions (n=1), gastrointestinal and endocrine conditions (n=1), renal conditions (n=1), bone and/or joint conditions (n=4), and congenital anomalies and genetic defects (n=2). Children with hydrocephalus used ventriculoperitoneal shunt.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Family Management Style Model</title>
        <p>Data analysis allowed us to identify, based on the FMSF components, elements that comprised the experience of childcare provided by families during the COVID-19 pandemic. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> allows us to visualize aspects of this experience as well as the changes experienced in this new context of care.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Family Management Style Model for children with chronic conditions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2024</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Source: adapted from Knafl, Deatrick and Havill (2012).</italic>
            </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-78-suppl2-e20240550-0550-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Definition of the situation</title>
        <p>This component was designed to identify how families experienced the care of CCC during the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the FMSF, the definition of the situation is related to the meaning that family members attribute to important elements of the situation experienced, which in this study is specifically the care of a CCC in the context of the pandemic. Four dimensions make up this component: child identity; view of illness; management mindset; and family mutuality.</p>
        <p>Child identity was expressed through the weaknesses identified by family members considering pre-existing health conditions and their contribution to greater susceptibility to COVID-19. Families&#8217; view of illness reflected a negative prognosis for children, due to the uncertainty of the end of the pandemic, negative information in the media about infected people, lack of knowledge about the consequences of the illness, and uncertainty about vaccination. Families&#8217; management mindset during the pandemic highlighted difficulties resulting from the interruption of services, school closures, and increased stress for children due to spending more time at home. Despite the challenges imposed by the pandemic, family mutuality stood out for the opportunity for unity, companionship, and participation in care among family members. The information is exemplified in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Defining the situation of families to manage children with chronic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2024</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3">Category: definition of the situation </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dimensions</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Family management experience</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Examples of statements</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>Child identity:</bold> parents&#8217; views of the child and the extent to which those views focus on illness or normalcy and capabilities or vulnerabilities.</td>
                <td align="center">Weaknesses caused by chronic conditions leading to greater susceptibility to COVID-19 infection.</td>
                <td align="center">[...] <italic>I&#8217;m afraid he&#8217;ll catch COVID, and since he has respiratory problems, he&#8217;ll have extreme difficulty breathing</italic> [...]. (M43)<break/><italic>A lot of things have changed because we&#8217;re scared, you know? She&#8217;s very fragile. If she gets on this train, I think it&#8217;ll be terrible, you know?</italic> (P22)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>Illness view:</bold> parents&#8217; beliefs about the cause, seriousness, predictability, and course of the illness.</td>
                <td align="center">Families believe that existing chronic conditions are serious and that they can be exacerbated if children become infected, which causes anxiety and fear.</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>She has lung dysplasia. So, her having these lung lesions makes me worried about COVID, because it is a respiratory virus.</italic> (M5)<break/><italic>If he catches the virus, he could get worse. The biggest concern is related to that, right? They said there won&#8217;t be a vaccine for him or anything, that they won&#8217;t give the vaccine to children. I thought it was absurd, right? He needs the vaccine.</italic> (M24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2"><bold>Management mindset:</bold> parents&#8217; views of the ease or difficulty of carrying out the treatment regimen and their ability to manage effectively.</td>
                <td align="center">The facilities acquired throughout the management experience before the pandemic were impacted by the interruption of assistance services, making it difficult to follow the therapeutic regimen. </td>
                <td align="center"><italic>As they say, during this pandemic, we had to stop swimming lessons. We didn&#8217;t have any appointments at the outpatient clinic at Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas here at APAE. The doctor&#8217;s office also stopped, so care became difficult</italic> [...]. (M50)<break/><italic>It&#8217;s been really busy, right? More stressful, because there&#8217;s no school, right? So, they stay home and are more anxious.</italic> (M20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Need for caregivers to maintain therapies at home.</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>Well, it&#8217;s being like this, more delicate, because she&#8217;s not having physical therapy, right? She&#8217;s not having these in-person appointments. So, in this case, she&#8217;s having online physical therapy, right? In this case, I&#8217;m the one having to do physical therapy.</italic> (M25)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left"><bold>Family mutuality:</bold> caregivers&#8217; beliefs about the extent to which they have shared or discrepant views of the child, the illness, their parenting philosophy, and their approach to illness management.</td>
                <td align="center">Family members had already become more involved in caring for children, becoming more united, but with the pandemic, this experience intensified.</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>He also helps me a lot</italic> [referring to her husband]. <italic>He just doesn&#8217;t help me with the tube, because, like, he&#8217;s very insecure about the tube.</italic> (M25)<break/><italic>Actually, even before the pandemic, we got closer because of C. We dedicated ourselves a lot to her, really a lot.</italic> (P5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Family behaviors for managing care for children with chronic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic</title>
        <p>Management behaviors refer to the family&#8217;s efforts to care for and adapt to the demands arising from the chronic condition. Two dimensions help to understand this component: caregivers&#8217; philosophy; and management approach.</p>
        <p>Caregivers&#8217; philosophy encompasses their beliefs, values, and priorities, directly influencing the management approach. In this study, it was identified that the belief in children&#8217;s susceptibility to COVID-19 was a determining factor in intensifying care to prevent infection and maintain their health (management approach), such as avoiding leaving the house, limiting visits, and intensifying hygiene measures. The belief (caregivers&#8217; philosophy) that the lack of professional stimulation and socialization can lead to delays in children&#8217;s development led families to incorporate stimulation activities at home (management approach). Information about this component is illustrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Family behaviors to manage care for children with chronic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2024</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3">Component: management behavior </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dimensions</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Family management experience</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Examples of statements</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2"><bold>Parenting philosophy:</bold> parents&#8217; goals, priorities, and values that guide the overall approach and specific strategies for illness management.</td>
                <td align="center">Belief that children are more vulnerable and susceptible to COVID-19.</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>Well, we&#8217;ve redoubled our care because she has this part of the gastrostomy. We&#8217;re very concerned.</italic> (P2)<break/><italic>So, we&#8217;re even more careful, now it&#8217;s double. The care I used to take with him was mainly with his food. Now, you know, I have to avoid going out in public, use hand sanitizer, and clean myself as much as possible.</italic> (M17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Belief that the lack of stimuli from specialized professionals and the impossibility of socialization can lead to delays in development</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>Ah, one way or another, development is affected, right? Because everything has stopped, school has stopped, speech therapy, physiotherapy, so, whether you like it or not, everything is being affected, because you don&#8217;t have all the resource.</italic> (M16)<break/><italic>My daughter will be affected in every way. She needs to reinforce her steps, she has occupational therapy, she has physiotherapy, and so far, nothing. She needs it!</italic> (M5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2"><bold>Management approach:</bold> development of strategies and routines for managing the child&#8217;s condition</td>
                <td align="center">Adoption of behaviors to comply with social distancing, intensification of measures to prevent and contain COVID-19.</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>We avoid having too many people over because of the C41. We don&#8217;t go out, only when we need to.</italic> (M41)<break/><italic>We&#8217;re already afraid because of her immunity, which is already low, right? And if I need to go out, I leave her at home.</italic> (M51)<break/><italic>If you have to go out, you need to wear masks, be careful with hand sanitizer, and you can&#8217;t let anyone touch it.</italic> (M24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Adoption of behaviors to maintain child stimulation activities at home.</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>I do physiotherapy with her here at home. We play a lot, I move with her, so she ends up doing physiotherapy.</italic> (M22)<break/><italic>He had done eight sessions. The physiotherapist stopped seeing her, so she asked to continue doing it at home.</italic> (M53)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Consequences perceived by family members regarding caring for a child with chronic conditions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic</title>
        <p>This component concerns the family&#8217;s assessment of the impact of the chronic condition and resulting care on family functioning and future expectation. In this study, this assessment considered changes in family dynamics due to the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the FMSF, the component has two dimensions: family focus; and future expectation.</p>
        <p>Concerning family focus, which involves satisfaction with the incorporation of the management of the child&#8217;s condition into family life, caregivers reported a balance in their care routine, despite the increased responsibilities due to COVID-19 containment measures. They focused on protecting, preserving the health and promoting the well-being of CCC, maintaining the usual care activities and compensating for those affected by the pandemic, such as stimulating development and rehabilitation. Most caregivers expressed satisfaction with the new routine, attributing it to efforts to ensure quality of care. However, some expressed dissatisfaction, feeling inadequately trained compared to health and education professionals.</p>
        <p>Regarding future expectation, all caregivers were asked about the future of children and the family in the context of the pandemic. Only 12 responded, while the others were evasive, possibly due to the uncertainty of the situation. The future expectation expressed included the desire for children not to contract the virus and the hope for the end of the pandemic and the start of vaccination. Information on this component is exemplified in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Chart 3</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Chart 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Consequences perceived by family members regarding caring for a child with chronic conditions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2024</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3">Component: perceived consequences </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Dimensions</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Family management experience</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>Examples of statements</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3"><bold>Family focus:</bold> parents&#8217; assessment of the balance between illness management and other aspects of family life.</td>
                <td align="center">Assessment that child care was sustained through the construction of an adjusted family routine.</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>M18 is the pillar here at home. I&#8217;m out there working hard and she&#8217;s here inside with him, teaching, educating, taking care of him.</italic> (P18)<break/><italic>I&#8217;m practically all for her, right? When she&#8217;s free, I go and do some laundry, or clean the house.</italic> [...] <italic>my day and my night. I live for her.</italic> (M8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Assessment of satisfaction with the care provided.</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>We try to provide 100% care. Of course, we can&#8217;t do it, but 90%, our best, we can do it.</italic> (M18)<break/><italic>No one can be 100%, but we try to be as observant, attentive and responsible as possible for the situation, taking precautions.</italic> (P2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Dissatisfaction with the care provided due to the belief that some care cannot be performed well. </td>
                <td align="center">[...] <italic>everything stopped, school stopped, speech therapy, physiotherapy stopped, so, whether you like it or not, it&#8217;s affecting everything, right, because you don&#8217;t have all the resources. Here at home, I talk, I try, I encourage her a lot, I play, but it&#8217;s not the same thing as a professional doing with her, you know, being with her.</italic> (M16)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3"><bold>Future expectation:</bold> parents&#8217; assessment of the implications of the illness for their child&#8217;s and family&#8217;s future.</td>
                <td align="center">Expectation of non-contamination of the child </td>
                <td align="center"><italic>I hope C8 doesn&#8217;t get it, because I&#8217;m really scared. She has a punctured heart, lung problems, a bunch of little things, you know?</italic> (P8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hope for the arrival of the COVID-19 vaccine.</td>
                <td align="center"><italic>I&#8217;m rooting for this vaccine, because, wow, to leave this worry behind</italic> [...]. (M3)<break/><italic>Look, now, with the vaccine arriving, right, we&#8217;re a little hopeful, right, but I&#8217;ll tell you it&#8217;s a lot of stress</italic> [...]. (M17)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hope for the end of the pandemic.</td>
                <td align="center">[...] <italic>hope the pandemic ends soon, everyone gets vaccinated, right, he goes to school!</italic> (A24)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered substantial changes in the routine of families caring for CCC, influencing the management of daily care and creating new needs. Understanding how families have incorporated CCC care into their daily family life, as well as the challenges of providing care during a health crisis, has highlighted the need to offer support to these families, based on recognizing how they perceive and assess CCC and the care provided, as well as the resources they use as a source of support and guidance.</p>
      <p>This study shows that families who faced the most intense challenges related to caring for CCC during the pandemic were those with lower monthly family income and who had children with complex neurological conditions, as these families were already facing financial difficulties before the pandemic, as they needed to dedicate themselves fully to caring for their children. With the pandemic, they needed to incorporate new care into their routine, in addition to experiencing the loss of their support network, which aggravated the situation of social and financial vulnerability and emotional overload. It is known that families with CCC have a more vulnerable financial condition, resulting, among other things, from the interruption of paid work to dedicate themselves to care, in addition to health expenses. These events can accentuate the reduction in family income, compromising the family&#8217;s management and adaptation to adverse situations<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>As a strategy to mitigate the economic crisis resulting from the pandemic, aiming to guarantee minimum income and food security, the Brazilian government offered emergency aid. This financial increase was intended for families in a situation of economic vulnerability<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>. In this study, most families received this aid. Although this government action seems to have contributed to maintaining the economic stability of vulnerable CCC families, this group needs to be the target of effective and ongoing social security strategies, not limited to periods of crisis. It is important to highlight that families who reported greater purchasing power in this research also faced changes in their care routine, since, with the circumstances of the pandemic, it was not possible to maintain normal routines.</p>
      <p>Data analysis based on the FMSF revealed the existence of an interconnection between the dimensions of the theoretical framework, which was essential to understanding the changes that occurred in the routine of family care during the pandemic. The findings of this study indicate that the pandemic influenced caregivers to emphasize their children&#8217;s weaknesses to the detriment of their potential. By attributing this identity to the child, their belief that they are more susceptible to COVID-19 and its repercussions is also reinforced, in addition to the view that existing chronic conditions can be exacerbated if children are infected. This led families to experience feelings of fear and concern, and to adopt management behaviors aimed at protecting the child against SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as the use of alcohol gel, masks and social distancing, with the future expectation that the child would not become infected.</p>
      <p>The beliefs that define the family&#8217;s view of children&#8217;s condition can be modified depending on the context in which the family is inserted<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. Considering the data collection period, it is believed that the uncertainty regarding the end of the pandemic, the bad news spread by the media, the insecurity regarding the infection and its consequences, and the uncertainty regarding when the vaccine would be a reality may have contributed to the belief in a poor prognosis for CCC. Unlike adults, most infected children had a milder course of the illness. However, most deaths, hospitalizations, and critical consequences reported in children occurred in those with previous comorbidities<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>, data that justify greater concern among caregivers for their children, as well as the adoption of precautions to prevent COVID-19.</p>
      <p>The interruption of healthcare services and the closure of schools, difficulties identified by caregivers, were linked to the belief in the possibility of harm to children&#8217;s development. As a management approach, families made an effort to carry out stimulation activities at home and remained closer together, as evidenced in the family mutuality dimension. Therefore, the results allow us to recognize that caregivers already had knowledge and skills prior to the pandemic, resulting from continuous learning and constant adaptations regarding the needs of their child and care, supporting actions when access to health and education services was lost.</p>
      <p>Studies indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on child development, with preschool and school-aged children being the most affected. Increased exposure to screens, reduced outdoor play and educational activities, increased food insecurity, and reduced social contact with family and friends have been identified as causing socio-emotional, linguistic, growth and developmental impairments related to mental health<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>. This context indicates the need for families to be supported in managing children in situations that change their life contexts, reducing the impacts on child development. For example, there is the implementation of actions such as teleconsultations, remote educational support, caregiver training programs and the creation of materials and accessible technologies that act to favor the development of children at home.</p>
      <p>Participants in this study also reported that family members remained at home for longer during the COVID-19 pandemic, a fact reported as a difficulty, but which also provided more family life and participation in CCC care. Participants&#8217; perception of &#8220;perceived consequences&#8221; shows satisfaction with the joint effort in adopting protective measures against COVID-19. For some families, this perception is enhanced by the recognition of family mutuality, which, in addition to sharing care, has accentuated unity and companionship among family members. It is worth considering that family mutuality is the result of an ongoing process of construction within the family that may have been strengthened during the pandemic period, but is not limited to it.</p>
      <p>Most of the interviewees had high school or higher education, an aspect that may have contributed to childcare, since there is a positive relationship between years of education and the ability to manage childcare<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>. Caregivers&#8217; competency for care was a central component verified in family behavior in the &#8220;management approach&#8221; dimension. Although the relevance of this competency for harm reduction and the family&#8217;s power as a support for CCC care is evident, it deserves attention, especially in the medium and long term, in similar health situations. One aspect to consider is the preparation of caregivers to meet already known needs. Changes in children&#8217;s development and health require actions that caregivers may not have experienced before.</p>
      <p>Therefore, although interventions carried out at home have played an important role in the rehabilitation of children in an adverse context, this strategy may not be sustainable over time. Caregivers may not have been trained to act appropriately to achieve the desired functional results, justifying the dissatisfaction with the care reported by some of them. Furthermore, even if trained, care for children by a qualified professional is not dispensable, since it is carried out individually, according to the development of each child, and it is important for the family to recognize this aspect.</p>
      <p>The interruption or modification of care aimed at the rehabilitation of children has the potential to harm their functional capacity<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>. In this study, it is clear that families recognize this impact, justifying their concern with maintaining and ensuring stimulus activities. Resources that facilitate the sharing of care remotely should be used more, such as telehealthcare services and the use of video calling platforms, aiming to prevent the negative effects of future health emergencies that require social distancing.</p>
      <p>Studies indicate that the loss of support offered by schools was one of the greatest challenges for CCC families<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</sup>. In this research, this challenge was crucial for adopting behaviors as a management approach, such as dedicating more time to school activities at home, aiming to minimize the impacts of the lack of education and socialization of children in schools. Factors such as learning difficulties, children of different ages at home and the need to work may have exacerbated the challenges<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The impossibility of children socializing with their peers, caused by school closures and social distancing, was another cause for concern for some caregivers. The confinement caused by the pandemic brought limitations to children&#8217;s lives, restricting their environment to their homes and interaction with their families. In fact, depriving children of social interaction can lead to losses in their learning and development. Furthermore, in this study, caregivers noticed that the lack of interaction with other children may have been a cause of irritability, fear, and behavioral changes in their children, findings that are consistent with a study of children and adolescents with sickle cell illness<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The study&#8217;s limitation is the population selected, which is considered to be not very diverse. Investigations with specific CCC families and with more complex care demands may produce different results than those found in this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to nursing</title>
        <p>This study contributes to nursing because it uses the FMSF as a theoretical model that can guide nursing practices, providing critical reflections on: the dynamics of each family, including their view of the child and their health condition; the efforts needed to establish a routine and meet the demands of CCC; the impact of CCC&#8217;s health condition on the family and the future; and the influence of the context in which the family is inserted.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>The pandemic has led to changes in the daily lives of CCC families, creating unique challenges to be faced. The change in routine was necessary, especially due to the incorporation of precautions for the prevention and containment of COVID-19, such as hygiene measures, use of masks and social distancing. In addition, families experienced the interruption of healthcare services and the closure of schools, which were seen as a hardship due to the potential to harm children&#8217;s development.</p>
      <p>The substantial and rapid change in the way health and education professionals offer and access support has increased the burden on caregivers, who have now dedicated themselves to teaching school activities and rehabilitation at home. However, despite the difficulties experienced, families have made an effort to ensure childcare, becoming more united as they spend more time at home.</p>
      <p>It is important to note that, although the family is the protagonist of home care and has the skills and competency to perform this role, this does not mean that it should assume this responsibility exclusively. The loss of support during the pandemic highlighted the capabilities of CCC families, but it also highlighted the importance of professionals as partners in this care. Therefore, in adverse contexts and social distancing, it is necessary to think of strategies that strengthen this partnership and ensure the continuity of care in a structured and accessible manner, using existing knowledge about the needs of children, conditions that favor development, and technology mediation both for care directed at children, such as teleconsultations, and for health education for their caregivers.</p>
      <p>Even recognizing the contribution that practices adopted by professionals can make to improving care in situations of changing care contexts, it is also necessary to design public policies to reduce the vulnerability of children and their families. Government actions have proven important in reducing the repercussions of the pandemic on the living conditions of these families; however, they need to be continued to favor the reduction of the vulnerabilities to which they are exposed on a daily basis.</p>
      <p>Finally, it is possible to conclude that the data analyzed in light of the theoretical framework in this study made it possible to understand the management experiences experienced by CCC families in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, it is recommended that the FMSF be used or that its structuring concepts be used to guide the care provided to children and their families due to the potential to contribute to the understanding of their realities and promote care that meets their needs.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>FUNDING</bold>
        </p>
        <p>National Council for Scientific Development (Process 428929/2018-4) and Minas Gerais State Research Support Foundation (Process 25960/01). Title: <italic>Adapta&#231;&#227;o familiar &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o de nascimento prematuro durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na UTIN, no 1&#186;, 3&#186;, 6&#186;, 9&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar</italic>. Coordinated by: Elys&#226;ngela Dittz Duarte.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <title>
        <bold>AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL</bold>
      </title>
      <p>The research data are available within the article.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>REFERENCES</title>
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          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8170-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Elys&#226;ngela Dittz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Campinas, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR CHEFE:</label>
          <p> Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR ASSOCIADO:</label>
          <p> Hugo Fernandes</p>
        </fn>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> Nayara Luiza Henriques, E-mail: <email>nayaraluizah@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>conhecer a experi&#234;ncia de manejo familiar no cuidado de crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudo qualitativo, baseado no <italic>Family Management Style Framework</italic>, realizado com 24 fam&#237;lias de crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas. Os dados foram coletados por entrevista semiestruturada e submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>anteriormente &#224; pandemia, as fam&#237;lias seguiam as suas rotinas, adaptando-se &#224;s demandas de cuidados. Com a pandemia, novos desafios na din&#226;mica familiar foram impostos, influenciando os comportamentos de manejo. O enfrentamento e a resili&#234;ncia foram determinantes para manter o foco no bem-estar de seus filhos no contexto da crise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais:</title>
          <p>o conhecimento sobre o manejo familiar do cuidado de crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas no contexto da pandemia permitiu reconhecer os esfor&#231;os das fam&#237;lias para o cuidado em situa&#231;&#227;o adversa. Novas habilidades e compet&#234;ncias foram adquiridas, mas houve um impacto para a continuidade do cuidado.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidado da Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Fam&#237;lia</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa Qualitativa.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico</funding-source>
          <award-id>428929/2018-4</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais</funding-source>
          <award-id>25960/01</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico (Processo n&#186; 428929/2018-4) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Processo n&#186; 25960/01). T&#237;tulo: Adapta&#231;&#227;o familiar &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o de nascimento prematuro durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na UTIN, no 1&#186;, 3&#186;, 6&#186;, 9&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Coordenado por: Elys&#226;ngela Dittz Duarte.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>O crescimento do n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as que convivem com uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica &#233; uma realidade identificada nos &#250;ltimos anos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. Isso pode ser atribu&#237;do a fatores como a crescente especializa&#231;&#227;o do cuidado infantil e os avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, que permitem diagn&#243;sticos e tratamentos mais apurados<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Quando a sa&#250;de da crian&#231;a est&#225; est&#225;vel, o domic&#237;lio &#233; o principal cen&#225;rio de cuidado, e a fam&#237;lia assume a responsabilidade por essa tarefa<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Ao longo da vida, processos de adapta&#231;&#245;es e readapta&#231;&#245;es ser&#227;o vivenciados pelas fam&#237;lias de crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas (CCCs)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>. Isso ocorre porque a condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de da crian&#231;a pode variar, assim como as finan&#231;as e a rede de apoio da fam&#237;lia, de forma que a organiza&#231;&#227;o familiar para o cuidado sofrer&#225; mudan&#231;as ao longo do tempo e conforme o contexto no qual a CCC e seus cuidadores est&#227;o inseridos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. O contexto, portanto, &#233; entendido como o ambiente no qual a crian&#231;a e fam&#237;lia vivem<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As enfermeiras Kathleen Knafl e Janet Deatrick, autoras do <italic>Family Management Style Framework</italic> (FMSF)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>, prop&#245;em a defini&#231;&#227;o de contexto como sendo uma dimens&#227;o para o cuidado familiar, uma vez que ele poder&#225; interferir na condi&#231;&#227;o de vida da fam&#237;lia e na maneira como ela percebe e gerencia o cuidado<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Uma mudan&#231;a significativa no contexto foi vivenciada globalmente com a pandemia devido &#224; doen&#231;a do coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19), ocasionada pelo v&#237;rus SARS-CoV-2<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Embora a literatura indique que o p&#250;blico infantil tenha sido menos afetado pela forma grave e sintom&#225;tica da COVID-19, as CCCs possuem risco aumentado para complica&#231;&#245;es mais graves e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es devido &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>No contexto das fam&#237;lias de CCCs, as metas de cumprir todas as determina&#231;&#245;es sanit&#225;rias e conseguir dar continuidade ao cuidado foram consideradas um desafio<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>. As demandas adicionais decorrentes da pandemia, como cuidados relacionados &#224; higiene, uso de m&#225;scara e necessidade de distanciamento social, geraram maior sobrecarga para os cuidadores e aumento dos n&#237;veis de estresse<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. Al&#233;m dessas demandas, a fam&#237;lia precisou lidar com a redu&#231;&#227;o da rede de apoio, do conv&#237;vio familiar e dos atendimentos por profissionais de sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Face a este contexto, considerou-se a necessidade de investigar como as fam&#237;lias se organizaram para garantir o cuidado da CCC no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Para tanto, utilizou-se o FMSF como subs&#237;dio para essa investiga&#231;&#227;o. Acredita-se que conhecer a experi&#234;ncia de manejo do cuidado pelas fam&#237;lias de CCCs durante a pandemia de COVID-19 permite identificar as potencialidades da fam&#237;lia como n&#250;cleo social de cuidado, sua capacidade de resistir e se adaptar, ou n&#227;o, a esse tipo de mudan&#231;a contextual, e os aspectos que podem ter sido fragilizados durante a pandemia, colocando em risco o funcionamento familiar.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, considera-se que as modifica&#231;&#245;es produzidas no contexto das fam&#237;lias, acarretadas pela pandemia de COVID-19, acentuaram os esfor&#231;os familiares empreendidos para o atendimento das demandas de cuidado da CCC. A partir desta assertiva, definiu-se a pergunta de pesquisa: como foi o manejo familiar do cuidado de CCCs durante a pandemia de COVID-19?</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVOS</title>
        <p>Conhecer a experi&#234;ncia de manejo familiar no cuidado de crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 &#224; luz do referencial te&#243;rico do <italic>Family Management Style Framework</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O projeto foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o proponente. A fim de assegurar a adequa&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#224;s normas &#233;ticas de pesquisas que envolvem seres humanos, foram respeitadas as Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS) e as diretrizes do Of&#237;cio Circular n&#186; 2/2021<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup> da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa. O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) foi obtido de todos os indiv&#237;duos envolvidos no estudo por meio de express&#227;o oral, visto que as entrevistas foram realizadas por telefone devido ao cen&#225;rio de distanciamento social. Assim, foi realizada a leitura do TCLE, e o consentimento de participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo foi gravado e arquivado em m&#237;dia segura, conforme previsto nas Resolu&#231;&#245;es n&#186; 466/2012 e n&#186; 580/2018 do CNS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Referencial te&#243;rico-metodol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>Adotou-se como referencial te&#243;rico para este estudo o FMSF<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>, visto que ele possibilita uma an&#225;lise das respostas das fam&#237;lias perante as necessidades vivenciadas pela exist&#234;ncia de uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica na inf&#226;ncia, considerando a influ&#234;ncia do contexto na vida familiar atrav&#233;s dos seguintes componentes: defini&#231;&#227;o da situa&#231;&#227;o (significados atribu&#237;dos pela fam&#237;lia na experi&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, identificados pelas dimens&#245;es: identidade da crian&#231;a, vis&#227;o da condi&#231;&#227;o, mentalidade de manejo e mutualidade parental); comportamentos de manejo (comportamentos adquiridos pelos membros familiares em diferentes situa&#231;&#245;es expostas pela condi&#231;&#227;o, identificados pela filosofia parental e abordagem de manejo); e consequ&#234;ncias percebidas (resultados atuais e esperados pela fam&#237;lia sobre o manejo da condi&#231;&#227;o, identificados pelo foco familiar e expectativas futuras)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, constru&#237;do com base nos crit&#233;rios do <italic>Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research</italic><sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>A pesquisa foi realizada com 24 fam&#237;lias de CCCs. Inicialmente, um representante de cada fam&#237;lia foi entrevistado, sendo 22 m&#227;es, um pai e uma tia, considerados os cuidadores principais da crian&#231;a, ou seja, aqueles que assumem mais intensamente a responsabilidade pelo cuidado dela. Para contemplar diferentes perspectivas da fam&#237;lia, foi solicitada a esses cuidadores a indica&#231;&#227;o de outro membro familiar que tamb&#233;m tinha envolvimento no cuidado da crian&#231;a. Em cinco fam&#237;lias, n&#227;o havia outro cuidador; tr&#234;s n&#227;o responderam &#224; solicita&#231;&#227;o; e 16 cuidadores indicaram outro familiar. Dessas 16 fam&#237;lias, em nove, foi poss&#237;vel entrevistar outro familiar, sendo seis pais, uma m&#227;e, um tio e uma av&#243;. Logo, um total de 33 entrevistas foram realizadas. Cabe ressaltar que, embora a pesquisa n&#227;o tenha sido realizada com todos os membros das fam&#237;lias, a produ&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es se referiu &#224; fam&#237;lia como um todo.</p>
          <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para participa&#231;&#227;o na pesquisa foram ser familiar da CCC e estar envolvido com o seu cuidado, com mais de 18 anos, capaz de ouvir, compreender e verbalizar as respostas &#224; pesquisadora, possuindo viabilidade para contato telef&#244;nico. O crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o foi a n&#227;o obten&#231;&#227;o de resposta do familiar ap&#243;s tr&#234;s tentativas de contato da pesquisadora. Adotou-se o crit&#233;rio de satura&#231;&#227;o tem&#225;tica para a interrup&#231;&#227;o da coleta de dados<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cen&#225;rio do estudo</title>
          <p>As fam&#237;lias participantes foram identificadas por meio de registros de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar de crian&#231;as que receberam alta da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN), entre dezembro de 2016 e dezembro de 2017, de dois hospitais de refer&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de materno-infantil na capital de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. O per&#237;odo foi definido para possibilitar a identifica&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;as entre 2 e 4 anos, faixa et&#225;ria em que as altera&#231;&#245;es no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor s&#227;o mais not&#225;veis pelas fam&#237;lias<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fonte de dados</title>
          <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as ocorreu entre outubro de 2019 e maio de 2020, para um estudo prim&#225;rio, realizado no contexto anterior &#224; pandemia de COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Foram localizadas 1.115 fam&#237;lias. Posteriormente, realizou-se contato telef&#244;nico, com todas essas fam&#237;lias, para aplica&#231;&#227;o do Question&#225;rio para Identifica&#231;&#227;o de Crian&#231;as com Condi&#231;&#245;es Cr&#244;nicas - Revisado (QuICCC-R)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. No total de fam&#237;lias, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel entrar em contato com 829, devido ao n&#250;mero de telefone ser inexistente ou n&#227;o pertencer mais ao familiar. Foram contatadas 286 fam&#237;lias, sendo que, dessas, cinco crian&#231;as haviam falecido; 219 n&#227;o possu&#237;am condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas de acordo com o QuICCC-R<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>; e nove fam&#237;lias se recusaram a participar. Desse modo, 53 fam&#237;lias de CCCs participaram do estudo prim&#225;rio<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Para esta pesquisa, foram feitas tentativas de contato com as mesmas 53 fam&#237;lias participantes do estudo prim&#225;rio<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. Dessas, nove fam&#237;lias n&#227;o puderam ser contatadas, pois o n&#250;mero telef&#244;nico n&#227;o era v&#225;lido; 13 n&#227;o responderam ap&#243;s tr&#234;s tentativas de liga&#231;&#245;es; e quatro n&#227;o desejaram participar. Assim, a coleta de dados foi feita com 27 fam&#237;lias, contudo tr&#234;s participaram de teste piloto e n&#227;o fizeram parte da an&#225;lise dos dados, restando, assim, 24 fam&#237;lias.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados aconteceu entre janeiro e maio de 2021, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. Devido &#224;s medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#227;o pela COVID-19, optou-se por produzir os dados por meio de contato telef&#244;nico, o que assegurou o acesso e alcance das fam&#237;lias no contexto de isolamento social. Para assegurar a efetividade da entrevista, os participantes foram contatados, inicialmente, pela pesquisadora do estudo prim&#225;rio com quem j&#225; possu&#237;am familiaridade. Na ocasi&#227;o, ela apresentou este estudo e as pesquisadoras envolvidas nele, facilitando o contato. Reconhecendo-se a possibilidade de limita&#231;&#245;es da entrevista por telefone, como distra&#231;&#245;es do participante, problemas t&#233;cnicos e de conex&#227;o, falta de comunica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o verbal e menor v&#237;nculo entre pesquisador e entrevistado, foram adotadas estrat&#233;gias como agendar previamente a entrevista para minimizar distra&#231;&#245;es, manter contato com os entrevistados via mensagens de texto pelo <italic>WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> para fortalecer o v&#237;nculo e construir um roteiro de entrevista com perguntas para favorecer a adequada condu&#231;&#227;o da entrevista.</p>
          <p>O roteiro de entrevista foi elaborado segundo os componentes do FMSF<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>, com perguntas sobre o cuidado di&#225;rio da crian&#231;a durante a pandemia, com foco nas mudan&#231;as ocorridas nas demandas de cuidado, din&#226;mica familiar, mutualidade familiar, acesso a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e perspectiva sobre o futuro da crian&#231;a. As entrevistas foram realizadas por uma das autoras deste estudo, ap&#243;s contato telef&#244;nico pr&#233;vio com os participantes para agendamento de dia e hor&#225;rio de sua prefer&#234;ncia. A pesquisadora &#233; enfermeira, mestre e doutoranda em enfermagem, com experi&#234;ncia na condu&#231;&#227;o de entrevistas qualitativas, e embora atuasse no atendimento de crian&#231;as em um dos hospitais nos quais os participantes foram identificados, n&#227;o teve contato pr&#233;vio com eles.</p>
          <p>A entrevista foi realizada, individualmente, com cada membro da fam&#237;lia participante. Atentou-se para a perman&#234;ncia de um ambiente silencioso e com boa cobertura de sinal telef&#244;nico. O tempo m&#233;dio de dura&#231;&#227;o das entrevistas foi de 15 minutos e 34 segundos. Todas as entrevistas foram transcritas na &#237;ntegra. Para valida&#231;&#227;o de cada transcri&#231;&#227;o, realizou-se a leitura do texto com a escuta do &#225;udio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>, com abordagem dedutiva guiada pelo FMSF. Os documentos das entrevistas transcritas foram exportados para o <italic>software MAXQDA<sup>&#174;</sup></italic><sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup> para a codifica&#231;&#227;o, explora&#231;&#227;o e gerenciamento dos dados qualitativos.Para a constru&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica, utilizaram-se as seis etapas propostas por Braun e Clarke<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. Elencaram-se, inicialmente, temas correspondentes aos componentes e dimens&#245;es do FMSF<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. Esses temas foram aplicados &#224;s transcri&#231;&#245;es da entrevista e, posteriormente, buscou-se a identifica&#231;&#227;o de aspectos que sinalizavam padr&#245;es na experi&#234;ncia das fam&#237;lias. Para a valida&#231;&#227;o da atribui&#231;&#227;o dos temas, as cinco primeiras entrevistas foram codificadas de forma independente e &#224;s cegas por duas pesquisadoras, sendo a primeira e segunda autora deste estudo. Nesta etapa, obteve-se &#237;ndice Kappa de 0,95, que representa alto n&#237;vel de concord&#226;ncia intercodificador<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. As diverg&#234;ncias encontradas foram discutidas com uma terceira pesquisadora para consenso. As demais entrevistas foram codificadas pela segunda autora deste artigo.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos participantes</title>
          <p>Participaram 24 fam&#237;lias de CCCs. Considera-se que, sendo o cuidador principal a pessoa quem assume mais intensamente o cuidado da crian&#231;a, ele pode oferecer informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a perspectiva da fam&#237;lia. Sendo assim, as caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas que ser&#227;o apresentadas s&#227;o referentes aos cuidadores principais. A maioria (n=22) das entrevistas foi respondida por m&#227;es, das quais 41% eram donas de casa. Entre os cuidadores principais (n=24), a faixa et&#225;ria predominante foi de 31 a 40 anos (n=17). A maioria (n=8) concluiu o ensino m&#233;dio, seguida pelo ensino superior. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; etnia, quatro eram brancos, quatro, negros, e 16, de outras etnias. A maioria (n=21) tinha alguma religi&#227;o e vivia com um companheiro (n=18). A renda familiar se baseava no sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo (R$1.100,00), com 25% recebendo menos que isso. Dezessete fam&#237;lias recebiam algum tipo de aux&#237;lio financeiro.</p>
          <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s 25 crian&#231;as participantes, suas idades variaram entre 3 e 4 anos, com idade gestacional m&#233;dia de 31,8 semanas, sendo nove prematuras. A maioria era do sexo masculino (n=17), e 12 frequentavam a escola. Todas recebiam acompanhamento especializado em sa&#250;de, com a maioria (n=13) necessitando de m&#250;ltiplas especialidades. Os diagn&#243;sticos inclu&#237;am condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas e/ou neuromusculares (n=13), condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares (n=3), condi&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias (n=1) condi&#231;&#245;es gastrointestinais e end&#243;crinas (n=1), condi&#231;&#245;es renais (n=1), condi&#231;&#245;es &#243;sseas e/ou das articula&#231;&#245;es (n=4), e anomalias cong&#234;nitas e defeitos gen&#233;ticos (n=2). Crian&#231;as com hidrocefalia utilizavam deriva&#231;&#227;o ventr&#237;culo-peritoneal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Family Management Style Framework</italic>
          </title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados permitiu identificar, a partir dos componentes do FMSF, elementos que compuseram a experi&#234;ncia de cuidado das crian&#231;as pelas fam&#237;lias durante a pandemia de COVID-19. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> possibilita a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de aspectos desta experi&#234;ncia, bem como das mudan&#231;as vivenciadas nesse novo contexto de cuidado.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title><italic>Family Management Style Framework</italic> de crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2024</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Fonte: adaptado de Knafl, Deatrick e Havill (2012).</italic>
              </attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-78-suppl2-e20240550-0550-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o da situa&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Esse componente destinou-se a identificar como as fam&#237;lias vivenciaram o cuidado das CCCs durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Segundo o FMSF, a defini&#231;&#227;o da situa&#231;&#227;o se relaciona ao significado que os membros da fam&#237;lia conferem aos elementos importantes da situa&#231;&#227;o vivenciada, que neste estudo &#233; especificamente o cuidado de uma CCC no contexto da pandemia. Quatro dimens&#245;es conformam este componente: identidade da crian&#231;a; vis&#227;o da doen&#231;a; mentalidade de manejo; e mutualidade familiar.</p>
          <p>A identidade das crian&#231;as foi expressa por meio das fragilidades identificadas pelos familiares considerando as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de pr&#233;-existentes e a sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para maior suscetibilidade &#224; COVID-19. A vis&#227;o da doen&#231;a manifestada pelas fam&#237;lias refletiu um progn&#243;stico negativo para as crian&#231;as, devido &#224; incerteza do fim da pandemia, informa&#231;&#245;es negativas na m&#237;dia sobre infectados, desconhecimento sobre as consequ&#234;ncias da doen&#231;a e incerteza sobre a vacina&#231;&#227;o. A mentalidade de manejo das fam&#237;lias durante a pandemia evidenciou dificuldades decorrentes da interrup&#231;&#227;o de atendimentos, fechamento de escolas e aumento do estresse das crian&#231;as por permaneceram maior tempo no domic&#237;lio. Apesar dos desafios impostos pela pandemia, a mutualidade familiar se destacou pela oportunidade de uni&#227;o, companheirismo e participa&#231;&#227;o no cuidado entre membros das fam&#237;lias. As informa&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o exemplificadas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o da situa&#231;&#227;o das fam&#237;lias para manejar as crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas durante a pandemia de COVID-19, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2024</title>
            </caption>
            <table>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3">Categoria: defini&#231;&#227;o da situa&#231;&#227;o </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dimens&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Experi&#234;ncia de manejo familiar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Exemplos de enunciados</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><bold>Identidade da crian&#231;a:</bold> refere-se ao quanto o foco da fam&#237;lia se concentra nas capacidades ou nas fragilidades da crian&#231;a.</td>
                  <td align="center">Fragilidades determinadas pela condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, levando a maior susceptibilidade para a infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19.</td>
                  <td align="center">[...] <italic>eu tenho medo dele pegar COVID, e como ele tem problema respirat&#243;rio, dele ter uma dificuldade muito extrema para respirar</italic> [...]. (M43)<break/><italic>Mudou muitas coisas porque a gente fica com medo, sabe? Ela &#233; muito fr&#225;gil. Se ela pegar esse trem, eu acho que vai ser terr&#237;vel, viu?</italic> (P22)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><bold>Vis&#227;o da doen&#231;a:</bold> relacionada &#224;s cren&#231;as da fam&#237;lia quanto &#224; causa, gravidade, previsibilidade e curso da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de da crian&#231;a.</td>
                  <td align="center">Cren&#231;as das fam&#237;lias de que as condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas j&#225; existentes s&#227;o graves e que podem ser potencializadas caso as crian&#231;as sejam contaminadas, o que causa ang&#250;stia e medo.</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Ela tem displasia pulmonar. Ent&#227;o, ela ter essas les&#245;es do pulm&#227;o, que me deixa receosa com a COVID, por ser um v&#237;rus respirat&#243;rio.</italic> (M5)<break/><italic>Se ele pegar o v&#237;rus, pode piorar. A preocupa&#231;&#227;o maior est&#225; relacionada a isso, n&#233;? Eles falaram que n&#227;o vai ter vacina para ele e nem nada, que n&#227;o v&#227;o dar a vacina &#224;s crian&#231;as. Eu achei, assim, um absurdo, n&#233;? Ele precisa da vacina.</italic> (M24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2"><bold>Mentalidade de manejo:</bold> facilidades e/ou dificuldades em realizar o regime terap&#234;utico da crian&#231;a, bem como sua capacidade para manej&#225;-lo de maneira eficaz.</td>
                  <td align="center">As facilidades adquiridas ao longo da experi&#234;ncia de manejo antes da pandemia foram impactadas pela interrup&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os assistenciais, tornando-se dif&#237;cil o seguimento do regime terap&#234;utico. </td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Como se diz, nesse momento da pandemia, a gente teve que parar com a aula de nata&#231;&#227;o. O ambulat&#243;rio do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, a gente n&#227;o teve consulta aqui na APAE. O m&#233;dico tamb&#233;m parou, ent&#227;o, assim, o cuidado ficou dif&#237;cil</italic> [...]. (M50)<break/><italic>T&#225; sendo, assim, uma correria, n&#233;? Mais estressante, porque n&#227;o tem escola, n&#233;? Ent&#227;o, eles ficam em casa mais ansiosos.</italic> (M20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Necessidade de manuten&#231;&#227;o das terapias no domic&#237;lio pelos pr&#243;prios cuidadores.</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Uai, t&#225; sendo assim, mais delicado, porque ela n&#227;o est&#225; tendo fisioterapia, n&#227;o &#233;? N&#227;o est&#225; tendo esses atendimentos presenciais. A&#237;, no caso, est&#225; tendo fisioterapia online, n&#233;? No caso, eu que estou tendo que fazer fisioterapia.</italic> (M25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left"><bold>Mutualidade familiar:</bold> corresponde &#224;s percep&#231;&#245;es, compartilhadas ou n&#227;o, sobre a crian&#231;a, a condi&#231;&#227;o e a abordagem de manejo.</td>
                  <td align="center">Os membros familiares j&#225; tinham adquirido maior envolvimento nos cuidados das crian&#231;as, tornando-se mais unidos, por&#233;m, com a pandemia, essa viv&#234;ncia se intensificou.</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Ele tamb&#233;m me ajuda muito</italic> [se refere ao esposo]. <italic>S&#243; na sonda que n&#227;o, porque, tipo assim, ele tem muita inseguran&#231;a em quest&#227;o da sonda.</italic> (M25)<break/><italic>Na verdade, at&#233; antes da pandemia, a gente se uniu mais por causa da C5. N&#243;s nos dedicamos muito a ela, muito mesmo.</italic> (P5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comportamentos das fam&#237;lias para manejar o cuidado das crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas durante a pandemia de COVID-19</title>
          <p>Os comportamentos de manejo se referem aos esfor&#231;os da fam&#237;lia para cuidar e se adaptar &#224;s demandas decorrentes da condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica. Duas dimens&#245;es ajudam a compreender este componente: filosofia dos cuidadores; e abordagem de manejo.</p>
          <p>A filosofia dos cuidadores abrange suas cren&#231;as, valores e prioridades, influenciando diretamente a abordagem de manejo. Neste estudo, identificou-se que a cren&#231;a na suscetibilidade da crian&#231;a &#224; COVID-19 foi determinante para a intensifica&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados para preven&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o da sua sa&#250;de (abordagem de manejo), como evitar sair de casa, limitar visitas e intensificar medidas de higiene. A cren&#231;a (filosofia dos cuidadores) de que a falta de est&#237;mulos profissionais e socializa&#231;&#227;o pode levar a atrasos no desenvolvimento da crian&#231;a fez com que as fam&#237;lias incorporassem atividades de est&#237;mulo no domic&#237;lio (abordagem de manejo). As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre este componente se encontram exemplificadas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Quadro 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Quadro 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comportamentos das fam&#237;lias para manejar o cuidado das crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas durante a pandemia de COVID-19, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2024</title>
            </caption>
            <table>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3">Componente: comportamento de manejo </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dimens&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Experi&#234;ncia de manejo familiar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Exemplos de enunciados</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2"><bold>Filosofia dos cuidadores:</bold> objetivos, prioridades, valores e cren&#231;as dos cuidadores que orientam a abordagem geral e estrat&#233;gias espec&#237;ficas para o manejo do cuidado da crian&#231;a.</td>
                  <td align="center">Cren&#231;a de que a crian&#231;a &#233; mais vulner&#225;vel e suscet&#237;vel &#224; COVID-19. </td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Bem, a gente redobrou os cuidados por ela ter essa parte da gastrostomia. A gente preocupa muito.</italic> (P2)<break/><italic>Ent&#227;o, mais cuidado mesmo, agora &#233; dobrado. O cuidado que eu tinha com ele mais era a alimenta&#231;&#227;o. Agora, n&#233;, eu tenho que evitar sair em p&#250;blico, usar &#225;lcool em gel, limpeza ao m&#225;ximo.</italic> (M17)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cren&#231;a de que a falta de est&#237;mulos de profissionais especializados e impossibilidade de socializa&#231;&#227;o podem levar a atrasos no desenvolvimento. </td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Ah, de uma forma ou n&#227;o, o desenvolvimento prejudica, n&#233;, porque parou tudo, parou escola, parou fonoaudi&#243;logo, fisioterapia, ent&#227;o, querendo ou n&#227;o, t&#225; prejudicando tudo, porque n&#227;o tem todos os recursos.</italic> (M16)<break/><italic>Minha filha vai ser prejudicada em todos os sentidos. Ela precisa refor&#231;ar os passos, &#233; terapia ocupacional, &#233; fisioterapia, e at&#233; hoje nada. Ela precisa!</italic> (M5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2"><bold>Abordagem de manejo:</bold> desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias e rotinas para o manejo da condi&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a.</td>
                  <td align="center">Ado&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos para o cumprimento do distanciamento social, intensifica&#231;&#227;o de medidas para preven&#231;&#227;o e conten&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19.</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>A gente evita ficar recebendo muita gente em casa por causa da C41. A gente n&#227;o sai, sai s&#243; quando precisa.</italic> (M41)<break/><italic>A gente j&#225; tem medo por conta da imunidade dela, que j&#225; &#233; baixa, n&#233;? E se eu precisar de sair eu deixo ela em casa.</italic> (M51)<break/><italic>Caso tenha que sair, precisa das m&#225;scaras, precisa ter cuidado com &#225;lcool em gel, n&#227;o pode ficar deixando ningu&#233;m tocar nele.</italic> (M24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Ado&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos para a manuten&#231;&#227;o das atividades de est&#237;mulo da crian&#231;a no domic&#237;lio.</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>A fisioterapia, assim, eu fa&#231;o com ela aqui em casa. A gente brinca muito, eu mexo com ela, ent&#227;o ela acaba fazendo fisioterapia.</italic> (M22)<break/><italic>Ele tinha feito oito sess&#245;es. A fisioterapeuta parou de atender, a&#237; ela pediu pra continuar fazendo em casa.</italic> (M53)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consequ&#234;ncias percebidas pelos familiares quanto a cuidar de uma crian&#231;a com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19</title>
          <p>Este componente diz respeito &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia sobre o impacto da condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e dos cuidados decorrentes no funcionamento familiar e nas expectativas futuras. Neste estudo, esta avalia&#231;&#227;o considerou as mudan&#231;as na din&#226;mica familiar devido &#224; pandemia de COVID-19. Segundo o FMSF, o componente tem duas dimens&#245;es: foco da fam&#237;lia; e expectativas futuras.</p>
          <p>No que se refere ao foco da fam&#237;lia, que envolve a satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a incorpora&#231;&#227;o do manejo da condi&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a na vida familiar, os cuidadores relataram um equil&#237;brio na rotina de cuidados, apesar do aumento das responsabilidades com as medidas de conten&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19. Eles se concentraram em proteger, preservar a sa&#250;de e promover o bem-estar da CCC, mantendo as atividades habituais de cuidado e compensando aquelas afetadas pela pandemia como est&#237;mulo ao desenvolvimento e reabilita&#231;&#227;o. A maioria dos cuidadores expressou satisfa&#231;&#227;o com a nova rotina, atribuindo-a aos esfor&#231;os para garantir a qualidade do cuidado. Contudo, alguns manifestaram insatisfa&#231;&#227;o, sentindo-se inadequadamente capacitados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos profissionais de sa&#250;de e educa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s expectativas futuras, todos os cuidadores foram indagados sobre o futuro da crian&#231;a e da fam&#237;lia no contexto da pandemia. Apenas 12 responderam, enquanto os demais foram evasivos, possivelmente devido &#224; incerteza da situa&#231;&#227;o. As expectativas futuras manifestadas inclu&#237;am o desejo de que a crian&#231;a n&#227;o contra&#237;sse o v&#237;rus, a esperan&#231;a pelo fim da pandemia e o in&#237;cio da vacina&#231;&#227;o. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre este componente est&#227;o exemplificadas no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Quadro 3</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Quadro 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Consequ&#234;ncias percebidas pelos familiares quanto a cuidar de crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2024</title>
            </caption>
            <table>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3">Componente: consequ&#234;ncias percebidas </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">
                    <bold>Dimens&#245;es</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Experi&#234;ncia de manejo familiar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Exemplos de enunciados</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3"><bold>Foco na fam&#237;lia:</bold> avalia&#231;&#227;o e satisfa&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia com a forma como o manejo da condi&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a foram incorporadas &#224; rotina familiar.</td>
                  <td align="center">Avalia&#231;&#227;o de que o cuidado da crian&#231;a foi sustentado mediante a constru&#231;&#227;o de uma rotina familiar ajustada.</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>A M18 &#233; o pilar aqui dentro de casa. Eu l&#225; fora ralando e ela aqui dentro com ele, dando aula, educando, cuidando.</italic> (P18)<break/><italic>Eu praticamente fico por conta dela, n&#233;? O tempinho que ela n&#227;o tem nada, eu vou ali lavar uma roupa n&#233;, ou arrumar a casa.</italic> [...] <italic>meu dia e minha noite. Eu vivo para ela.</italic> (M8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o de satisfa&#231;&#227;o pelo cuidado ofertado.</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>A gente tenta oferecer 100% no cuidado. Claro que a gente n&#227;o consegue, mas 90%, o nosso melhor, a gente consegue.</italic> (M18)<break/><italic>Ningu&#233;m consegue ser 100%, mas tentamos ser o m&#225;ximo poss&#237;vel observadores, atenciosos e respons&#225;veis pela situa&#231;&#227;o, tomando os cuidados.</italic> (P2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Insatisfa&#231;&#227;o pelo cuidado ofertado devido &#224; cren&#231;a de n&#227;o conseguir realizar bem algum cuidado.</td>
                  <td align="center">[...] <italic>parou tudo, parou escola, parou fonoaudi&#243;logo, fisioterapia, ent&#227;o, querendo ou n&#227;o, t&#225; prejudicando tudo, n&#233;, porque n&#227;o tem todos os recursos. Aqui em casa, eu converso, tento, est&#237;mulo ela bastante, brinco, mas n&#227;o &#233; a mesma coisa que um profissional fazer com ela, sabe, estar com ela.</italic> (M16)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3"><bold>Expectativas futuras:</bold> avalia&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia sobre as implica&#231;&#245;es da condi&#231;&#227;o para o futuro da crian&#231;a e da fam&#237;lia.</td>
                  <td align="center">Expectativa da n&#227;o contamina&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a. </td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Eu espero que a L. n&#227;o pegue, porque eu tenho muito medo. Ela tem o cora&#231;&#227;ozinho furado, tem problema pulmonar, um monte de coisinha, sabe?</italic> (P8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esperan&#231;a pela chegada da vacina contra a COVID-19.</td>
                  <td align="center"><italic>Eu estou torcendo por essa vacina, porque, nossa, para deixar essa preocupa&#231;&#227;o para tr&#225;s</italic> [...]. (M3)<break/><italic>Olha, agora, com a vacina chegando, n&#233;, estamos um pouco esperan&#231;osos, n&#233;, mas vou te contar que &#233; muito estresse</italic> [...]. (M17)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Esperan&#231;a pelo fim da pandemia.</td>
                  <td align="center">[...] <italic>torcer para a pandemia acabar logo, todo mundo tomar a vacina, n&#233;, ele ir para a escolinha!</italic> (A24)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>A pandemia de COVID-19 desencadeou mudan&#231;as substanciais na rotina das fam&#237;lias que cuidam de CCCs, influenciando o manejo para o cuidado di&#225;rio e imputando novas necessidades. Conhecer a maneira como as fam&#237;lias incorporaram o cuidado da CCC &#224; vida familiar cotidiana, bem como as adversidades para cuidar em meio a uma crise sanit&#225;ria, explicitou a necessidade de oferecer apoio a essas fam&#237;lias, partindo do reconhecimento de como elas percebem e avaliam a CCC e o cuidado ofertado, al&#233;m dos recursos que utilizam como fonte de apoio e orienta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Observa-se, neste estudo, que as fam&#237;lias que enfrentaram desafios mais intensos relacionados ao cuidado da CCC na pandemia foram aquelas com menor renda familiar mensal e que possu&#237;am crian&#231;as com condi&#231;&#245;es neurol&#243;gicas complexas, pois essas fam&#237;lias j&#225; enfrentavam dificuldades financeiras antes do advento da pandemia, pois precisavam se dedicar integralmente ao cuidado da crian&#231;a. Com a pandemia, precisaram incorporar novos cuidados &#224; rotina, al&#233;m de vivenciar a perda da rede de apoio, o que agravou a situa&#231;&#227;o de vulnerabilidade social, financeira e de sobrecarga emocional. Sabe-se que fam&#237;lias que t&#234;m CCCs possuem uma condi&#231;&#227;o financeira mais vulner&#225;vel, decorrente, entre outros, da interrup&#231;&#227;o do trabalho remunerado para dedicarem ao cuidado, al&#233;m de gastos com a sa&#250;de. Esses acontecimentos podem acentuar a redu&#231;&#227;o da renda familiar, comprometendo o manejo e a adapta&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia &#224;s situa&#231;&#245;es adversas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Como estrat&#233;gia para mitigar a crise econ&#244;mica resultante da pandemia, visando garantir renda m&#237;nima e seguran&#231;a alimentar, o governo brasileiro ofereceu o aux&#237;lio emergencial. Esse incremento financeiro foi destinado &#224;s fam&#237;lias em situa&#231;&#227;o vulnerabilidade econ&#244;mica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>. Neste estudo, a maior parte das fam&#237;lias recebeu esse aux&#237;lio. Embora essa a&#231;&#227;o governamental pare&#231;a ter contribu&#237;do para manter uma estabilidade econ&#244;mica das fam&#237;lias de CCCs em situa&#231;&#227;o de vulnerabilidade, esse grupo precisa ser alvo de estrat&#233;gias efetivas e continuadas de seguridade social, n&#227;o se limitando apenas aos per&#237;odos de crises. &#201; importante ressaltar que fam&#237;lias que referiram melhor poder aquisitivo nesta pesquisa tamb&#233;m enfrentaram mudan&#231;as na rotina de cuidados, uma vez que, com as circunst&#226;ncias da pandemia, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel manter a normalidade da rotina.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados baseada no FMSF evidenciou a exist&#234;ncia de uma interconex&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do referencial te&#243;rico, o que foi essencial para compreender as mudan&#231;as ocorridas na rotina de cuidado das fam&#237;lias durante a pandemia. Os achados deste estudo indicam que a pandemia influenciou os cuidadores a enfatizarem as fragilidades de suas crian&#231;as em detrimentos das suas potencialidades. Ao atribu&#237;rem esta identidade &#224; crian&#231;a, tamb&#233;m fica refor&#231;ada a sua cren&#231;a de que elas s&#227;o mais suscet&#237;veis &#224; COVID-19 e &#224;s suas repercuss&#245;es, al&#233;m da vis&#227;o de que as condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas j&#225; existentes podem ser potencializadas caso as crian&#231;as sejam contaminadas. Isso conduziu as fam&#237;lias a experimentarem sentimentos de medo e preocupa&#231;&#227;o, e a adotarem comportamentos de manejo visando &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a contra a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo SARS-CoV-2, como uso de &#225;lcool em gel, m&#225;scara e distanciamento social, com a expectativa futura de que a crian&#231;a n&#227;o se contaminasse.</p>
        <p>As cren&#231;as que definem a vis&#227;o da fam&#237;lia sobre a condi&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a podem ser modificadas a depender do contexto no qual a fam&#237;lia se insere<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. Considerando o per&#237;odo de coleta dos dados, acredita-se que a incerteza do fim da pandemia, as m&#225;s not&#237;cias propagadas pela m&#237;dia, a inseguran&#231;a quanto &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o e suas consequ&#234;ncias, e a incerteza de quando a vacina seria uma realidade podem ter contribu&#237;do para a cren&#231;a de um mau progn&#243;stico das CCCs. Ao contr&#225;rio dos adultos, a maioria das crian&#231;as infectadas apresentou um curso mais brando da doen&#231;a. No entanto, a maioria das mortes, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e consequ&#234;ncias cr&#237;ticas relatadas em crian&#231;as ocorreu naquelas com comorbidades pr&#233;vias<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>, dados que justificam maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o dos cuidadores com suas crian&#231;as, assim como a ado&#231;&#227;o de cuidados para preven&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19.</p>
        <p>A interrup&#231;&#227;o dos atendimentos em sa&#250;de e o fechamento das escolas, dificuldades identificadas pelos cuidadores, foram atrelados &#224; cren&#231;a na possibilidade de preju&#237;zos no desenvolvimento da crian&#231;a. Como abordagem de manejo, as fam&#237;lias se esfor&#231;aram para realizar atividades de estimula&#231;&#227;o em casa e permaneceram mais unidas, como evidenciado na dimens&#227;o mutualidade familiar. Sendo assim, os resultados permitem reconhecer que j&#225; existia conhecimento e habilidade dos cuidadores, anteriores &#224; pandemia, resultantes de um aprendizado cont&#237;nuo e de constantes adapta&#231;&#245;es sobre as necessidades de sua crian&#231;a e o cuidado, dando suporte &#224;s a&#231;&#245;es quando o acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e educa&#231;&#227;o foi perdido.</p>
        <p>Estudos indicam que a pandemia de COVID-19 produziu impactos significativos para o desenvolvimento infantil, sendo as crian&#231;as em idade pr&#233;-escolar e escolar as mais afetadas. Aumento da exposi&#231;&#227;o a telas, redu&#231;&#227;o das brincadeiras ao livre e das atividades educacionais, aumento da inseguran&#231;a alimentar, e redu&#231;&#227;o do contato social com a fam&#237;lia e amigos foram identificados como causadores de preju&#237;zos socioemocionais, lingu&#237;sticos, de crescimento e desenvolvimento referentes &#224; sa&#250;de mental<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>. Este contexto indica a necessidade de que as fam&#237;lias sejam apoiadas para o manejo das crian&#231;as em situa&#231;&#245;es que modificam os seus contextos de vida, reduzindo os impactos sobre o desenvolvimento infantil. A exemplo, tem-se a implementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es como teleconsultas, suporte educacional remoto, programas de capacita&#231;&#227;o de cuidadores e cria&#231;&#227;o de materiais, e tecnologias acess&#237;veis que atuem favorecendo o desenvolvimento das crian&#231;as no domic&#237;lio.</p>
        <p>Os participantes deste estudo relataram ainda que os membros da fam&#237;lia permaneceram por mais tempo no domic&#237;lio durante a pandemia de COVID-19, fato reportado como dificuldade, mas que tamb&#233;m proporcionou mais conviv&#234;ncia familiar e participa&#231;&#227;o no cuidado da CCC. A percep&#231;&#227;o dos participantes sobre as &#8220;consequ&#234;ncias percebidas&#8221; evidencia satisfa&#231;&#227;o pelo esfor&#231;o conjunto na ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas protetivas contra a COVID-19. Para algumas fam&#237;lias, esta percep&#231;&#227;o &#233; potencializada pelo reconhecimento da mutualidade familiar que, al&#233;m do compartilhamento do cuidado, teve acentuada a uni&#227;o e companheirismo entre os membros da fam&#237;lia. Cabe considerar que a mutualidade familiar &#233; resultado de um processo cont&#237;nuo de constru&#231;&#227;o dentro da fam&#237;lia que pode ter sido fortalecido durante o per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico, mas n&#227;o se limita a ele.</p>
        <p>A maior parte dos entrevistados possu&#237;a ensino m&#233;dio ou superior, aspecto que pode ter contribu&#237;do para o cuidado da crian&#231;a, uma vez que existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os anos de estudo e a habilidade de manejar o cuidado da crian&#231;a<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>. A compet&#234;ncia dos cuidadores para o cuidado foi uma componente central verificada no comportamento familiar na dimens&#227;o &#8220;abordagem de manejo&#8221;. Embora esteja evidenciada a relev&#226;ncia desta compet&#234;ncia para redu&#231;&#227;o de danos e pot&#234;ncia da fam&#237;lia enquanto sustent&#225;culo do cuidado de CCC, ela merece aten&#231;&#227;o, especialmente a m&#233;dio e longo prazo, em situa&#231;&#245;es sanit&#225;rias semelhantes. Um dos aspectos a serem considerados &#233; o preparo dos cuidadores para um atendimento a necessidades j&#225; conhecidas. As mudan&#231;as no desenvolvimento e na sa&#250;de das crian&#231;as exigem a&#231;&#245;es que os cuidadores podem n&#227;o ter experimentado anteriormente.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, embora as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas no domic&#237;lio tenham desempenhado um papel importante na reabilita&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a em um contexto adverso, essa estrat&#233;gia pode n&#227;o se sustentar com o passar do tempo. Os cuidadores podem n&#227;o ter sido capacitados para atuar de maneira adequada para alcan&#231;ar os resultados funcionais desejados, justificando a insatisfa&#231;&#227;o quanto ao cuidado referida por alguns deles. Al&#233;m disso, ainda que capacitados, o atendimento da crian&#231;a por um profissional qualificado n&#227;o &#233; dispens&#225;vel, visto que &#233; realizado, de forma individualizada, conforme o desenvolvimento de cada crian&#231;a, sendo importante que a fam&#237;lia reconhe&#231;a esse aspecto.</p>
        <p>A interrup&#231;&#227;o ou modifica&#231;&#227;o de atendimentos destinados &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a tem o potencial de trazer preju&#237;zos &#224; sua capacidade funcional<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>. Neste estudo, fica evidente que as fam&#237;lias reconhecem esse impacto, justificando a preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a manuten&#231;&#227;o e garantia das atividades de est&#237;mulo. Recursos que facilitem o compartilhamento de cuidados a dist&#226;ncia devem ser mais utilizados, como os servi&#231;os de telessa&#250;de e uso de plataformas com videochamadas, visando &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos negativos de futuras emerg&#234;ncias de sa&#250;de que demandem distanciamento social.</p>
        <p>Estudos apontam que a perda do apoio oferecido pela escola foi um dos maiores desafios para as fam&#237;lias de CCCs<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</sup>. Nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o, este desafio foi determinante para a ado&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos enquanto abordagem de manejo, como maior dedica&#231;&#227;o de tempo &#224;s atividades escolares no domic&#237;lio, visando minimizar os impactos da falta do ensino e da socializa&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as nas escolas. Fatores como dificuldades de aprendizagem, crian&#231;as de diferentes idades em casa e a necessidade de trabalhar podem ter exacerbado os desafios<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A impossibilidade de socializa&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a com seus pares, ocasionada pelo fechamento das escolas e distanciamento social, foi outro motivo de preocupa&#231;&#227;o para alguns cuidadores. O confinamento produzido pela pandemia trouxe limita&#231;&#245;es &#224; vida das crian&#231;as, restringindo seu ambiente ao domic&#237;lio e &#224; intera&#231;&#227;o com a fam&#237;lia. De fato, a priva&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o social das crian&#231;as pode produzir perdas no seu aprendizado e desenvolvimento. Al&#233;m disso, neste estudo, os cuidadores perceberam que a falta de intera&#231;&#227;o com outras crian&#231;as pode ter sido motivo de irritabilidade, medo e mudan&#231;as de comportamento em suas crian&#231;as, achados consonantes com estudo com crian&#231;as e adolescentes com doen&#231;a falciforme<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>&#201; reconhecida como limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo a popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada, considerada pouco diversificada. Investiga&#231;&#245;es com fam&#237;lias de CCCs espec&#237;ficas e com demandas de cuidado mais complexas podem produzir resultados distintos dos que foram encontrados neste estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da enfermagem</title>
          <p>Este estudo contribui para a enfermagem pois utiliza o FMSF como um modelo te&#243;rico que pode direcionar as pr&#225;ticas do enfermeiro, proporcionando reflex&#245;es cr&#237;ticas sobre: a din&#226;mica de cada fam&#237;lia, incluindo a vis&#227;o dela sobre a crian&#231;a e sua condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de; os esfor&#231;os necess&#225;rios para estabelecer uma rotina e atender &#224;s demandas da CCC; o impacto da condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de da CCC para a fam&#237;lia e para o futuro; e a influ&#234;ncia do contexto no qual a fam&#237;lia se insere.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>A pandemia levou a mudan&#231;as na vida cotidiana das fam&#237;lias de CCCs, produzindo desafios &#250;nicos a serem enfrentados. A mudan&#231;a de rotina foi necess&#225;ria, sobretudo devido &#224; incorpora&#231;&#227;o de cuidados para a preven&#231;&#227;o e conten&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19, como medidas de higiene, uso de m&#225;scaras e distanciamento social. Al&#233;m disso, as fam&#237;lias vivenciaram a interrup&#231;&#227;o dos atendimentos de sa&#250;de e o fechamento das escolas, que foram vistos como uma dificuldade, devido ao potencial de trazer preju&#237;zos ao desenvolvimento da crian&#231;a.</p>
        <p>A mudan&#231;a substancial e r&#225;pida no modo de oferta e acesso ao apoio por parte dos profissionais de sa&#250;de e educa&#231;&#227;o aumentou a sobrecarga dos cuidadores, que passaram a se dedicar ao ensino de atividades escolares e reabilita&#231;&#227;o no domic&#237;lio. Contudo, apesar das dificuldades vivenciadas, as fam&#237;lias se esfor&#231;aram para garantir o cuidado de crian&#231;a, tornando-se mais unidas diante do maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia no domic&#237;lio.</p>
        <p>Destaca-se que, apesar de a fam&#237;lia ser a protagonista do cuidado no &#226;mbito domiciliar e possuir habilidade e compet&#234;ncia para desempenhar essa fun&#231;&#227;o, isso n&#227;o significa que deva assumir essa responsabilidade de maneira exclusiva. A perda do apoio na pandemia deu destaque &#224;s capacidades das fam&#237;lias de CCCs, mas tamb&#233;m ressaltou a import&#226;ncia dos profissionais como parceiros desse cuidado. Deste modo, em contextos adversos e de distanciamento social, &#233; preciso pensar em estrat&#233;gia que fortale&#231;am essa parceria e assegurem a continuidade do cuidado de maneira estruturada e acess&#237;vel, utilizando-se, para isto, o conhecimento existente sobre as necessidades das crian&#231;as, condi&#231;&#245;es favorecedoras para o desenvolvimento, e media&#231;&#227;o da tecnologia tanto para o cuidado direcionado &#224;s crian&#231;as, a exemplo das teleconsultas, quanto para a educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de de seus cuidadores.</p>
        <p>Mesmo reconhecendo a contribui&#231;&#227;o que as pr&#225;ticas adotadas pelos profissionais podem ter para a qualifica&#231;&#227;o do cuidado em situa&#231;&#245;es de mudan&#231;as nos contextos de cuidado, faz-se necess&#225;rio tamb&#233;m que pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas sejam pensadas para reduzir a situa&#231;&#227;o de vulnerabilidade das crian&#231;as e suas fam&#237;lias. As a&#231;&#245;es governamentais se mostraram importantes para reduzir as repercuss&#245;es da pandemia na condi&#231;&#227;o de vida dessas fam&#237;lias; contudo, precisam ser continuadas para favorecer a redu&#231;&#227;o das vulnerabilidades a que est&#227;o expostas cotidianamente.</p>
        <p>Por fim, &#233; poss&#237;vel concluir que os dados analisados &#224; luz do referencial te&#243;rico neste estudo possibilitaram conhecer as experi&#234;ncias de manejo vivenciadas pelas fam&#237;lias de CCCs no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Assim, recomenda-se o uso do FMSF ou que seus conceitos estruturantes sejam utilizados para orientar o cuidado realizado de crian&#231;as e suas fam&#237;lias pelo potencial de contribuir para a apreens&#227;o de suas realidades e promover um cuidado que atenda &#224;s suas necessidades.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>FOMENTO</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico (Processo n&#186; 428929/2018-4) e Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (Processo n&#186; 25960/01). T&#237;tulo: Adapta&#231;&#227;o familiar &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o de nascimento prematuro durante a interna&#231;&#227;o na UTIN, no 1&#186;, 3&#186;, 6&#186;, 9&#186; e 12&#186; m&#234;s ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Coordenado por: Elys&#226;ngela Dittz Duarte.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <title>
          <bold>DISPONIBILIDADE DE DADOS E MATERIAL</bold>
        </title>
        <p>Os dados da pesquisa est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no corpo do artigo.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
