<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gJGfXC4JstRtfBzj5g98X9G</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672025000500169</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0540</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00169</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incidents related to the duration of medical devices in Intensive Care: a cross-sectional study</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Incidentes relacionados con el tiempo de uso de dispositivos m&#233;dicos en Terapia Intensiva: estudio transversal</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5936-6443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Suelen Pessata</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4330-953X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camerini</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia Giron</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-6089-9670</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fassarella</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0656-1680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Henrique</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4833-606X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Rodrigo Garcia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5516-4489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schutz</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3806-9380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fortunato</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Gerhardt Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
          <state>Rio de Janeiro</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Central Florida</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Orlando</city>
          <state>Florida</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">United States of America</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Central Florida. Orlando, Florida, United States of America</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR IN CHIEF:</label>
          <p>Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>ASSOCIATE EDITOR:</label>
          <p>Rafael Silva</p>
        </fn>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Corresponding author:</label> Suelen Pessata Ferraz, E-mail: <email>pessata.s@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>78</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240540</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>to describe the occurrence of clinical incidents related to the length of stay of invasive devices in intensive care units.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>this was an observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study involving critically ill patients aged &#8805; 18 years who used invasive devices between May 2022 and May 2023. Data were extracted from the Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup> software and analyzed using the R statistical program, version 4.3.1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>a total of 1,766 medical records were analyzed, corresponding to 5,436 devices. Sixty-one incidents involving invasive devices were identified. Mechanical ventilation devices had the highest average duration of use (13.65 days). Healthcare-associated infections related to invasive devices were the most frequent incidents (45.9%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>incidents involving invasive devices in intensive care are associated with the presence of the device. It is recommended to implement strategies to reduce the duration of device exposure and, consequently, the associated incidents.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>describir la ocurrencia de incidentes cl&#237;nicos relacionados con el tiempo de permanencia de dispositivos invasivos en unidades de terapia intensiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo y exploratorio con pacientes cr&#237;ticos, de edad &#8805; 18 a&#241;os, que utilizaron dispositivos invasivos entre mayo de 2022 y mayo de 2023. Los datos fueron extra&#237;dos del <italic>software Epimed Monitor System</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> y analizados mediante el programa estad&#237;stico R, versi&#243;n 4.3.1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>se analizaron 1.766 historias cl&#237;nicas, con un total de 5.436 dispositivos. Se identificaron 61 incidentes relacionados con dispositivos invasivos. Los dispositivos de ventilaci&#243;n mec&#225;nica presentaron el mayor tiempo medio de permanencia (13,65 d&#237;as). Las infecciones asociadas a la atenci&#243;n sanitaria vinculadas a dispositivos invasivos fueron los incidentes m&#225;s frecuentes (45,9%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusiones:</title>
          <p>los incidentes relacionados con dispositivos invasivos en terapia intensiva est&#225;n vinculados a la presencia del propio dispositivo. Se recomienda implementar estrategias que permitan reducir el tiempo de exposici&#243;n a los dispositivos y, en consecuencia, la ocurrencia de los incidentes asociados.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Patient Safety</kwd>
        <kwd>Intensive Care Units</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Device</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Overuse</kwd>
        <kwd>Critical Care Nursing.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Seguridad del Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispositivo M&#233;dico</kwd>
        <kwd>Uso Excesivo de la Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermer&#237;a de Cuidados Cr&#237;ticos.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
          <award-id>E_26/2021</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>UERJ, UENF, and UEZO</funding-source>
          <award-id>Ref. Proc. E-26/211.832/2021 and Ref. Proc.SEI-260003/006194/2024</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was supported by the Rio de Janeiro State Research Support Foundation (FAPERJ), under the call: E_26/2021 - BASIC RESEARCH SUPPORT (APQ1) in State Science and Technology Institutions (UERJ, UENF, and UEZO) - 2021. Ref. Proc. E-26/211.832/2021 and Ref. Proc.SEI-260003/006194/2024.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Health technologies are essential components for the promotion, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of critically ill patients. The increase in life expectancy, especially with improved quality of life, is a positive outcome made possible by technological advances in healthcare<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. However, the overuse of health technologies has often been associated with unsatisfactory outcomes, such as increased healthcare system costs and a higher occurrence of patient-related incidents. A technology is considered overused when its application poses risks that outweigh its benefits, thereby increasing the likelihood of patient incidents<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Invasive medical devices are a type of technology frequently used in healthcare, particularly for critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). When used excessively and without individualized criteria, these devices may increase the risk of clinical incidents<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the World Health Organization (WHO) taxonomy, clinical incidents are &#8220;incidents that occur in a healthcare setting caused by clinical procedures that resulted, or could have resulted, in unexpected harm to the patient&#8221;<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. In general, such incidents are associated with longer hospital stays<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Incidents can have a significant negative impact on patients, especially in low-income countries. It is estimated that the global incidence rate of harmful incidents is 14.2% and 12.7%, totaling 42.7 million incidents with harm worldwide. Approximately 30% of these incidents were associated with patient death<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The average duration of device use is an important factor associated with the occurrence of incidents. An integrative review showed the average time until incident occurrence for each device type: orotracheal tube - 7.7 days; indwelling urinary catheter - 8.2 days; central venous catheter - 12 days. The longer the device remains in place, the higher the risk of incident<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The prevention of device-related incidents in ICUs depends on the establishment and maintenance of a strong patient safety culture within healthcare institutions. In this regard, incident prevention should be tailored to each institution&#8217;s context, aiming to improve the quality of care, enhance safety, and ultimately improve performance indicators<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVES</title>
      <p>To describe the occurrence of clinical incidents related to the length of stay of invasive devices in intensive care units.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The study complied with the guidelines of Resolution 466/12 of the Brazilian National Health Council, which regulates research involving human subjects, and was approved on January 2, 2023, under opinion number 5.843.200, CAAE: 65866222.5.0000.5282. The requirement for informed consent was waived, as this was a documentary analysis study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design, period, and setting</title>
        <p>This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study. Data were collected using the Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup> between May 2022 and May 2023. Invasive devices were retrospectively assessed in terms of their use in patients, from insertion to removal, noting the occurrence or absence of clinical incidents.</p>
        <p>The study followed the 22 items of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The study was conducted in four ICUs of a university hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The ICUs included general intensive care, cardiac intensive care, general postoperative, and cardiac postoperative units. The hospital has a total of 560 inpatient beds, including 39 adult ICU beds where the study was conducted.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population and inclusion/exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>The study population consisted of all patients with medical records admitted to the hospital&#8217;s ICUs who met the eligibility criteria.</p>
        <p>The unit of analysis was the invasive devices. Included were the records of patients aged &#8805; 18 years who were admitted to the ICUs of the study hospital between May 2022 and May 2023 and who used one or more of the following devices: intravascular devices (central venous catheter, short-term hemodialysis catheter, arterial catheter, and peripheral venous catheter), invasive mechanical ventilation (via orotracheal tube or tracheostomy), and indwelling urinary catheter. Patients whose devices remained in place for 24 hours or less were excluded, as this short duration did not align with the study&#8217;s focus on prolonged device use. For incident analysis, losses included duplicates (records entered more than once into the Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup>) and records with incomplete data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Protocol</title>
        <p>The study was conducted using the Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup>, which is integrated with the hospital&#8217;s electronic medical record system - MV Soul<sup>&#174;</sup>. Epimed is a commercial, reliable, and secure cloud-based software designed to support quality improvement and benchmarking in hospitals that adopt it. This integration allows for the automatic import of patients&#8217; demographic and clinical data into the system. Additional information is regularly entered into the software by trained hospital staff based on entries in the electronic medical record and direct observation <italic>in loco</italic>.</p>
        <p>The Epimed program includes various input and calculated variables. In this study, demographic variables and clinical information related to severity, frailty, and patient mortality were extracted using specific indicators. The Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3 (SAPS 3) was used as a severity indicator and hospital mortality predictor, based on information collected within the first hour of ICU admission. Patient frailty was assessed based on cognitive capacity, functional ability, and pre-existing conditions at the time of admission, as represented by the Modified Frailty Index (MFI).</p>
        <p>Another variable extracted was the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), calculated as the ratio between actual ICU mortality and the predicted average mortality, as estimated by a disease severity score (SAPS 3). An SMR &lt; 1 indicates good ICU performance, whereas values &gt; 1 suggest poor performance<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Benchmarking is one of the tools available within the Epimed program and is used for quality management in healthcare institutions. It consists of evaluating a facility in comparison with its peers. The main objective of this tool is to highlight differences and similarities in service performance. Accordingly, national and international hospitals using the Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup> can benchmark their performance against local, regional, national, and even international standards.</p>
        <p>In this study, benchmarking was conducted by comparing the ICUs of the hospital where the study took place with other ICUs from hospitals also using the Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup>. The ICU types included in this benchmarking analysis were: public hospital ICUs, private hospital ICUs, ICUs from internationally accredited hospitals, and Top Performer ICUs. The purpose of benchmarking the studied hospital against other institutions was to compare differences and similarities in best practices observed in real-world settings.</p>
        <p>Public hospital ICUs are funded and maintained by the government and serve patients under the Unified Health System (SUS in Portuguese). Private hospitals are funded either by patients themselves or through private health insurance plans. Accredited hospitals are those that have undergone an evaluation and certification process based on predefined standards and criteria to promote quality and safety. Once approved, they receive certification with a quality seal. Top Performer ICUs are those that achieve the best clinical outcomes with efficient resource allocation in the care of their patients. This certification is part of a project created by Epimed Solutions<sup>&#174;</sup> in collaboration with the Brazilian Intensive Care Medicine Association (AMIB).</p>
        <p>Devices were categorized by type and duration of use. Clinical incidents related to devices were characterized by type, associated device, event occurrence, and duration of use at the time of the event, as well as incident severity (i.e., harm caused to the patient), classified as: mild (minimal harm), moderate (harm or long-term/permanent loss of function with extended hospitalization), and severe (harm resulting in reduced life expectancy with extensive permanent loss of function)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. Incident severity classification is available within the program and was entered by the institution&#8217;s professionals at the time of incident reporting.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Analysis and Statistics</title>
        <p>Data were exported from the software to Microsoft Excel<sup>&#174;</sup> 2019, where they were organized and later processed and analyzed with the assistance of a professional statistician. Descriptive statistical techniques were used, and results were expressed as means and frequencies using the R statistical package, version 4.3.1<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>From the Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup> software, 6,791 devices were identified as having been inserted in 2,167 patients, with 350 incidents recorded. After applying the eligibility criteria, 1,766 patients were included in the study, with 5,436 devices and 61 incidents documented. This was a descriptive study; therefore, risk analyses or predictive models were not conducted for this data subset.</p>
      <p>The mean age of patients who used the devices was 58.74 years, ranging from 18 to 100 years. Male patients were more prevalent, totaling 955 (54.08%). The average length of ICU stay was 7.3 days, ranging from 1 to 161 days.</p>
      <p>The devices included in the study were those most frequently used and readily available in the ICU. They were categorized as follows: intravascular devices (central venous catheter, peripheral venous catheter, arterial catheter, and hemodialysis catheter); indwelling urinary catheter; and invasive mechanical ventilation devices (orotracheal tubes and tracheostomies). Among the devices included in the study (5,436), 3,871 (71.21%) were intravascular, 1,267 (23.31%) were indwelling urinary catheters, and 298 (5.48%) were mechanical ventilation devices.</p>
      <p>Invasive mechanical ventilation had the highest average duration of use, at 13.65 days. The average duration between insertion and removal of the indwelling urinary catheter was 9.66 days. Among the intravascular devices, the hemodialysis catheter had the longest average duration of use, at 13.57 days, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characteristics and duration of use of invasive devices inserted in intensive care patients, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2023 (N = 5,436)</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Devices</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">n</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2">%</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="3">Length of stay (days)</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Mean (days)</th>
              <th align="center">SD</th>
              <th align="center">CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intravascular</td>
              <td align="center">3871</td>
              <td align="center">71.21</td>
              <td align="center">7.30</td>
              <td align="center">6.25</td>
              <td align="center">7.1 - 7.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Central venous catheter</td>
              <td align="center">1474</td>
              <td align="center">38.08</td>
              <td align="center">9.06</td>
              <td align="center">6.09</td>
              <td align="center">8.7 - 9.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Peripheral venous catheter</td>
              <td align="center">1129</td>
              <td align="center">29.17</td>
              <td align="center">4.09</td>
              <td align="center">3.19</td>
              <td align="center">3.9 - 4.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial catheter</td>
              <td align="center">1072</td>
              <td align="center">27.69</td>
              <td align="center">7.12</td>
              <td align="center">6.04</td>
              <td align="center">6.8 - 7.5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Dialysis catheter</td>
              <td align="center">196</td>
              <td align="center">5.06</td>
              <td align="center">13.57</td>
              <td align="center">10.61</td>
              <td align="center">12.0 - 15.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Urinary catheter</td>
              <td align="center">1267</td>
              <td align="center">23.31</td>
              <td align="center">9.66</td>
              <td align="center">10.89</td>
              <td align="center">9.0 - 10.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Invasive Mechanical Ventilation</td>
              <td align="center">298</td>
              <td align="center">5.48</td>
              <td align="center">13.65</td>
              <td align="center">14.27</td>
              <td align="center">12.0 - 15.2</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>SD - Standard Deviation; CI - Confidence Interval.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The main incidents identified were catheter-associated primary bloodstream infection (PBSI) (21.31%), ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (19.67%), and device-related pressure injury (11.48%). Other incidents were recorded at lower frequencies. Regarding severity, 77.35% of the incidents were classified as moderate, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classification of clinical incidents related to the use of invasive devices in intensive care units, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2023 (N = 61)</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variable</th>
              <th align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="13">Clinical incident with harm <break/>(n = 53)</td>
              <td align="center">Primary BSI associated with CVC</td>
              <td align="center">13</td>
              <td align="center">21.31</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">VAP</td>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="center">19.67</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unplanned removal/misplacement of ETT</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">13.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MDRPI related to IUC</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">6.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unplanned removal/misplacement of CVC</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">6.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">UTI associated with IUC</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">4.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MDRPI related to CVC</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">4.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Phlebitis</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Incident with mechanical ventilator</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Arterial catheter fracture</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">CVC obstruction</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IUC obstruction</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unplanned removal/misplacement of IUC</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3">Clinical incident without harm (n = 8)</td>
              <td align="center">Unplanned removal/misplacement of arterial catheter</td>
              <td align="center">4</td>
              <td align="center">6.55</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unplanned removal/misplacement of peripheral venous access</td>
              <td align="center">3</td>
              <td align="center">4.92</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">IUC obstruction</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="4">Severity of clinical incident with harm (n = 53)</td>
              <td align="center">Severe</td>
              <td align="center">2</td>
              <td align="center">3.77</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Moderate</td>
              <td align="center">41</td>
              <td align="center">77.35</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mild</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">9.44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Not reported</td>
              <td align="center">5</td>
              <td align="center">9.44</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>PBSI - Primary bloodstream infection; CVC - Central venous catheter; VAP - Ventilator-associated pneumonia; ETT - Endotracheal tube; MDRPI - Medical Device-Related Pressure Injury; IUC - Indwelling urinary catheter; UTI - Urinary tract infection; CI - Confidence Interval.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the average time between device insertion and the occurrence of the event, the mean duration of mechanical ventilation until the incident was 10 days. The average time between central venous catheter placement and incident occurrence was 9.39 days. The indwelling urinary catheter showed an average duration of 8.4 days until the incident occurred, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mean duration, in days, of device use until the occurrence of a clinical incident, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="bottom">Device</th>
              <th align="center" valign="bottom">Mean</th>
              <th align="center" valign="bottom">SD</th>
              <th align="center" valign="bottom">Median</th>
              <th align="center" valign="bottom">CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="bottom">Intravascular</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">8.2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">6.6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">6.5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">6.40 -11.29</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="bottom">Central venous catheter - Short Term</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">9.4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">4.8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">7.29 - 11.58</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="bottom">Peripheral venous catheter</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">2.5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">1.0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">1.9 - 3.88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="bottom">Arterial catheter</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">2.7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">3.11 - 7.47</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="bottom">Dialysis catheter - Short Term</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">14.3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">16.2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">3.01 - 35.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="bottom">Urinary catheter</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">8.4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">10.0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">4.32 - 17.87</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="bottom">Invasive Mechanical Ventilation</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">10.0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">12.3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom">6.29 - 17.62</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>SD - Standard Deviation; CI - Confidence Interval.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The benchmarking revealed that patients in the study hospital were more frail (MFI of 2.5) compared to those in other hospitals; however, they were admitted to the ICU with lower severity during the first 24 hours, according to the mean SAPS 3 score. The evaluation of the SMR showed that the study units had poorer performance (1.63) compared to the other hospitals analyzed, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Benchmarking by hospital type, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Variables</th>
              <th align="center">Study Hospital</th>
              <th align="center">Public Hospitals</th>
              <th align="center">Private Hospitals</th>
              <th align="center">International Accreditation</th>
              <th align="center">Top <break/>Performer ICUs</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospitals (n)</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">272</td>
              <td align="center">432</td>
              <td align="center">80</td>
              <td align="center">114</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Discharge from unit (%)</td>
              <td align="center">85.9</td>
              <td align="center">78.43</td>
              <td align="center">90.84</td>
              <td align="center">93.02</td>
              <td align="center">93.82</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Unit death (%)</td>
              <td align="center">14.1</td>
              <td align="center">19.41</td>
              <td align="center">7.5</td>
              <td align="center">5.51</td>
              <td align="center">5.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Hospital death (%)</td>
              <td align="center">20.9</td>
              <td align="center">27.58</td>
              <td align="center">10.93</td>
              <td align="center">8.53</td>
              <td align="center">7.65</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">MFI (points - mean)</td>
              <td align="center">2.35</td>
              <td align="center">1.45</td>
              <td align="center">1.54</td>
              <td align="center">1.51</td>
              <td align="center">1.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SAPS 3 (points - mean)</td>
              <td align="center">41.48</td>
              <td align="center">45.97</td>
              <td align="center">42.78</td>
              <td align="center">42.64</td>
              <td align="center">45.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">SMR</td>
              <td align="center">1.63</td>
              <td align="center">1.48</td>
              <td align="center">0.81</td>
              <td align="center">0.66</td>
              <td align="center">0.51</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">(95% CI)</td>
              <td align="center">(1.55-1.94)</td>
              <td align="center">(1.47-1.5)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.8-0.81)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.65-0.67)</td>
              <td align="center">(0.5-0.52)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>MFI - Modified Frailty Index; SAPS 3 - Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3; SMR - Standardized Mortality Ratio; CI - Confidence Interval.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The patient profile in this study was characterized by a predominance of male patients, corroborating most of the studies found in the literature<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. The average age in Brazilian ICUs indicates a predominance of patients between 50 and 70 years of age<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Length of ICU stay is used as an indicator of hospital efficiency, enabling the prediction of bed availability and the evaluation of the effectiveness of care provided in the unit<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The average ICU length of stay observed in this study was slightly above the national average for Brazilian ICUs, which was 5.9 days in 2022<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. The National Health Agency establishes a target ICU length of stay for adults between 4.5 and 5.3 days<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Length of hospital stay may vary due to complications related to the natural course of the disease, the quality of care, and/or clinical management strategies<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. Therefore, although it is undeniable that progress has been made in the quality of healthcare and treatment in hospital settings, clinical incidents associated with invasive devices remain a frequent challenge, especially in ICUs<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of incidents may be related to several factors involving healthcare professionals&#8217; practices (such as negligence in care delivery, work overload, lack of knowledge, absence of material and managerial resources, including organizational protocols, among others). However, device dwell time stands out as an important risk factor to be considered in the occurrence of incidents<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Critically ill patients in intensive care often require invasive devices for therapeutic purposes and life support. The decision to insert invasive devices is guided by the patient&#8217;s profile and clinical needs. In this context, the duration of use/exposure to complex technologies designed to prolong survival also exposes these patients to risk factors for the occurrence of incidents<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies show that the most commonly used devices in ICUs are central vascular catheters <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. The average length of use of invasive devices in patients who experienced adverse events showed that short-term hemodialysis catheters, invasive mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheters had the longest durations, averaging 14 days, 10 days, and 9 days, respectively. Although assessed individually, the hemodialysis catheter is considered a type of central venous catheter.</p>
      <p>When comparing these findings with those of a literature review evaluating the time to incident occurrence, it is evident that patients in this study remained longer with the hemodialysis catheter, mechanical ventilation, and central venous catheter until the incident occurred. The study reinforces that device dwell time is a relevant factor associated with the occurrence of incidents: the longer the device remains in place, the greater the risk of incidents<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>As a strategy to reduce device dwell time, identifying care-related vulnerabilities and developing plans for prevention and improvement in the quality of care are essential. The development of bundles, checklists, indicators, and even software can support this process. It is also crucial to establish a therapeutic plan that guides patient treatment and allows for the earliest possible device removal. Developing strategies for the prevention of clinical incidents during device insertion and maintenance is of utmost importance.</p>
      <p>Device utilization time can be considered a modifiable factor that increases the likelihood of incidents, particularly those of infectious origin. Studies have shown that bloodstream infections associated with central venous catheters increase proportionally with prolonged use. A Brazilian study identified a 2% increase in the risk of incident for each additional day of central venous catheter use<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The most prevalent device-related incidents in this study were infections, particularly pneumonia and PBSI, associated with invasive mechanical ventilation and short-term central venous catheters, respectively. These findings are consistent with results from national and international studies<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain the most common incidents affecting critically ill patients, with their incidence in ICUs being substantially higher than in general wards. This is due to the vulnerability of patients who are frequently subjected to invasive procedures<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>HAIs can worsen the hospitalization process and lead to complications in the patient&#8217;s health status, which have been linked to longer hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>ICU admission exposes patients to a high risk of pneumonia and other pulmonary complications, especially among those requiring mechanical ventilation<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>. International studies report that VAP affects 9% to 28% of ICU patients dependent on invasive mechanical ventilation. In Brazil, the incidence of VAP ranges from 23.2% to 36.01%. This infection has a global mortality rate ranging from 10% to 65%, with an incidence density of 1 to 4 incidents per 1,000 ventilator-days in developed countries and up to 13 incidents per 1,000 ventilator-days in developing countries<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The incidence rate of catheter-associated primary bloodstream infection (CVC-PBSI), in general, is high in intensive care settings and has a direct impact on increased hospital stays and additional healthcare costs. In the United States, studies estimate that approximately 30,100 cases of this type of infection occur annually, accounting for 10% of all HAIs<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infections have a high incidence rate, ranging from 12% to 25%, and contribute to a mortality rate of up to 25%. Latin American countries report significantly higher rates of this type of infection compared to high-income countries<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In assessing the severity of incidents in this study, it was found that the majority of resulting harm (85%) was classified as moderate. Moderate harm is defined as permanent or long-term loss of function, with increased length of hospital stay<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Brazilian studies that assessed incidents in intensive care have identified that, when incidents occurred, patients generally experienced mild harm. However, a study conducted in the capital of Minas Gerais showed that, when analyzing only incidents with moderate harm, 74% were categorized as HAIs<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. These findings are consistent with those of the present study, in which infections were the most frequently reported incidents, with a predominance of moderate severity classification.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of incidents results in prolonged hospital stays, and, simultaneously, longer hospitalization increases the patient&#8217;s exposure to new incidents, particularly infections. Studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between incident occurrence and increased mortality, highlighting the severity of complications resulting from healthcare-related harm<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In assessing the health condition of patients in this study, it was observed that they were more frail; however, they were admitted to the ICU with lower severity as predicted by SAPS 3. Although the mortality rate was lower among patients in this study, the SMR was higher (1.6) in the studied ICUs when compared to other public units in Brazil<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of the severity predictor score (SAPS 3: 41.48), mortality rate, and SMR (1.63) in the studied ICUs revealed results similar to those of public hospital ICUs in Brazil. In 2022, the average SAPS 3 score in these ICUs was 44.11, with a SMR of 1.56<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Through comparative benchmarking of Brazilian ICUs (public hospital profile), conducted via the Epimed system during the same study period, it was possible to compare the patient profile data from this study with those of other hospitals. The goal of conducting benchmarking-comparing the studied unit with ICUs from other institutions-is to contrast differences and similarities in best practices observed in real-world settings, thereby fostering improvements in healthcare systems.</p>
      <p>It was found that the average patient age and ICU length of stay were similar to those observed in other hospitals. Regarding MFI, patients in this study were considered more frail, although they were admitted to the ICU with lower severity as predicted by SAPS 3. Although the mortality rate was lower among study patients, the SMR was slightly higher (1.6) in the studied ICUs compared to other Brazilian units<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is understood that, although the presence of a device already represents an increased risk factor for incident occurrence, its use is essential for the patient&#8217;s life support. Critically ill patients typically require monitoring due to the risk of acute instability, as well as hemodynamic or respiratory support to sustain life. This makes them more susceptible to the use of various invasive devices. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure awareness and daily evaluation of the need for continued use, as well as to implement interventions that minimize complications and allow for the earliest possible device removal<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Given this, the nurse&#8217;s role in the process of incident prevention is fundamental. The presence of this professional at the bedside is indispensable for care delivery, as they are responsible for identifying potential risks, recording and reporting incidents for analysis and the establishment of goals and improvement strategies, managing protocols and training, and most importantly, working daily with the multidisciplinary team to reassess the continued need for these devices.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Underreporting of incidents remains a limitation in studies of this nature and is linked to the need for a stronger patient safety culture, with encouragement for non-punitive reporting practices. Such an approach facilitates the identification of care vulnerabilities and the development of strategies for improvement.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to the Field</title>
        <p>Overall, this study made it possible to identify the devices associated with the highest risk of clinical incidents, the most frequent types of incidents, and their impact on complications. As a result, healthcare managers and professionals will be better equipped to target their actions and strategies, promoting higher-quality care and minimizing risks and incidents for patients. Furthermore, benchmarking-by comparing the studied unit with ICUs from other institutions-enabled the identification of differences and similarities in best practices as observed in real-world settings.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
      <p>The most commonly used devices were intravascular catheters, specifically central and peripheral venous catheters. The devices with the longest dwell times were invasive mechanical ventilation devices, followed by hemodialysis venous catheters, indwelling urinary catheters, and central venous catheters.</p>
      <p>Among the devices studied, invasive mechanical ventilation was associated with the highest number of incidents, along with central venous catheters and indwelling urinary catheters. Most incidents were classified as moderate in severity. HAIs accounted for the majority of incidents, particularly PBSI and VAP.</p>
      <p>Incidents involving invasive devices in intensive care may be influenced by multiple factors and are closely tied to the presence of the device itself. Evaluating the overuse (duration of use) of these devices is a critical step in implementing strategies aimed at reducing exposure time and, consequently, device-related incidents.</p>
      <p>The data from this study provide exploratory insights for the development of future investigations aimed at institutional improvement.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>FUNDING</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was supported by the Rio de Janeiro State Research Support Foundation (FAPERJ), under the call: E_26/2021 - BASIC RESEARCH SUPPORT (APQ1) in State Science and Technology Institutions (UERJ, UENF, and UEZO) - 2021. Ref. Proc. E-26/211.832/2021 and Ref. Proc.SEI-260003/006194/2024.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
      <title>AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIAL</title>
      <p>The research data are available in a repository: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.YEV4UK">https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.YEV4UK</ext-link>.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>REFERENCES</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA). HTA Glossary [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Sep 6]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://htaglossary.net/health+technology">http://htaglossary.net/health+technology</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>HTA Glossary</source>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2023 Sep 6</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://htaglossary.net/health+technology">http://htaglossary.net/health+technology</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2 Brownlee S, Chalkidou K, Doust J, Elshaug AG, Glasziou P, Heath I, et al. Evidence for overuse of medical services around the world. Lancet. 2017;390(10090):156-68. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32585-5">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32585-5</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brownlee</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chalkidou</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doust</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elshaug</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glasziou</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heath</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evidence for overuse of medical services around the world</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>390</volume>
          <issue>10090</issue>
          <fpage>156</fpage>
          <lpage>168</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32585-5">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32585-5</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3 Oliveira MCP, Barreto JBG, Coutinho VM, Magalh&#227;es PCA. Eventos adversos em unidades de terapia intensiva adulto: uma revis&#227;o integrativa. Pesqui Soc Desenv. 2021;10(10):e18523. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18523">https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18523</ext-link> .</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>MCP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>JBG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coutinho</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>PCA.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Eventos adversos em unidades de terapia intensiva adulto: uma revis&#227;o integrativa</article-title>
          <source>Pesqui Soc Desenv</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>e18523</fpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18523">https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18523</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4 Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS). Relat&#243;rio T&#233;cnico. Estrutura Conceitual da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional sobre Seguran&#231;a do Doente [Internet]. Lisboa: Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de; 2011[cited 2024 Apr 23]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240095458">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240095458</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <chapter-title>Relat&#243;rio T&#233;cnico</chapter-title>
          <source>Estrutura Conceitual da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Internacional sobre Seguran&#231;a do Doente</source>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Lisboa</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de;</publisher-name>
          <year>2011</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2024 Apr 23</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240095458">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240095458</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5 Ekren PK, Ranzani OT, Ceccato A, Li Bassi G, Mu&#241;oz Conejero E, Ferrer M, et al. Evaluation of the 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Guideline Criteria for Risk of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in Patients with Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in the ICU. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(6):826-30. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201708-1717LE">https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201708-1717LE</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ekren</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ranzani</surname>
              <given-names>OT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ceccato</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li Bassi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mu&#241;oz Conejero</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of the 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society Guideline Criteria for Risk of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens in Patients with Hospital-acquired and Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in the ICU</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>197</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>826</fpage>
          <lpage>830</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201708-1717LE">https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201708-1717LE</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6 World Health Organization (WHO). Global report on infection prevention and control [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2022[cited 2024 Apr 23]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051164">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051164</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Global report on infection prevention and control</source>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name>
          <year>2022</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2024 Apr 23</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051164">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051164</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7 Ferraz SP, Camerini FG, da Silva EA, Fassarella CS, Henrique D de M, Fortunato JGS. Incidentes cl&#237;nicos associados &#224; sobreutiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos invasivos em terapia intensiva: uma revis&#227;o integrativa. Arq Ci&#234;nc Sa&#250;de Unipar. 2023;27(6):3183-98. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v27i6.2023-066">https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v27i6.2023-066</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferraz</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camerini</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>da Silva</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fassarella</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henrique</surname>
              <given-names>D de M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortunato</surname>
              <given-names>JGS.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Incidentes cl&#237;nicos associados &#224; sobreutiliza&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos invasivos em terapia intensiva: uma revis&#227;o integrativa</article-title>
          <source>Arq Ci&#234;nc Sa&#250;de Unipar</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>3183</fpage>
          <lpage>3198</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v27i6.2023-066">https://doi.org/10.25110/arqsaude.v27i6.2023-066</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8 Caldas ER, Ferreira MV, Marcelino EC, Caixeta FC, Ribeiro ATMC, Rosa SA. Qualidade na assist&#234;ncia em unidade de terapia intensiva com foco na seguran&#231;a do paciente. Braz J Health Rev. 2023;6(4):16962-78. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv6n4-226">https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv6n4-226</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Caldas</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcelino</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caixeta</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ATMC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>SA.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Qualidade na assist&#234;ncia em unidade de terapia intensiva com foco na seguran&#231;a do paciente</article-title>
          <source>Braz J Health Rev</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>16962</fpage>
          <lpage>78</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv6n4-226">https://doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv6n4-226</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9 Von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G&#248;tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Von Elm</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Egger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pocock</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#248;tzsche</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vandenbroucke</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>STROBE Initiative</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>344</fpage>
          <lpage>349</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10 Assis CR, Fortino CK, Saraiva CAS, Frohlich LF, Silva RE, Omizzollo S. Perfil cl&#237;nico e sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o de pacientes p&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. Rev Pesqui Fisioter. 2020;10(1):25-32. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v10i1.2619">https://doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v10i1.2619</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Assis</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fortino</surname>
              <given-names>CK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>CAS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frohlich</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omizzollo</surname>
              <given-names>S.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Perfil cl&#237;nico e sucesso na extuba&#231;&#227;o de pacientes p&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca</article-title>
          <source>Rev Pesqui Fisioter</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>25</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v10i1.2619">https://doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v10i1.2619</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11 World Health Organization (WHO). More than words: conceptual framework for the international classification for patient safety [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009[cited 2023 Apr 22]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-IER-PSP-2010.2">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-IER-PSP-2010.2</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>More than words: conceptual framework for the international classification for patient safety</source>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>World Health Organization;</publisher-name>
          <year>2009</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2023 Apr 22</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-IER-PSP-2010.2">https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-IER-PSP-2010.2</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12 R Core Team. R: the R Project for Statistical Computing [Internet]. 2023[cited 2023 Aug 20]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.r-project.org/">https://www.r-project.org/</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>R Core Team</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>R: the R Project for Statistical Computing</source>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2023 Aug 20</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.r-project.org/">https://www.r-project.org/</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13 Aguiar LMM, Martins GS, Valduga R, Gerez AP, Carmo EC, Cunha KC, et al. Perfil de unidades de terapia intensiva adulto no Brasil: revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos observacionais. Rev Bras Ter Intens. 2021;33(4):624-34. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-507X.20210088">https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-507X.20210088</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aguiar</surname>
              <given-names>LMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valduga</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerez</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmo</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Perfil de unidades de terapia intensiva adulto no Brasil: revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos observacionais</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ter Intens</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>624</fpage>
          <lpage>634</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-507X.20210088">https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-507X.20210088</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14 Fasoi G, Patsiou EC, Stavropoulou A, Kaba E, Papageorgiou D, Toylia G, et al. Assessment of Nursing Workload as a Mortality Predictor in Intensive Care Units (ICU) Using the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) Scale. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;18(1):79. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010079">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010079</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fasoi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patsiou</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stavropoulou</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaba</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papageorgiou</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toylia</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of Nursing Workload as a Mortality Predictor in Intensive Care Units (ICU) Using the Nursing Activities Score (NAS) Scale</article-title>
          <source>Int J Environ Res Public Health</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010079">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010079</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15 Severo AR, Var&#227;o C. Epidemiologia das interna&#231;&#245;es da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto: uma revis&#227;o da literatura [Internet]. XVI Simp&#243;sio Internacional de Ci&#234;ncias Integradas da UNAERP; 2019[cited 2023 Apr 22]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unaerp.br/sici-unaerp/anais-edicoes-anteriores/2019/artigo/3772-xvisici-epidemiologia-das-internacoes-da-unidade-de-terapia-intensiva-adulto-uma-revisao-da-literatura/file">https://www.unaerp.br/sici-unaerp/anais-edicoes-anteriores/2019/artigo/3772-xvisici-epidemiologia-das-internacoes-da-unidade-de-terapia-intensiva-adulto-uma-revisao-da-literatura/file</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Severo</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Var&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>C.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epidemiologia das interna&#231;&#245;es da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto: uma revis&#227;o da literatura</article-title>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <source>XVI Simp&#243;sio Internacional de Ci&#234;ncias Integradas da UNAERP</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2023 Apr 22</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unaerp.br/sici-unaerp/anais-edicoes-anteriores/2019/artigo/3772-xvisici-epidemiologia-das-internacoes-da-unidade-de-terapia-intensiva-adulto-uma-revisao-da-literatura/file">https://www.unaerp.br/sici-unaerp/anais-edicoes-anteriores/2019/artigo/3772-xvisici-epidemiologia-das-internacoes-da-unidade-de-terapia-intensiva-adulto-uma-revisao-da-literatura/file</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16 Moraes V, Venturini R, Tavares M, S&#225; M, Salmer W. An&#225;lise da m&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia UTI adulto no munic&#237;pio de Jata&#237; [Internet]. 2018[cited 2023 Oct 8]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unaerp.br/sici-unaerp/anais-edicoes-anteriores/2019/artigo/3772-xvisici-epidemiologia-das-internacoes-da-unidade-de-terapia-intensiva-adulto-uma-revisao-da-literatura/file">https://www.unaerp.br/sici-unaerp/anais-edicoes-anteriores/2019/artigo/3772-xvisici-epidemiologia-das-internacoes-da-unidade-de-terapia-intensiva-adulto-uma-revisao-da-literatura/file</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moraes</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Venturini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>S&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salmer</surname>
              <given-names>W.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>An&#225;lise da m&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia UTI adulto no munic&#237;pio de Jata&#237;</source>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <year>2018</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2023 Oct 8</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.unaerp.br/sici-unaerp/anais-edicoes-anteriores/2019/artigo/3772-xvisici-epidemiologia-das-internacoes-da-unidade-de-terapia-intensiva-adulto-uma-revisao-da-literatura/file">https://www.unaerp.br/sici-unaerp/anais-edicoes-anteriores/2019/artigo/3772-xvisici-epidemiologia-das-internacoes-da-unidade-de-terapia-intensiva-adulto-uma-revisao-da-literatura/file</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17 Associa&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB). Projeto UTIs brasileiras. Caracter&#237;sticas das UTIs Participantes - UTI Adulto - UTIs Brasileiras [Internet]. 2023[cited 2023 Aug 30]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.utisbrasileiras.com/">https://www.utisbrasileiras.com/</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Associa&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Projeto UTIs brasileiras</article-title>
          <source>Caracter&#237;sticas das UTIs Participantes - UTI Adulto - UTIs Brasileiras</source>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <year>2023</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2023 Aug 30</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.utisbrasileiras.com/">https://www.utisbrasileiras.com/</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18 Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de Suplementar (ANS). M&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia UTI Adulto: V1 [Internet]. 2013[cited 2023 Oct 9]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/ans/pt-br/arquivos/assuntos/prestadores/qualiss-programa-de-qualificacao-dos-prestadores-de-servicos-de-saude-1/versao-anterior-do-qualiss/e-efi-07.pdf">https://www.gov.br/ans/pt-br/arquivos/assuntos/prestadores/qualiss-programa-de-qualificacao-dos-prestadores-de-servicos-de-saude-1/versao-anterior-do-qualiss/e-efi-07.pdf</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de Suplementar (ANS)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>M&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia UTI Adulto: V1</source>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <year>2013</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2023 Oct 9</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/ans/pt-br/arquivos/assuntos/prestadores/qualiss-programa-de-qualificacao-dos-prestadores-de-servicos-de-saude-1/versao-anterior-do-qualiss/e-efi-07.pdf">https://www.gov.br/ans/pt-br/arquivos/assuntos/prestadores/qualiss-programa-de-qualificacao-dos-prestadores-de-servicos-de-saude-1/versao-anterior-do-qualiss/e-efi-07.pdf</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19 Campos DMP. An&#225;lise da incid&#234;ncia e fatores de risco dos incidentes entre pacientes cr&#237;ticos: estudo de coorte concorrente [Tese]. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; 2022[cited 2024 Apr 25]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hdl.handle.net/1843/46534">http://hdl.handle.net/1843/46534</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>DMP.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>An&#225;lise da incid&#234;ncia e fatores de risco dos incidentes entre pacientes cr&#237;ticos: estudo de coorte concorrente</source>
          <comment>[Tese]</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Belo Horizonte</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais;</publisher-name>
          <year>2022</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2024 Apr 25</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://hdl.handle.net/1843/46534">http://hdl.handle.net/1843/46534</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20 Alencar DL, Concei&#231;&#227;o AS, Silva RFA. Occurrence of nosocomial infection in intensive care unit of a public hospital. Rev Pre Infec Sa&#250;de. 2020;6:8857. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.26694/repis.v6i0.8857">https://doi.org/10.26694/repis.v6i0.8857</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alencar</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>RFA.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Occurrence of nosocomial infection in intensive care unit of a public hospital</article-title>
          <source>Rev Pre Infec Sa&#250;de</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <fpage>8857</fpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.26694/repis.v6i0.8857">https://doi.org/10.26694/repis.v6i0.8857</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21 Wichmann D, Campos CEB, Ehrhardt S, Kock T, Weber C, Rohde H, et al. Efficacy of introducing a checklist to reduce central venous line associated bloodstream infections in the ICU caring for adult patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):267. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3178-6">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3178-6</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wichmann</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>CEB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ehrhardt</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kock</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weber</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Efficacy of introducing a checklist to reduce central venous line associated bloodstream infections in the ICU caring for adult patients</article-title>
          <source>BMC Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>267</fpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3178-6">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3178-6</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22 Rosenthal VD, Jin Z, Valderrama-Beltran SL, Gualtero SM, Linares CY, Aguirre-Avalos G, et al. Multinational prospective cohort study of incidence and risk factors for central line-associated bloodstream infections in ICUs of 8 Latin American countries. Am J Infect Control. 2023;51(10):1114-1119. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2023.03.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2023.03.006</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenthal</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valderrama-Beltran</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gualtero</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Linares</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguirre-Avalos</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multinational prospective cohort study of incidence and risk factors for central line-associated bloodstream infections in ICUs of 8 Latin American countries</article-title>
          <source>Am J Infect Control</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1114</fpage>
          <lpage>1119</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2023.03.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2023.03.006</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23 Li RJ, Wu YL, Huang K, Hu XQ, Zhang JJ, Yang LQ, et al. A prospective surveillance study of healthcare-associated infections in an intensive care unit from a tertiary care teaching hospital from 2012-2019. Med (Baltimore). 2023;102(31). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034469">https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034469</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>YL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>XQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>LQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A prospective surveillance study of healthcare-associated infections in an intensive care unit from a tertiary care teaching hospital from 2012-2019</article-title>
          <source>Med (Baltimore)</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>31</issue>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034469">https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000034469</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24 Al-Tawfiq JA, Abdrabalnabi R, Taher A, Mathew S, Al-Hassan S, Al-Rashed H, et al. Surveillance of device associated infections in intensive care units at a Saudi Arabian Hospital, 2017-2020. J Infect Public Health. 2023;16(6):917-21. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.04.007</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Tawfiq</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abdrabalnabi</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taher</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathew</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Hassan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Rashed</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surveillance of device associated infections in intensive care units at a Saudi Arabian Hospital, 2017-2020</article-title>
          <source>J Infect Public Health</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>917</fpage>
          <lpage>921</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.04.007">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.04.007</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25 Rello J, Ram&#237;rez-Estrada S, Romero A, Arvaniti K, Koulenti D, Nseir S, et al. Factors associated with ventilator-associated events: an international multicenter prospective cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38(9):1693-9. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03596-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03596-x</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rello</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ram&#237;rez-Estrada</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romero</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arvaniti</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koulenti</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nseir</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Factors associated with ventilator-associated events: an international multicenter prospective cohort study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1693</fpage>
          <lpage>1699</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03596-x">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03596-x</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26 Li Y, Cao X, Ge H, Jiang Y, Zhou H, Zheng W. Targeted surveillance of nosocomial infection in intensive care units of 176 hospitals in Jiangsu province, China. J Hosp Infect. 2018;99(1):36-41. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.10.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.10.009</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ge</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>W.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Targeted surveillance of nosocomial infection in intensive care units of 176 hospitals in Jiangsu province, China</article-title>
          <source>J Hosp Infect</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>36</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.10.009">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.10.009</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27 Duszynska W, Rosenthal VD, Szczesny A, Zajaczkowska K, Fulek M, Tomaszewski J, et al. Device associated health care associated infections monitoring, prevention and cost assessment at intensive care unit of University Hospital in Poland (2015-2017). BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):761. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05482-w">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05482-w</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duszynska</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenthal</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Szczesny</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zajaczkowska</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fulek</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomaszewski</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Device associated health care associated infections monitoring, prevention and cost assessment at intensive care unit of University Hospital in Poland (2015-2017)</article-title>
          <source>BMC Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>761</fpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05482-w">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05482-w</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28 Klompas M, Branson R, Cawcutt K, Crist M, Eichenwald EC, Greene LR, et al. Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated events, and nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2022;43(6):687-713. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.88">https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.88</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klompas</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Branson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cawcutt</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crist</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eichenwald</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greene</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Strategies to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia, ventilator-associated events, and nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia in acute-care hospitals: 2022 update</article-title>
          <source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>687</fpage>
          <lpage>713</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.88">https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2022.88</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29 Alecrim RX, Taminato M, Belasco A, Longo MCB, Kusahara DM, Fram D. Strategies for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm. 2019. Mar;72(2):521-30. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0473">https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0473</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alecrim</surname>
              <given-names>RX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taminato</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Belasco</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longo</surname>
              <given-names>MCB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kusahara</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fram</surname>
              <given-names>D.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Strategies for preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia: an integrative review</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Enferm</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <season>Mar</season>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>521</fpage>
          <lpage>530</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0473">https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0473</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30 National Health Care Safety Network (NHSN). Overview Patient Safety Component Manual [Internet]. 2020[cited 2023 Dec 18]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/pcsmanual_current.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/pcsmanual_current.pdf</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>National Health Care Safety Network (NHSN)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Overview Patient Safety Component Manual</source>
          <comment>[Internet]</comment>
          <year>2020</year>
          <date-in-citation>cited 2023 Dec 18</date-in-citation>
          <comment>Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/pcsmanual_current.pdf">https://www.cdc.gov/nhsn/pdfs/pscmanual/pcsmanual_current.pdf</ext-link> </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31 Aikawa G, Ouchi A, Sakuramoto H, Ono C, Hatozaki C, Okamoto M, et al. Impact of adverse events on patient outcomes in a Japanese intensive care unit: a retrospective observational study. Nurs Open. 2021;8(6):3271-80. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1040">https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1040</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aikawa</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ouchi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sakuramoto</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ono</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hatozaki</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okamoto</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of adverse events on patient outcomes in a Japanese intensive care unit: a retrospective observational study</article-title>
          <source>Nurs Open</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>3271</fpage>
          <lpage>3280</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1040">https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.1040</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32 Barcellos RA, Brandalise M, Funck LS, Schmitz TSD. Preval&#234;ncia de Eventos Adversos e fatores relacionados &#224; perda acidental de dispositivos invasivos em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva. Res Soc Dev. 2021;10(11). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.18378">https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.18378</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barcellos</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brandalise</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Funck</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitz</surname>
              <given-names>TSD.</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de Eventos Adversos e fatores relacionados &#224; perda acidental de dispositivos invasivos em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva</article-title>
          <source>Res Soc Dev</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.18378">https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.18378</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0540pt</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Incidentes relacionados ao tempo de dispositivos m&#233;dicos em Terapia Intensiva: estudo transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5936-6443</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Suelen Pessata</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4330-953X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camerini</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia Giron</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-6089-9670</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fassarella</surname>
            <given-names>Cintia Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0656-1680</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Henrique</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4833-606X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas Rodrigo Garcia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5516-4489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schutz</surname>
            <given-names>Vivian</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3806-9380</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fortunato</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Gerhardt Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Central Florida. Orlando, Florida, Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR CHEFE:</label>
          <p>Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR ASSOCIADO:</label>
          <p>Rafael Silva</p>
        </fn>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Autor Correspondente:</label> Suelen Pessata Ferraz, E-mail: <email>pessata.s@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>descrever a ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes cl&#237;nicos relacionados ao tempo de perman&#234;ncia de dispositivos invasivos em unidades de terapia intensiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudo observacional, transversal, descritivo e explorat&#243;rio com pacientes cr&#237;ticos, com idade &#8805; 18 anos, que utilizaram dispositivos invasivos entre maio de 2022 e maio de 2023. Dados extra&#237;dos do <italic>software Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> e analisados atrav&#233;s do programa estat&#237;stico <italic>R</italic>, vers&#227;o 4.3.1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>1.766 prontu&#225;rios, sendo 5.436 dispositivos analisados. Foram identificados 61 incidentes com dispositivos invasivos. Os dispositivos de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica apresentaram maior tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia (13,65 dias). As infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de associadas a dispositivos invasivos foram os incidentes mais frequentes (45,9%).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>os incidentes com dispositivos invasivos na terapia intensiva est&#227;o atrelados &#224; presen&#231;a do dispositivo. Recomenda-se implementar estrat&#233;gias que possibilitem a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o aos dispositivos e, consequentemente, aos incidentes a eles associados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispositivo M&#233;dico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobreutiliza&#231;&#227;o da Medicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermagem de Cuidados Cr&#237;ticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPERJ</funding-source>
          <award-id>E_26/2021</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>UERJ, UENF, and UEZO</funding-source>
          <award-id>Ref. Proc. E-26/211.832/2021 and Ref. Proc.SEI-260003/006194/2024</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Aux&#237;lio da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), edital: E_26/2021 - AUX&#205;LIO B&#193;SICO &#192; PESQUISA (APQ1) em Institui&#231;&#245;es de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia estaduais UERJ, UENF e UEZO - 2021 e 2024. Ref. Proc. E-26/211.832/2021 e Ref. Proc. SEI-260003/006194/2024.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>As tecnologias em sa&#250;de s&#227;o elementos essenciais para a promo&#231;&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico, tratamento e reabilita&#231;&#227;o de pacientes cr&#237;ticos. O aumento da expectativa de vida, especialmente com qualidade, &#233; um reflexo positivo proporcionado pelo avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico na sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. No entanto, a sobreutiliza&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias em sa&#250;de tem sido frequentemente associada a resultados insatisfat&#243;rios, como o aumento de gastos no sistema de sa&#250;de e maior ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes aos pacientes. Uma tecnologia &#233; considerada sobreutilizada quando seu uso exp&#245;e a riscos que superam os benef&#237;cios e, assim, aumenta as chances de incidentes aos pacientes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os dispositivos invasivos assistenciais s&#227;o um tipo de tecnologia utilizada constantemente na assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, principalmente em pacientes graves internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). Quando usados em excesso e sem crit&#233;rios individualizados, podem aumentar os riscos para ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes cl&#237;nicos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os incidentes cl&#237;nicos, de acordo com a taxonomia da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), s&#227;o &#8220;incidentes que ocorrem numa unidade de cuidados de sa&#250;de provocados por procedimentos cl&#237;nicos que resultaram, ou podiam ter resultado, em dano inesperado para o doente&#8221;<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. Os incidentes, de maneira geral, est&#227;o relacionados ao aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os incidentes podem causar grande impacto negativo para o paciente, principalmente em pa&#237;ses com renda baixa. Foi estimada uma taxa de incid&#234;ncia global de incidentes com dano de 14,2% e 12,7%, totalizando 42,7 milh&#245;es de incidentes com dano em todo o mundo. Cerca de 30% desses incidentes foram associados &#224; morte do paciente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia m&#233;dio do dispositivo &#233; um fator importante relacionado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes. Foi evidenciado, em uma revis&#227;o integrativa, o tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia do dispositivo at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia do incidente, sendo: tubo orotraqueal 7,7 dias; cateter vesical de demora 8,2 dias; cateter venoso central 12 dias. Quanto maior o tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos dispositivos, maior ser&#225; o risco desses incidentes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A preven&#231;&#227;o de incidentes relacionados aos dispositivos nas UTI depende da exist&#234;ncia e manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma cultura positiva na seguran&#231;a do paciente dentro de institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de. Nesse sentido, a preven&#231;&#227;o de incidentes deve ser pensada de acordo com a realidade de cada institui&#231;&#227;o, visando contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade assistencial, para maior seguran&#231;a e, consequentemente, melhoria nos indicadores<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVOS</title>
        <p>Descrever a ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes cl&#237;nicos relacionados ao tempo de perman&#234;ncia de dispositivos invasivos em unidades de terapia intensiva.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo respeitou as diretrizes da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, referente a pesquisas que envolvem seres humanos, sendo aprovado em 02 de janeiro de 2023, atrav&#233;s do parecer 5.843.200, CAAE: 65866222.5.0000.5282. A aplica&#231;&#227;o do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foi dispensada por se tratar de um estudo de an&#225;lise documental.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho, per&#237;odo e local do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo transversal, descritivo, retrospectivo. Os dados foram obtidos atrav&#233;s da coleta dentro do programa <italic>Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>, no per&#237;odo de maio de 2022 a maio de 2023. Os dispositivos invasivos foram avaliados retrospectivamente quanto &#224; sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes, desde o per&#237;odo da inser&#231;&#227;o at&#233; sua retirada, observando a ocorr&#234;ncia, ou n&#227;o, de incidentes cl&#237;nicos.</p>
          <p>Foram seguidos os 22 itens do <italic>checklist Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology</italic> (<italic>STROBE</italic>)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O estudo foi realizado em quatro UTI de um hospital universit&#225;rio na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sendo as unidades: terapia intensiva geral, cardiointensiva, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio geral e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio card&#237;aco. O hospital &#233; composto por 560 leitos de interna&#231;&#227;o, totalizando 39 leitos de UTI adulto em que foi feito o estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o foi composta por todos os pacientes com prontu&#225;rios internados nos setores de terapia intensiva do hospital em que foi desenvolvido o estudo e que atenderam ao crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A unidade de an&#225;lise foram os dispositivos invasivos. Foram inclu&#237;dos os prontu&#225;rios de pacientes com idade &#8805; 18 anos, internados nas terapias intensivas do hospital estudado no per&#237;odo de maio de 2022 a maio de 2023, que fizeram uso de algum dos dispositivos: intravasculares (cateter venoso central e de hemodi&#225;lise de curta perman&#234;ncia, cateter arterial e cateter venoso perif&#233;rico), ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva (por tubo orotraqueal ou traqueostomia) e cateter vesical de demora.</p>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que tiveram dispositivo com tempo de perman&#234;ncia igual ou inferior a 24 horas, justificado por ser um tempo reduzido e o estudo relacionar-se ao tempo de uso excessivo dos dispositivos.</p>
          <p>Ao analisar os incidentes, foram considerados como perdas e exclu&#237;dos: duplicatas (inseridos mais de uma vez no programa <italic>Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>) e os que estavam com dados incompletos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>Foi realizada atrav&#233;s do programa <italic>Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>, que faz integra&#231;&#227;o com o prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico do hospital do estudo - <italic>Sistema MV Soul<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>. O <italic>Epimed</italic> &#233; um <italic>software</italic> comercial, confi&#225;vel e seguro, fundamentado em nuvem, com finalidade de aprimoramento em qualidade e <italic>benchmarking</italic> dentro dos hospitais que o adquirem. Essa integra&#231;&#227;o permite importar as informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes de forma autom&#225;tica para o programa. As informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais s&#227;o inseridas no <italic>software</italic> regularmente por profissionais do hospital, treinados, atrav&#233;s de registro no prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico e observa&#231;&#227;o <italic>in locu</italic>.</p>
          <p>Dentro do programa <italic>Epimed</italic> existem diversas vari&#225;veis inseridas e calculadas. Neste estudo, foram extra&#237;das vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de gravidade, fragilidade e mortalidade dos pacientes, por meio de indicadores espec&#237;ficos. O <italic>Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3</italic> (<italic>SAPS-3</italic>) foi utilizado como indicador de gravidade e preditor de mortalidade hospitalar, baseado em informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas dentro da primeira hora de admiss&#227;o na UTI. A fragilidade dos pacientes foi avaliada a partir de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre capacidade cognitiva, capacidade funcional e doen&#231;as preexistentes &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, sendo retratada pelo <italic>Modified Frailty Index</italic> (<italic>MFI</italic>).</p>
          <p>Outra vari&#225;vel extra&#237;da foi a <italic>Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR,</italic> ou Raz&#227;o de Mortalidade Padronizada), calculada pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre a mortalidade real na UTI e a mortalidade m&#233;dia prevista, obtida por um escore de gravidade da doen&#231;a (<italic>SAPS-3</italic>). A SMR &lt; 1 &#233; indicadora de bom desempenho da unidade, enquanto valores &gt; 1 predizem mau desempenho da unidade<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O <italic>benchmarking</italic> &#233; uma das ferramentas contidas no programa <italic>Epimed</italic> e &#233; utilizada para gest&#227;o da qualidade nas institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de. Consiste em avaliar uma empresa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; concorr&#234;ncia. A finalidade desta ferramenta est&#225; principalmente em contrastar diferen&#231;as e semelhan&#231;as nos servi&#231;os. Com isso, hospitais nacionais e internacionais que utilizam o <italic>Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> podem utilizar essa ferramenta para se avaliar em compara&#231;&#227;o com a concorr&#234;ncia local, regional, nacional e at&#233; mesmo internacional.</p>
          <p>Neste estudo, o <italic>benchmarking</italic> foi realizado entre as UTI do hospital em que a pesquisa foi desenvolvida, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras UTI de institui&#231;&#245;es hospitalares que tamb&#233;m utilizam o sistema <italic>Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>. Os tipos de UTI utilizados para esse <italic>benchmarking</italic> foram: UTI de hospitais p&#250;blicos, UTI de hospitais privados, UTI de hospitais com acredita&#231;&#227;o internacional e UTI <italic>Top Performers</italic>. O objetivo de realizar um <italic>benchmarking</italic>, comparando o hospital estudado com as UTI de outras institui&#231;&#245;es, &#233; contrastar diferen&#231;as e semelhan&#231;as nas melhores pr&#225;ticas evidenciadas no mundo real.</p>
          <p>UTI de hospitais p&#250;blicos s&#227;o aquelas financiadas e mantidas pelo Estado, atendendo pacientes do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). Os hospitais privados s&#227;o os que s&#227;o financiados pelo pr&#243;prio paciente ou por seguradoras, atrav&#233;s de planos de sa&#250;de privados. Os hospitais acreditados s&#227;o aqueles que passaram por um processo de avalia&#231;&#227;o e certifica&#231;&#227;o, com padr&#245;es e requisitos predefinidos para promover a qualidade e a seguran&#231;a. Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o, recebem a certifica&#231;&#227;o com selo de qualidade. As UTI <italic>Top Performers</italic> constituem um tipo de certifica&#231;&#227;o concedida &#224;s UTI que obtiveram os melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos, com aloca&#231;&#227;o eficiente de recursos no cuidado dos pacientes nela internados. Esse &#233; um projeto criado pela <italic>Epimed Solutions<sup>&#174;</sup></italic> com a Associa&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB).</p>
          <p>Os dispositivos foram caracterizados por tipo e tempo de perman&#234;ncia. J&#225; os incidentes cl&#237;nicos associados a dispositivos foram caracterizados com rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu tipo; dispositivo relacionado, ocorr&#234;ncia de evento e tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o no momento do evento, bem como a severidade do incidente (dano provocado ao paciente), classificada como: leve (danos m&#237;nimos), moderada (danos ou perda da fun&#231;&#227;o definitiva ou de prazo longo, com aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o) e grave (danos que acarretam redu&#231;&#227;o da expectativa de vida, com ampla perda de fun&#231;&#227;o permanente)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. A classifica&#231;&#227;o da severidade do incidente &#233; um dado existente no programa, tendo sido inserido pelos profissionais da institui&#231;&#227;o ao relatar o incidente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos resultados e estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram exportados do <italic>software</italic> para o programa <italic>Microsoft Excel<sup>&#174;</sup> 2019</italic>, onde foram organizados para, posteriormente, com aux&#237;lio de um profissional estat&#237;stico, serem processados e analisados. Foram utilizadas t&#233;cnicas de estat&#237;stica descritiva, e os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e frequ&#234;ncia, usando o pacote estat&#237;stico <italic>R</italic>, vers&#227;o 4.3.1<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>A partir do <italic>software Epimed Monitor System<sup>&#174;</sup></italic>, foram identificados 6.791 dispositivos inseridos em 2.167 pacientes, com ocorr&#234;ncia de 350 incidentes. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, foram inclu&#237;dos 1.766 pacientes, com 5.436 dispositivos e evidenciados 61 incidentes. Este estudo teve car&#225;ter descritivo; sendo assim, an&#225;lises de riscos ou modelos preditivos n&#227;o foram realizados nesse recorte dos dados.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes que utilizaram os dispositivos foi de 58,74 anos, variando entre 18 e 100 anos. O sexo masculino teve a maior frequ&#234;ncia, com 955 (54,08%) pacientes. O tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia nas UTI foi de 7,3 dias, com intervalo entre 1 e 161 dias de interna&#231;&#227;o nas unidades.</p>
        <p>Os dispositivos inclu&#237;dos no estudo foram aqueles encontrados com maior frequ&#234;ncia e disponibilidade dentro da UTI, sendo divididos em: intravasculares, compreendendo cateter venoso central, cateter venoso perif&#233;rico, cateter arterial e cateter de hemodi&#225;lise; cateter vesical de demora; e dispositivos de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva, compreendendo tubos orotraqueais e traqueostomias. Entre os dispositivos inclu&#237;dos no estudo (5.436), foram intravasculares 3.871 (71,21%), cateteres vesicais de demora 1.267 (23,31%) e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica 298 (5,48%).</p>
        <p>A ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva foi o dispositivo que apresentou maior tempo m&#233;dio de perman&#234;ncia, com 13,65 dias. O tempo m&#233;dio entre a inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter vesical de demora e sua retirada foi de 9,66 dias. Entre os dispositivos intravasculares, o cateter de di&#225;lise foi o que evidenciou o maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia, com uma m&#233;dia de 13,57 dias, conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o e tempo de perman&#234;ncia de dispositivos invasivos inseridos em pacientes na terapia intensiva, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2023 (N = 5.436)</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Dispositivos</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">n</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">%</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="3">Tempo de perman&#234;ncia (dias)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">DP</th>
                <th align="center">IC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intravasculares</td>
                <td align="center">3871</td>
                <td align="center">71,21</td>
                <td align="center">7,30</td>
                <td align="center">6,25</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 - 7,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateter venoso central</td>
                <td align="center">1474</td>
                <td align="center">38,08</td>
                <td align="center">9,06</td>
                <td align="center">6,09</td>
                <td align="center">8,7 - 9,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateter venoso perif&#233;rico</td>
                <td align="center">1129</td>
                <td align="center">29,17</td>
                <td align="center">4,09</td>
                <td align="center">3,19</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 - 4,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateter arterial</td>
                <td align="center">1072</td>
                <td align="center">27,69</td>
                <td align="center">7,12</td>
                <td align="center">6,04</td>
                <td align="center">6,8 - 7,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateter de Di&#225;lise</td>
                <td align="center">196</td>
                <td align="center">5,06</td>
                <td align="center">13,57</td>
                <td align="center">10,61</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 - 15,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cateter vesical</td>
                <td align="center">1267</td>
                <td align="center">23,31</td>
                <td align="center">9,66</td>
                <td align="center">10,89</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 - 10,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ventila&#231;&#227;o Mec&#226;nica Invasiva</td>
                <td align="center">298</td>
                <td align="center">5,48</td>
                <td align="center">13,65</td>
                <td align="center">14,27</td>
                <td align="center">12,0 - 15,2</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>DP - Desvio Padr&#227;o; IC - Intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os principais incidentes identificados foram infec&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de corrente sangu&#237;nea (ICS) associada ao cateter (21,31%), pneumonia associada &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (PAVM) (19,67%), les&#227;o por press&#227;o relacionada a dispositivo (11,48%). Outros incidentes foram registrados em menor frequ&#234;ncia. No que refere severidade, 77,35% dos incidentes foram classificados como moderados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o dos incidentes cl&#237;nicos relacionados ao uso de dispositivos invasivos em terapias intensivas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2023 (N = 61)</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="center" valign="bottom"/>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="13">Incidente cl&#237;nico com dano (n=53)</td>
                <td align="center">ICS prim&#225;ria associada ao CVC</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">21,31</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">PAVM</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">19,67</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Retirada n&#227;o planejada/desposicionamento do TOT</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">13,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LP RDM relacionada a CVD</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">6,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Retirada n&#227;o planejada/desposicionamento de CVC</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">6,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">ITU associada ao CVD </td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">LP RDM relacionada a CVC</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Flebite</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Incidente com ventilador mec&#226;nico</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Fratura de cateter arterial</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o de CVC</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o de CVD </td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Retirada n&#227;o planejada/desposicionamento de CVD</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3">Incidente cl&#237;nico sem danos (n=8)</td>
                <td align="center">Retirada n&#227;o planejada/desposicionamento de cateter arterial</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">6,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Retirada n&#227;o planejada/desposicionamento de acesso venoso perif&#233;rico</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">4,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Obstru&#231;&#227;o de CVD</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4">Severidade do incidente cl&#237;nico com dano (n=53)</td>
                <td align="center">Grave</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">3,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Moderado</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">77,35</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Leve</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">9,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Ignorado</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">9,44</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>ICS - Infec&#231;&#227;o de corrente sangu&#237;nea; CVC - cateter venoso central; PAVM - Pneumonia associada &#224; ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica; TOT - tubo orotraqueal; LP RDM - Les&#227;o por Press&#227;o Relacionada a Dispositivos M&#233;dicos; CVD - cateter vesical de demora; ITU - Infec&#231;&#227;o trato urin&#225;rio; IC: Intervalo de Confian&#231;a.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo m&#233;dio entre a inser&#231;&#227;o e a ocorr&#234;ncia do evento, a m&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica at&#233; o acontecimento do incidente foi de 10 dias. J&#225; a m&#233;dia de tempo entre a coloca&#231;&#227;o do cateter venoso central e a ocorr&#234;ncia foi de 9,39 dias. O cateter vesical de demora evidenciou tempo m&#233;dio de manuten&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o incidente de 8,4 dias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Tempo m&#233;dio, em dias, de perman&#234;ncia do dispositivo at&#233; ocorr&#234;ncia do incidente cl&#237;nico, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="bottom">Dispositivo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="bottom">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="bottom">DP</th>
                <th align="center" valign="bottom">Mediana</th>
                <th align="center" valign="bottom">IC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="bottom">Intravasculares</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">8,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">6,6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">6,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">6,40 -11,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="bottom">Cateter venoso central - Curta Perman&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">9,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">4,8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">7,29 - 11,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="bottom">Cateter venoso perif&#233;rico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">2,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">1,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">1,9 - 3,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="bottom">Cateter arterial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">2,7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">3,11 - 7,47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="bottom">Cateter de Di&#225;lise - Curta Perman&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">14,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">16,2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">3,01 - 35,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="bottom">Cateter vesical</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">8,4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">10,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">4,32 - 17,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="bottom">Ventila&#231;&#227;o Mec&#226;nica Invasiva</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">10,0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">12,3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom">6,29 - 17,62</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>DP - Desvio Padr&#227;o; IC - Intervalo de Confian&#231;a.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O <italic>Benchmarking</italic> evidenciou que os pacientes do hospital do estudo eram mais fr&#225;geis (MFI de 2,5) quando comparados aos outros hospitais, no entanto internam com menor gravidade nas primeiras 24h de UTI de acordo com a m&#233;dia de pontos do SAPS 3. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da SMR revelou que as unidades do estudo possuem desempenho inferior (1,63) aos outros hospitais comparados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>Benchmarking</italic> por tipo de hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center">Hospital do Estudo</th>
                <th align="center">Hospitais P&#250;blicos</th>
                <th align="center">Hospitais Privados</th>
                <th align="center">Acredita&#231;&#227;o Internacional</th>
                <th align="center">UTIs Top <break/>Performers</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Hospitais (n)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">272</td>
                <td align="center">432</td>
                <td align="center">80</td>
                <td align="center">114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Alta na unidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">85,9</td>
                <td align="center">78,43</td>
                <td align="center">90,84</td>
                <td align="center">93,02</td>
                <td align="center">93,82</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito na unidade (%)</td>
                <td align="center">14,1</td>
                <td align="center">19,41</td>
                <td align="center">7,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,51</td>
                <td align="center">5,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#211;bito no hospital (%)</td>
                <td align="center">20,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,58</td>
                <td align="center">10,93</td>
                <td align="center">8,53</td>
                <td align="center">7,65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">MFI (pontos - m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">2,35</td>
                <td align="center">1,45</td>
                <td align="center">1,54</td>
                <td align="center">1,51</td>
                <td align="center">1,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SAPS 3 (pontos - m&#233;dia)</td>
                <td align="center">41,48</td>
                <td align="center">45,97</td>
                <td align="center">42,78</td>
                <td align="center">42,64</td>
                <td align="center">45,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">SMR</td>
                <td align="center">1,63</td>
                <td align="center">1,48</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
                <td align="center">0,51</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">(IC 95%)</td>
                <td align="center">(1,55-1,94)</td>
                <td align="center">(1,47-1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,8-0,81)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,65-0,67)</td>
                <td align="center">(0,5-0,52)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>MFI - Modified Frailty Index; SAPS3 - Simplified Acute Physiology Score 3; SMR - Standardized Mortality Ratio; IC - Intervalo de Confian&#231;a.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>O perfil dos pacientes neste estudo caracterizou-se pela preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino, corroborando a maioria dos estudos encontrados<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. A m&#233;dia de idade em UTI brasileiras destaca o predom&#237;nio de pacientes com idade entre 50 e 70 anos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI &#233; utilizado como indicador de efici&#234;ncia hospitalar, possibilitando predizer a disponibilidade de novos leitos, al&#233;m de avaliar a efetividade da assist&#234;ncia prestada na unidade<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A m&#233;dia de perman&#234;ncia em UTI dos pacientes avaliados demonstra um tempo um pouco acima da m&#233;dia das UTI brasileiras (5,9 dias) no ano de 2022<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. A Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de estabelece como meta para tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI adulto entre 4,5 e 5,3 dias<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o do paciente pode variar devido a agravos relacionados ao curso natural da doen&#231;a, ao manejo assistencial e/ou a complica&#231;&#245;es provenientes da qualidade do cuidado<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. Sendo assim, ainda que n&#227;o se possa negar a evolu&#231;&#227;o e melhoria na qualidade da assist&#234;ncia e do tratamento &#224; sa&#250;de no ambiente hospitalar, os incidentes cl&#237;nicos associados aos dispositivos invasivos s&#227;o um desafio que frequentemente acomete os pacientes, principalmente nas terapias intensivas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes pode estar relacionada a diversos fatores que envolvem a pr&#225;tica dos profissionais de sa&#250;de (neglig&#234;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos cuidados prestados durante a assist&#234;ncia, sobrecarga de trabalho, falta de conhecimento, aus&#234;ncia de recursos materiais e gerenciais, como protocolos organizacionais, entre outros...). No entanto, destaca-se que o tempo de perman&#234;ncia do dispositivo &#233; um fator de risco importante a ser considerado para a ocorr&#234;ncia dos incidentes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes cr&#237;ticos internados em terapia intensiva est&#227;o propensos &#224; necessidade de dispositivos invasivos com a finalidade de tratamento e manuten&#231;&#227;o da vida. A decis&#227;o pela inser&#231;&#227;o de dispositivos invasivos &#233; definida pelo perfil do paciente e suas necessidades terap&#234;uticas. Dentro desse contexto, o tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o/exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224;s tecnologias complexas aplicadas para aumentar a sobrevida desses pacientes tamb&#233;m os exp&#245;e a fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia dos incidentes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Estudos demonstram que os dispositivos mais utilizados em UTI s&#227;o os vasculares centrais<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. O tempo m&#233;dio de uso dos dispositivos invasivos em pacientes que sofreram eventos mostrou que os cateteres de hemodi&#225;lise de curta perman&#234;ncia, ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva e cateter venoso central foram os que permaneceram por mais tempo, sendo respectivamente 14 dias, 10 dias e 9 dias. Apesar de ter sido avaliado de forma individual, o cateter de hemodi&#225;lise &#233; considerado um tipo de cateter venoso central.</p>
        <p>Ao comparar esses dados com resultados evidenciados em uma revis&#227;o de literatura que avaliou o tempo de perman&#234;ncia do dispositivo at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de incidente, percebe-se que os pacientes deste estudo permaneceram mais tempo com cateter de hemodi&#225;lise, com a ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e com cateter venoso central at&#233; o incidente. O estudo refor&#231;a que o tempo de perman&#234;ncia do dispositivo &#233; um fator que merece destaque quando associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes: quanto maior o tempo de perman&#234;ncia, maior o risco de incidentes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Como estrat&#233;gia para reduzir o tempo de perman&#234;ncia do dispositivo, destaca-se a identifica&#231;&#227;o das fragilidades assistenciais e o desenvolvimento de planos para preven&#231;&#227;o e melhoria na qualidade do cuidado. A elabora&#231;&#227;o de <italic>bundles, checklists</italic>, indicadores e at&#233; mesmo de <italic>software</italic> auxilia nesse processo. Tamb&#233;m &#233; essencial a exist&#234;ncia de plano terap&#234;utico que direcione o tratamento do paciente, para assim programar a retirada do dispositivo o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel. O desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o de incidentes cl&#237;nicos na inser&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia.</p>
        <p>O tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos pode ser considerado uma condi&#231;&#227;o modific&#225;vel que aumenta a possibilidade do acontecimento de incidentes, principalmente os de proced&#234;ncia infecciosa. Estudos revelam que infec&#231;&#245;es de corrente sangu&#237;nea associadas ao cateter venoso central aumentam proporcionalmente de acordo com o prolongamento do tempo de uso. Um estudo brasileiro identificou aumento de 2% no risco de incidente para cada dia a mais de uso do cateter venoso central<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os incidentes com dispositivos de maior preval&#234;ncia no estudo foram as infec&#231;&#245;es, sendo as principais a pneumonia e a ICS, relacionadas aos dispositivos de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva e ao cateter venoso central de curta perman&#234;ncia, respectivamente. Esses achados corroboram os resultados de estudos nacionais e internacionais<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a assist&#234;ncia a sa&#250;de (IRAS) ainda s&#227;o os incidentes mais comuns que acometem pacientes criticamente doentes, e sua incid&#234;ncia em UTI &#233; substancialmente maior do que nas enfermarias, devido &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o de vulnerabilidade dos pacientes, submetidos frequentemente a procedimentos invasivos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As IRAS podem agravar o processo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e levar a complica&#231;&#245;es nas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de do paciente, o que tem sido relacionado ao aumento do tempo de perman&#234;ncia, custos de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, morbidade e mortalidade<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI exp&#245;e os pacientes a alto risco de pneumonia e outras complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, sobretudo naqueles sob uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>. Estudos internacionais apontam que a PAVM afeta de 9% a 28% dos pacientes internados em terapia intensiva e dependentes de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva. No Brasil, a incid&#234;ncia de PAVM varia entre 23,2% e 36,01%. Essa infec&#231;&#227;o apresenta mortalidade global entre 10% e 65%, com densidade de incid&#234;ncia de 1 a 4 incidentes por 1.000 VM-dia em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e at&#233; 13 incidentes por 1.000 VM-dia em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>J&#225; a taxa de incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria da corrente sangu&#237;nea relacionada ao uso do cateter venoso central (CVC), de maneira geral, &#233; elevada na terapia intensiva e tem influ&#234;ncia direta no aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e de custos adicionais. Nos Estados Unidos, estudos estimam que aproximadamente 30.100 casos desse tipo de infec&#231;&#227;o ocorram por ano, correspondendo a 10% das IRAS<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As infec&#231;&#245;es de corrente sangu&#237;nea associadas ao cateter venoso central apresentam taxa de incid&#234;ncia elevada, entre 12% e 25%, contribuindo com uma mortalidade de at&#233; 25%. Pa&#237;ses latino-americanos apresentam taxas expressivamente mais elevadas desse tipo de infec&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o com pa&#237;ses de renda mais alta<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Ao avaliar a severidade dos incidentes neste estudo, evidenciou-se que os danos gerados foram classificados, em sua maioria (85%), como moderados. Dano moderado &#233; caracterizado por perda da fun&#231;&#227;o permanente ou de longo prazo, com aumento do tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Estudos brasileiros que avaliaram incidentes em terapia intensiva identificaram que, quando ocorreram, os pacientes sofreram danos leves. No entanto, um estudo realizado na capital de Minas Gerais evidenciou que, ao analisar apenas incidentes com dano moderado, 74% destes eram categorizados como IRAS<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. Esses dados corroboram os achados desta pesquisa, em que os incidentes mais registrados foram infec&#231;&#245;es, com predomin&#226;ncia de classifica&#231;&#227;o de gravidade moderada.</p>
        <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes acarreta aumento no tempo de perman&#234;ncia hospitalar e, ao mesmo tempo, o elevado tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o exp&#245;e o paciente ao acometimento de novos incidentes, principalmente infec&#231;&#245;es. Estudos demonstraram expressiva rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes e o aumento da mortalidade, evidenciando a gravidade das complica&#231;&#245;es adquiridas por danos relacionados &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Ao avaliar a condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de dos pacientes do estudo, percebe-se que estes eram mais fr&#225;geis, por&#233;m internaram na UTI com menor gravidade predita pelo <italic>SAPS 3</italic>. Apesar de a taxa de mortalidade ser menor entre os pacientes do estudo, a SMR foi maior (1,6) nas UTI estudadas, quando comparada &#224; de outras unidades p&#250;blicas brasileiras<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice preditor de gravidade (<italic>SAPS 3:</italic> 41,48), da taxa de mortalidade e da SMR (1,63) das UTI estudadas revela dados similares aos das UTI brasileiras de hospitais p&#250;blicos. No ano de 2022, a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do <italic>SAPS 3</italic> nessas UTI foi de 44,11, com SMR de 1,56<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Atrav&#233;s do <italic>benchmarking</italic> comparativo das UTI brasileiras (perfil: hospitais p&#250;blicos), realizado pelo sistema <italic>Epimed</italic> para o mesmo per&#237;odo do estudo, foi poss&#237;vel comparar os dados do perfil dos pacientes da pesquisa com os de outros hospitais. O objetivo de realizar um <italic>benchmarking</italic>, comparando a unidade estudada com as UTI de demais institui&#231;&#245;es, &#233; contrastar diferen&#231;as e semelhan&#231;as nas melhores pr&#225;ticas evidenciadas no mundo real, estimulando o aprimoramento dos sistemas de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Constata-se que a m&#233;dia de idade e o tempo de perman&#234;ncia na UTI s&#227;o similares aos observados em outros hospitais. Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao <italic>MFI</italic>, os pacientes do estudo s&#227;o considerados mais fr&#225;geis, por&#233;m internam na UTI com menor gravidade predita pelo <italic>SAPS 3</italic>. Apesar de a taxa de mortalidade ser menor entre os pacientes do estudo, quando se calcula a taxa de mortalidade padronizada, observa-se uma discreta diferen&#231;a, sendo esta maior (1,6) nas UTI estudadas do que em outras unidades brasileiras<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Entende-se que, embora a presen&#231;a do dispositivo j&#225; represente um fator de risco aumentado para ocorr&#234;ncia de incidentes, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o &#233; fundamental para o suporte vital do paciente. O paciente cr&#237;tico geralmente necessita de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o devido ao risco de instabilidade aguda, al&#233;m de suporte hemodin&#226;mico ou respirat&#243;rio para manuten&#231;&#227;o da vida. Isso o torna mais suscet&#237;vel &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diversos dispositivos invasivos. Todavia, torna-se fundamental o conhecimento e a avalia&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria da necessidade de manuten&#231;&#227;o de seu uso, bem como a implementa&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es que minimizem complica&#231;&#245;es e possibilitem sua retirada o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Diante disso, a participa&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro no processo de preven&#231;&#227;o de incidentes &#233; fundamental. A presen&#231;a deste profissional na vigil&#226;ncia &#224; beira-leito &#233; indispens&#225;vel para a assist&#234;ncia, identificando poss&#237;veis riscos, registrando e divulgando os incidentes para an&#225;lise e defini&#231;&#227;o de metas e estrat&#233;gias de melhoria, al&#233;m de gerenciar protocolos, treinamentos e, principalmente, revisar diariamente junto &#224; equipe multiprofissional a necessidade da perman&#234;ncia desses dispositivos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Destaca-se que a subnotifica&#231;&#227;o de incidentes ainda &#233; uma fragilidade para estudos nessa &#225;rea e est&#225; relacionada &#224; necessidade de implementa&#231;&#227;o da cultura de seguran&#231;a, com incentivo &#224; notifica&#231;&#227;o de forma n&#227;o punitiva, facilitando a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fragilidades e a formula&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias para melhoria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea</title>
          <p>De maneira geral, o presente estudo permitiu identificar os dispositivos com maior risco para incidentes cl&#237;nicos, al&#233;m dos incidentes mais frequentes e sua influ&#234;ncia nas complica&#231;&#245;es. Assim, gestores e profissionais assistenciais poder&#227;o direcionar suas a&#231;&#245;es e estrat&#233;gias, promovendo uma assist&#234;ncia de qualidade e minimizando riscos e incidentes aos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, o <italic>benchmarking</italic>, ao comparar a unidade estudada com as UTI de demais institui&#231;&#245;es, possibilitou contrastar diferen&#231;as e semelhan&#231;as nas melhores pr&#225;ticas evidenciadas no mundo real.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUS&#213;ES</title>
        <p>Os principais dispositivos utilizados foram os cateteres intravasculares, mais especificamente os venosos centrais e os venosos perif&#233;ricos. Os dispositivos que apresentaram maior tempo de perman&#234;ncia foram os de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva, seguidos pelos cateteres venosos de hemodi&#225;lise, cateteres vesicais e cateteres venosos centrais.</p>
        <p>Dentre os dispositivos estudados, os de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica invasiva foram os que apresentaram maior n&#250;mero de incidentes nas unidades, juntamente com os cateteres venosos centrais e os cateteres vesicais de demora, sendo majoritariamente classificados com severidade moderada. As infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de somaram o maior n&#250;mero de incidentes, com destaque para ICS e PAVM.</p>
        <p>Os incidentes com dispositivos invasivos na terapia intensiva podem ter influ&#234;ncia de diversos fatores e est&#227;o atrelados &#224; presen&#231;a do dispositivo. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da sobreutiliza&#231;&#227;o (tempo de utiliza&#231;&#227;o) desses dispositivos &#233; uma a&#231;&#227;o importante para implementar estrat&#233;gias que possibilitem a redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o aos dispositivos e, consequentemente, aos incidentes a eles associados.</p>
        <p>Os dados deste estudo evidenciam informa&#231;&#245;es explorat&#243;rias para o desenvolvimento de investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras, a fim de proporcionar melhorias institucionais.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>FOMENTO</label>
          <p>Aux&#237;lio da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), edital: E_26/2021 - AUX&#205;LIO B&#193;SICO &#192; PESQUISA (APQ1) em Institui&#231;&#245;es de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia estaduais UERJ, UENF e UEZO - 2021 e 2024. Ref. Proc. E-26/211.832/2021 e Ref. Proc. SEI-260003/006194/2024.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
        <title>DISPONIBILIDADE DE DADOS E MATERIAL</title>
        <p>Os dados de pesquisa est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em reposit&#243;rio: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.YEV4UK">https://doi.org/10.48331/scielodata.YEV4UK</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
