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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4pK4cmdxw8ttPtbmSsBgjNy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672025000200168</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0360</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00168</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bundle for gastric catheterization in newborns: from construction to validation</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Paquete para cateterismo g&#225;strico en reci&#233;n nacidos: de la construcci&#243;n a la validaci&#243;n</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3697-2832</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rubin&#233;ia Stefania da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1161-5620</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Tain&#225; Vilhar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8694-1589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Paula Custodio da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7941-5852</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Karoline Faria de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7764-032X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barichello</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5199-7328</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ruiz</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Torreglosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5213-1465</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Contim</surname>
            <given-names>Divanice</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Uberaba</city>
          <state>Minas Gerais</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Corresponding author:</label> Divanice Contim, E-mail: <email>divanice.contim@uftm.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR IN CHIEF:</label>
          <p>Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>ASSOCIATE EDITOR:</label>
          <p>Priscilla Broca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>78</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240360</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To describe the process of constructing and validating a bundle for gastric catheterization in newborns.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Methodological study, developed between April and October 2023, in three stages: literature review, construction and content validation by 23 experts. The bundle for validation, composed of six items presented in Likert format, was evaluated online by the experts. The Content Validity Index with values above 0.80 were considered for analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The final version of the bundle consisted of four items. The proposed care is related to measuring the length for insertion of the gastric catheter and methods for verifying its adequate positioning in newborns. The overall assessment of the bundle presented an overall score of 10.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The validation and implementation of the bundle may contribute to the quality of care, aiming at evidence-based practice and reduction of adverse events, classifying its importance and applicability for the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Describir el proceso de construcci&#243;n y validaci&#243;n de un paquete para cateterismo g&#225;strico en reci&#233;n nacidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudio metodol&#243;gico, desarrollado entre abril y octubre de 2023, en tres etapas: revisi&#243;n de literatura, construcci&#243;n y validaci&#243;n de contenido por 23 expertos. El paquete de validaci&#243;n, que consta de seis &#237;tems presentados en formato Likert, fue evaluado en l&#237;nea por expertos. Se consider&#243; para el an&#225;lisis el &#205;ndice de Validez de Contenido con valores superiores a 0,80.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>La versi&#243;n final del paquete constaba de cuatro elementos. Los cuidados propuestos est&#225;n relacionados con la medici&#243;n de la longitud para la inserci&#243;n del cat&#233;ter g&#225;strico y m&#233;todos para verificar su adecuado posicionamiento en los reci&#233;n nacidos. La evaluaci&#243;n global del paquete present&#243; una puntuaci&#243;n global de 10,0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusi&#243;n:</title>
          <p>La validaci&#243;n e implementaci&#243;n del paquete puede contribuir para la calidad de la atenci&#243;n, apuntando a una pr&#225;ctica basada en evidencia y reduciendo los eventos adversos, clasificando su importancia y aplicabilidad para el procedimiento.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Newborn</kwd>
        <kwd>Gastrointestinal Intubation</kwd>
        <kwd>Neonatal Intensive Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Feeding Methods.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Reci&#233;n Nacido</kwd>
        <kwd>Intubaci&#243;n Gastrointestinal</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados Intensivos Neonatales</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados de Enfermer&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#233;todos de Alimentaci&#243;n.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Neonatology is characterized by its specificities and peculiarities, which require specialized care. Over the past decades, technical and scientific advancements, along with improvements in work processes, have significantly contributed to increased survival rates of newborns (NBs) admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In NICUs, prolonged hospitalizations are common, during which neonates are frequently subjected to various interventions performed by different professionals, in addition to excessive handling and invasive procedures. This scenario can compromise patient safety, making neonates more susceptible to adverse events <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Gastric catheterization is a common procedure performed in hospital settings, particularly in NICUs. This procedure, exclusively performed by nurses, is not without risks and involves a series of decisions that may compromise neonatal safety during hospitalization <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Gastric catheters (GCs) are used for several purposes, including gastric decompression, medication administration, gastric lavage, gastric rest after surgeries, bleeding monitoring, and feeding. Their primary indications for neonates focus on NBs with immaturity and/or a lack of coordination in sucking, swallowing, and breathing, as well as those presenting with tachypnea or dyspnea. These recommendations aim to minimize the risk of aspiration, ensuring a safe and effective approach to the use of GCs in neonates <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Incorrect positioning of the GC is the leading cause of complications associated with the catheterization procedure. Studies in neonates and children show a significant prevalence of adverse events, ranging from 47.5% to 59%. Improper positioning may result in respiratory complications and nutritional deficits during hospitalization. Additionally, trajectory errors during catheter insertion, including deviation into the tracheobronchial tree and tissue perforation, represent a critical category of adverse events with the potential to cause severe and, in some cases, fatal complications for neonates <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The development and implementation of standardized institutional protocols, based on the latest patient-centered scientific evidence, play a crucial role in achieving appropriate and harm-free care. These protocols enable the effective management of processes, tasks, and activities <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ensuring safe care for neonates in NICUs requires evidence-based protocols and strategies that optimize processes and outcomes. In this context, care bundles-standardized interventions based on best practices-are essential for promoting safety and efficacy in care delivery. When applied in a coordinated manner, these bundles reduce adverse events and improve clinical outcomes, particularly in preventing incidents related to the correct positioning of GC <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To describe the process of developing and validating a bundle for gastric catheterization in NB.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical Aspects</title>
        <p>To comply with Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council, which regulates research involving human subjects, all participants signed an Informed Consent Form (ICF). The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, in accordance with the criteria outlined in Resolution 466/2012.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Type and Period of the Study</title>
        <p>This methodological study was conducted in three stages: a review of scientific literature on the topic, the development of a bundle for GC care in NB-including measurement and verification of the GC-and content validation performed by experts <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. The study followed the Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. It was conducted from October 2022 to January 2024 at a public university in Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population, Inclusion, and Exclusion Criteria</title>
        <p>Experts were recruited using the Lattes Platform, identifying 254 nurses with experience in neonatology and/or pediatrics. After analyzing curricula based on predetermined criteria, 28 nurses met the eligibility requirements.</p>
        <p>To form the evaluator group, the curricula were assessed using specific scoring criteria: four points for a minimum of four years of clinical experience in the study area (mandatory); one point for at least one year of clinical teaching experience in the study area; one point for published articles; one point for at least two years of participation in research groups in the study area; two points for a doctoral degree in the study area; one point for a master&#8217;s degree in the study area; and one point for residency in the study area. Additional points were awarded for each additional year of clinical or teaching experience. Experts were categorized as junior specialists (minimum of five points), master specialists (six to 20 points), or senior specialists (more than 20 points) <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Experts were contacted via email and provided with a document detailing the study objectives and requested activities, along with the ICF and a link to the Google Form. After agreeing to participate, they were given access to the instrument. Refusals led to the termination of the process. Three experts were excluded for failing to return the instrument within 15 days, and two were excluded for incomplete responses. Out of the 28 contacted, 23 participated, forming a non-probabilistic convenience sample <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. Validation was conducted in a single round.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Protocol</title>
        <p>A theoretical-methodological framework comprising three procedural stages-theoretical, empirical, and analytical-was adopted <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. The theoretical stage involved a review of scientific literature. The empirical stage focused on developing the bundle for validation by experts, while the analytical stage involved evaluating validation results.</p>
        <p>The instrument&#8217;s items were developed through a comprehensive search across databases including Cochrane, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) via the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) via PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), and Scopus. Primary studies published in Portuguese, English, or Spanish between January 2013 and June 2023 were included. Excluded were review articles, reflections, commentaries, conference abstracts, theses, dissertations, opinion articles, undergraduate projects, editorials, reports, official program documents, book chapters, and e-books.</p>
        <p>The review question was: &#8220;What evidence exists in the literature regarding GC measurement techniques, and what alternative methods to radiological examination are available for verifying correct catheter placement in NB admitted to NICUs ?&#8221;</p>
        <p>Searches were performed using controlled Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms: &#8220;Infant, Newborn,&#8221; &#8220;Intubation, Gastrointestinal,&#8221; and &#8220;Intensive Care, Neonatal,&#8221; as well as Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS): &#8220;<italic>Rec&#233;m-nascido</italic>,&#8221; &#8220;<italic>Intuba&#231;&#227;o gastrointestinal</italic>,&#8221; and &#8220;<italic>Terapia Intensiva Neonatal</italic>,&#8221; combined with Boolean operators &#8220;OR&#8221; and &#8220;AND.&#8221; These terms were validated by a librarian. Searches were conducted between April and June 2023, with results independently reviewed by two researchers. In cases of disagreement, a third researcher provided input, and decisions were made by consensus.</p>
        <p>Based on the evidence, the validation instrument was developed using HyperText Markup Language (HTML) in Google Forms&#174;, with a 30-day response deadline. The instrument consisted of two sections. The first part addressed information for characterizing and classifying the specialists, according to the following criteria <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>: age, gender, length of professional experience, clinical experience, length of nursing teaching, improvements and specializations in the neonatal field, and publications in the area.</p>
        <p>The second part constituted the criteria for analyzing the items that made up the bundle, based on specific statements <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>, including: (1) the instrument is applicable and has clear and feasible instructions; (2) the recommendations allow achieving the desired objective; (3) the items express a single idea and allow adequate understanding; (4) the content is explained clearly and unequivocally; (5) the instrument is relevant and meets the proposed purpose; (6) each item of the instrument is distinct from the others and is not confused; (7) the language is appropriate and allows interactivity of the content; (8) the vocabulary is appropriate, without generating ambiguities; (9) the vocabulary is consistent with the theme, with appropriate concepts; (10) the formulation of the instrument contributes to a favorable attitude towards using and understanding the content; (11) The content is current, consistent, and sufficiently in-depth for understanding the topic; (12) The proposed sequence is balanced and coherent. The evaluation was conducted using a Likert scale with the following options: strongly agree (4), agree (3), neutral (0), disagree (2), and strongly disagree (1). At the end of each item, a blank field was provided for experts to comment on the bundle&#8217;s practical utility and offer &#8220;comments or suggestions&#8221; regarding semantic alignment for removal, additions, and/or modifications to each item. <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of Results and Statistics</title>
        <p>The data were exported from Google Forms&#174; to an Excel&#174; database, undergoing a double-entry process by two independent researchers to ensure data reliability. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to evaluate expert consensus regarding the representativeness of care items to be included in the instrument. The CVI was calculated by summing responses of &#8220;strongly agree&#8221; or &#8220;agree&#8221; and dividing by the total number of responses. The consensus threshold among experts was set at 80%, as recommended by the literature <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>The study included 23 experts, all specializing in neonatology and/or pediatrics (100%). The majority were female (91.3%), with an average age of 38 years (minimum 29, maximum 57 years). The mean professional experience was 12 years. Based on professional experience, 21 experts (91.3%) were classified as master specialists, and two (8.7%) as senior specialists.</p>
      <p>Regarding academic qualifications (participants could select more than one option), two held undergraduate degrees (8.7%), 17 had specializations (74%), six had residency training (26%), five held a master&#8217;s degree (21.7%), four had a doctoral degree (17.4%), and one had a postdoctoral degree (4.3%).</p>
      <p>The initial instrument developed for validation comprised six items on gastric catheterization in NBs, aimed at reducing issues related to measurement and verification of proper catheter placement, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">chart 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Chart 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Components of the Bundle for Reducing Issues Related to gastric catheter Measurement and Positioning in NB (Validation Version). Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Components</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Verify whether the newborn requires GC insertion</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Perform hand hygiene before and after the procedure.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Use the NEMU technique for catheter measurement:<break/>If oral insertion: measure from the lip commissure to the lower lobe of the ear and to the midpoint between the xiphoid process and the umbilical scar.<break/>If nasal insertion: measure from the tip of the nose to the earlobe and to the midpoint between the xiphoid process and the umbilical scar.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Verify catheter positioning by aspirating gastric contents to examine the color and perform a pH test.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Perform an X-ray to confirm catheter placement, if necessary</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Document the procedure and occurrences in the nursing record.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>GC: gastric catheter</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Inter-evaluator agreement was demonstrated for the items included in the proposed bundle and for the 12 content evaluation criteria <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>, as presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Distribution of Expert Responses, Content Validity Index by Criterion, and Overall Content Validity Index for the Bundle to Reduce Issues Related to gastric catheter Measurement and Positioning in NB. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="2">Bundle itens<break/> <break/>General Evaluation Criteria</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="5">Likert Scale Response Options</th>
              <th align="center" valign="bottom">Responses 3 and 4</th>
              <th align="center" valign="bottom">CVI<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup></th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">0<break/>n(%)</th>
              <th align="center">1<break/>n(%)</th>
              <th align="center">2<break/>n(%)</th>
              <th align="center">3<break/>n(%)</th>
              <th align="center">4<break/>n(%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="bottom">n(%)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="bottom">(%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Clear and actionable </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10(43.5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12(52.2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">22(95.7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Achieves the objective</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10(43.5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13(56.5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">23(100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Comprehensible</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9(39.1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12(52.2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21(91.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Content clarity </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6(26.1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16(69.5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">22(95.6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.96</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Relevant</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7(30.4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14(60.9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21(91.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Items are distinct</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10(43.5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13(56.5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">23(100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Clear for target audience</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8(34.8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13(56.5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21(91.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Clear language for target audience</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8(34.8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15(65.2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">23(100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Language appropriate to content</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(8.7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8(34.8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13(56.5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21(91.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Contributes to understanding</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9(39.1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12(52.2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21(91.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Current content</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1(4.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8(34.8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13(56.5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21(91.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Coherent sequence</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2(8.7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">07(30.4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14(60.9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">21(91.3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.91</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Total CVI&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.94</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>CVI: Content Validity Index per item; Total CVI&#8224;: Overall Content Validity Index of the bundle</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding inter-evaluator agreement, initially analyzed for each item in the proposed bundle, all evaluated criteria were classified as demonstrating &#8220;almost perfect agreement&#8221; (0.81 to 1.00). The Content Validity Index (CVI) analysis by criterion revealed that three items (25%) received the maximum score of 1.00. Two items (16.7%) achieved a score of 0.96, while seven items (58.3%) scored 0.91.</p>
      <p>A total CVI of 0.94 (&#8220;almost perfect agreement&#8221;) was obtained for the bundle, supporting its characterization as a valid construct in terms of content. A re-evaluation by the experts was not required. Thus, the refinement of the construct, following the incorporation of evaluator suggestions, was conducted solely as a feedback process.</p>
      <p>After reviewing the experts&#8217; suggestions, improvements were made to the bundle to make it more practical and easier to understand. Items one and six from the initial instrument were removed because the catheterization would only be performed on neonates (NB) with clinical indications, and nursing documentation is considered mandatory for any procedure. As a result, the final version of the bundle was streamlined to four items, reflecting a more focused approach tailored to the specific needs of gastric catheterization procedures in neonates. This simplification aims to optimize the bundle&#8217;s practical application while maintaining its efficacy and relevance for the nursing team.</p>
      <p>The final version of the bundle for gastric catheterization in neonates, aimed at reducing issues related to measurement and positioning of the GC in NICUs, is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">chart 2</xref>, incorporating the changes suggested by the experts.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Chart 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Final Version of the Bundle for Reducing Issues Related to the Measurement and Positioning of gastric catheters in Neonates. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Bundle for Reducing Issues Related to the Measurement and Positioning of GCs in Neonates</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Perform hand hygiene before and after the procedure</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Use the NEMU technique for catheter measurement, considering the total length, including the openings:<break/>For oral insertion: From the labial commissure to the lower lobe of the ear to the midpoint between the xiphoid process and the umbilical scar.<break/>For nasal insertion: From the tip of the nose to the lobe of the ear to the midpoint between the xiphoid process and the umbilical scar.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Verify catheter positioning: Aspirate gastric contents to examine color, perform a pH test (reference value: &#8804;5.5), and measure the exposed length of the catheter.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Perform an X-ray if there are doubts about the positioning of the GC.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>GC: gastric catheter</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The development and implementation of bundles have proven effective in improving patient outcomes and processes while preventing health complications, particularly those considered avoidable <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. Adopting this approach helps standardize nursing team actions, reducing disparities in care delivery.</p>
      <p>Validating the process adds methodological robustness to the bundle, making it crucial to evaluate the target population&#8217;s perspective to enhance understanding of its elements <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Simple and straightforward tools are essential in clinical practice, considering the demands and resources available in healthcare services.</p>
      <p>One of the key components of the bundle is &#8220;hand hygiene,&#8221; often listed as the first item in most health safety protocols. This practice is recognized as a low-cost, simple, and highly effective measure to prevent infections. However, limitations in adherence among healthcare professionals must be addressed <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>An anatomical discrepancy exists between the distance from the tip of the nose to the earlobe for nasal catheter insertion and the distance from the labial commissure to the earlobe for oral insertion. Although this difference is minimal in neonates, it may affect proper catheter positioning. Therefore, further research is essential to validate external anatomical reference measurements for GC insertion. This approach aims to prevent complications from improper positioning and improve clinical practices related to the procedure <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The choice of the GC insertion route should consider each neonate&#8217;s neuromuscular coordination development. For instance, an oral gastric catheter may be used in the initial days and later replaced by a nasal GC after the baby achieves respiratory stabilization. This personalized approach ensures a safe and effective procedure tailored to each neonate&#8217;s specific needs <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>To ensure the appropriate gastric positioning of the catheter and prevent complications, the guidelines from the Neonatal Resuscitation Program of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Association of Neonatal Nurses, and Brazil&#8217;s Ministry of Health, through the Good Practices Manual and Neonatal Resuscitation Manual of the Brazilian Society of Pediatrics, recommend adopting the NEMU method <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The suggested adjustments during the instrument&#8217;s validation process affected three items in the bundle, aiming to improve understanding of the care practices.</p>
      <p>The first suggestion addressed the consideration of catheter openings. The lack of guidance on precautions for catheters with multiple distal openings in reviewed studies highlighted a significant gap. Studies mentioned &#8220;insertion length&#8221; without clarifying whether it should include or exclude openings, a critical detail that should be explicitly defined. Considering this absence, the recommendation is to measure the total length, including the openings, from the distal end. It is crucial to use a catheter specifically designed for this purpose, such as a pediatric GC, to ensure accurate measurement. Using urethral or tracheal suction catheters, for instance, may compromise accuracy due to variations in the standardization of openings <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The second suggestion pertained to verification methods to confirm GC positioning. Regarding accuracy and safety, alternative methods to radiological examination, such as auscultation and isolated aspiration, are not recommended. Epigastric auscultation is considered unreliable and discouraged due to the difficulty in distinguishing the sound of air instilled in the stomach from that in the lungs. Similarly, aspiration of secretions and evaluation of their color and appearance, while potentially sensitive, are imprecise due to the lack of established specificity. Endotracheal and bronchial secretions may present colors and appearances similar to gastric secretions. Combining two or more verification methods is recommended to enhance reliability <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Currently, expert consensus suggests that bedside pH testing with reagent strips is the safest and most recommended initial method for confirming GC positioning. Results indicating a pH &#8804;5.5 suggest correct gastric positioning, whereas values &gt;5.5 require radiological confirmation <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that pH strips may not be readily available in some Brazilian hospitals. Therefore, selecting a method to evaluate GC trajectory and position depends on available resources and nursing care planning within each institution <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>. Implementing this method in hospital clinical practice is crucial, given its recommendation and the low cost of pH strips.</p>
      <p>The third suggestion involved using X-rays to confirm GC positioning, establishing guidelines for actions when issues are identified. In cases of uncertainty about the GC&#8217;s correct position, replacement, re-evaluation, and/or radiographic confirmation should be considered before administering any content via the catheter <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Contribution to Nursing and Health</title>
        <p>Literature findings reveal significant divergences in GC measurement practices and alternative methods for verifying positioning, raising concerns. These results underscore the urgency of incorporating measurement strategies and catheter position verification into institutional protocols and emphasizing the importance of continuous professional education. Such initiatives are vital to enabling changes in individual practices. This study is expected to provoke reflection and discussion about gastric catheterization practices in neonatal units, supporting nursing actions and care in neonatology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Limitation</title>
        <p>The study&#8217;s limitation lies in the scarcity of evidence on the topic from randomized clinical trials, considered the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy and safety of health interventions.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSION</title>
      <p>This study facilitated the construction and content validation of a bundle, evaluated by 23 experts, for the gastric catheterization procedure in neonates. The care practices addressed aspects related to GC insertion length measurement and correct positioning. All bundle items achieved a CVI above the recommended threshold, and minor adjustments were implemented to enhance overall comprehension. Participants recognized the instrument&#8217;s relevance to clinical practice. Adopting this bundle could contribute to improved care quality and nursing practices in neonatal care, serving as a complementary tool to the provided care.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0360pt</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title><italic>Bundle</italic> para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica em rec&#233;m-nascidos: da constru&#231;&#227;o &#224; valida&#231;&#227;o</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3697-2832</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Rubin&#233;ia Stefania da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1161-5620</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Siqueira</surname>
            <given-names>Tain&#225; Vilhar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8694-1589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Paula Custodio da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7941-5852</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Karoline Faria de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7764-032X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barichello</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5199-7328</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ruiz</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Torreglosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5213-1465</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Contim</surname>
            <given-names>Divanice</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Autor Correspondente:</label> Divanice Contim, E-mail: <email>divanice.contim@uftm.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR CHEFE:</label>
          <p>Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR ASSOCIADO:</label>
          <p>Priscilla Broca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Descrever o processo de constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o de um <italic>bundle</italic> para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica em rec&#233;m-nascidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo metodol&#243;gico, desenvolvido entre os meses de abril a outubro de 2023, em tr&#234;s etapas: revis&#227;o da literatura, constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do por 23 <italic>experts</italic>. O <italic>bundle</italic> para valida&#231;&#227;o, composto por seis itens apresentado em formato <italic>Likert</italic>, foi avaliado on-line pelos <italic>experts</italic>. O &#205;ndice de Validade de Conte&#250;do com valores acima de 0,80 foram considerados para an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A vers&#227;o final <italic>do bundle</italic> foi composta por quatro itens. Os cuidados propostos est&#227;o relacionados &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o do comprimento para inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter g&#225;strico e m&#233;todos para verifica&#231;&#227;o do seu adequado posicionamento em rec&#233;m-nascidos. A avalia&#231;&#227;o geral do <italic>bundle</italic> apresentou uma nota global de 10,0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o e implementa&#231;&#227;o do <italic>bundle</italic> poder&#225; contribuir para a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia, visando &#224; pr&#225;tica baseada em evid&#234;ncias e redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos, classificando a sua import&#226;ncia e aplicabilidade para o procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-Nascido</kwd>
        <kwd>Intuba&#231;&#227;o Gastrointestinal</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Intensiva Neonatal</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados de Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#233;todos de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>&#201; not&#225;vel que a neonatologia possui especificidades e peculiaridades que exigem atendimento especializado. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, os avan&#231;os t&#233;cnico-cient&#237;ficos e o aprimoramento nos processos de trabalho t&#234;m contribu&#237;do significativamente para o aumento das taxas de sobrevida de rec&#233;m-nascidos (RN) internados em unidades de terapia intensiva neonatais (UTIN) <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nas UTIN, &#233; comum a ocorr&#234;ncia de interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas, durante as quais os neonatos frequentemente s&#227;o submetidos a uma s&#233;rie de interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas por diferentes profissionais, al&#233;m de manipula&#231;&#245;es excessivas e procedimentos invasivos. Esse cen&#225;rio pode interferir na seguran&#231;a desses pacientes, tornando-os mais suscet&#237;veis a eventos adversos <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica &#233; um procedimento comum realizado no ambiente hospitalar, especialmente nas UTIN. Este procedimento, de compet&#234;ncia exclusiva do enfermeiro, n&#227;o est&#225; isento de riscos e implica uma s&#233;rie de decis&#245;es que podem comprometer a seguran&#231;a do neonato durante sua interna&#231;&#227;o <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os cateteres g&#225;stricos (CG) s&#227;o utilizados para v&#225;rias finalidades, incluindo descompress&#227;o g&#225;strica, administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos, lavagem g&#225;strica, repouso g&#225;strico ap&#243;s cirurgias, monitoramento de sangramento, bem como para alimenta&#231;&#227;o. Suas principais indica&#231;&#245;es para neonatos est&#227;o voltadas para RN com imaturidade e/ou incoordena&#231;&#227;o de suc&#231;&#227;o-degluti&#231;&#227;o-respira&#231;&#227;o, assim como para aqueles que apresentam taquipneia ou dispneia. Essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es visam minimizar o risco de broncoaspira&#231;&#227;o, assegurando uma abordagem segura e eficaz na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de CG em neonatos <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O posicionamento inadequado do CG constitui a principal causa de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o, conforme evidenciado por estudos em neonatos e crian&#231;as, que indicam uma preval&#234;ncia significativa de eventos adversos, variando entre 47,5% e 59%. Esse posicionamento incorreto pode levar a complica&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias e d&#233;ficits nutricionais durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. Adicionalmente, os erros de trajet&#243;ria durante a inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter, incluindo desvio para a &#225;rvore traqueobr&#244;nquica e perfura&#231;&#227;o de tecidos, representam uma categoria cr&#237;tica de eventos adversos, com potencial para gerar complica&#231;&#245;es graves e, em alguns casos, fatais para o neonato <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A elabora&#231;&#227;o e implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolos institucionais padronizados, com base nas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas mais recentes e centradas no paciente, desempenham um papel importante na obten&#231;&#227;o de um cuidado adequado e livre de danos, permitindo a gest&#227;o eficaz de processos, tarefas e atividades <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A garantia de cuidado seguro para neonatos em UTIN exige protocolos e estrat&#233;gias baseadas em evid&#234;ncias que otimizem processos e resultados. Nesse cen&#225;rio, os <italic>bundles</italic> de cuidados - interven&#231;&#245;es padronizadas com base nas melhores evid&#234;ncias - surgem como essenciais para promover seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia na assist&#234;ncia. Quando aplicados de forma coordenada, esses <italic>bundles</italic> reduzem eventos adversos e melhoram os desfechos cl&#237;nicos, especialmente na preven&#231;&#227;o de incidentes relacionados ao posicionamento adequado do CG <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Descrever o processo de constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o de um <italic>bundle</italic> para cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica em rec&#233;m-nascidos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Para atender &#224;s exig&#234;ncias da Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, que regulamenta as normas para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisas envolvendo seres humanos, todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa, seguindo os crit&#233;rios da Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/12.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo e per&#237;odo do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo metodol&#243;gico, desenvolvido em tr&#234;s etapas: levantamento da produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica sobre a tem&#225;tica, constru&#231;&#227;o do <italic>bundle</italic> com os cuidados relacionados &#224; cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica em RN, incluindo mensura&#231;&#227;o e verifica&#231;&#227;o do CG, e valida&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do realizada por experts <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. O estudo seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence</italic> <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. O desenvolvimento do estudo ocorreu no per&#237;odo de outubro de 2022 a janeiro de 2024, em uma universidade p&#250;blica do estado de Minas Gerais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o, crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O recrutamento dos experts foi iniciado pela Plataforma Lattes, identificando 254 enfermeiros com experi&#234;ncia em neonatologia e/ou pediatria. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise dos curr&#237;culos, conforme os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos, foram identificados 28 enfermeiros que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade.</p>
          <p>Para compor o grupo de avaliadores, os curr&#237;culos identificados foram analisados segundo crit&#233;rios espec&#237;ficos para o c&#225;lculo do escore: (quatro pontos) para no m&#237;nimo quatro anos de experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica na &#225;rea do estudo (obrigat&#243;rio); (um ponto) para pelo menos um ano de experi&#234;ncia em ensino cl&#237;nico na &#225;rea do estudo; (um ponto) para artigos publicados; (um ponto) para participa&#231;&#227;o de no m&#237;nimo dois anos em grupos de pesquisa na &#225;rea do estudo; (dois pontos) para doutorado na &#225;rea do estudo; (um ponto) para mestrado na &#225;rea do estudo e (um ponto) para resid&#234;ncia na &#225;rea do estudo. Para cada ano de experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica ou de ensino, foi adicionado um ponto. Os experts foram categorizados como especialistas j&#250;nior, com pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de cinco pontos; especialistas master, com pontua&#231;&#227;o de seis a 20 pontos; e especialistas s&#234;nior, com pontua&#231;&#227;o superior a 20 pontos <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O contato com os experts foi realizado por e-mail, enviando um documento que detalhava os objetivos do estudo e as atividades solicitadas, acompanhado do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e do link para o formul&#225;rio do Google. Ap&#243;s o consentimento para participa&#231;&#227;o, o acesso ao instrumento era liberado; em caso de recusa, o processo era encerrado. Foram exclu&#237;dos tr&#234;s experts que n&#227;o devolveram o instrumento no prazo de 15 dias e dois que o preencheram de forma incompleta. Dos 28 enfermeiros contatados via curr&#237;culo Lattes, 23 participaram, configurando uma amostra n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica de conveni&#234;ncia <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>, com a valida&#231;&#227;o conduzida em uma &#250;nica rodada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>Adotou-se um referencial te&#243;rico-metodol&#243;gico que segue tr&#234;s etapas de procedimentos: te&#243;ricos, emp&#237;ricos e anal&#237;ticos <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. Na etapa de procedimento te&#243;rico, foi realizado o levantamento das produ&#231;&#245;es cient&#237;ficas referentes &#224; tem&#225;tica. J&#225; o procedimento emp&#237;rico envolveu a constru&#231;&#227;o do <italic>bundle</italic> para valida&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do por <italic>experts</italic>, e, por fim, a etapa do procedimento anal&#237;tico consistiu na an&#225;lise dos resultados de valida&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Para a elabora&#231;&#227;o dos itens do instrumento, foi realizada uma busca avan&#231;ada e sensibilizada por estudos nas bases de dados: Cochrane, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (LILACS) por meio da Biblioteca Virtual em Sa&#250;de (BVS), <italic>Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online</italic> (MEDLINE) por meio do motor de busca <italic>US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health</italic> (PubMed<italic>), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature</italic> (CINAHL), <italic>Excerpta Medica dataBase</italic> (EMBASE) e Scopus. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos prim&#225;rios publicados em portugu&#234;s, ingl&#234;s e espanhol, no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2013 a junho de 2023, visando identificar estudos mais recentes sobre o tema. Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos de revis&#245;es, reflex&#245;es, coment&#225;rios, resumos de anais, teses, disserta&#231;&#245;es, artigos de opini&#227;o, trabalhos de conclus&#227;o de curso, cartas do editor, relat&#243;rios, documentos oficiais de programas nacionais e internacionais, cap&#237;tulos de livros e <italic>e-books</italic>.</p>
          <p>A pergunta de revis&#227;o foi: &#8220;Quais s&#227;o as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis na literatura acerca das t&#233;cnicas de mensura&#231;&#227;o do CG e quais s&#227;o os m&#233;todos alternativos ao exame radiol&#243;gico para verificar o seu correto posicionamento em RN internados em UTIN?&#8221;</p>
          <p>As buscas foram realizadas por meio de descritores controlados do <italic>Medical Subject Headings</italic> (MeSH): <italic>&#8220;Infant, Newborn&#8221;, &#8220;Intubation, Gastrointestinal</italic>&#8221; e &#8220;<italic>Intensive Care, Neonatal</italic>&#8221; e dos Descritores em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (DeCS): &#8220;Rec&#233;m-nascido&#8221;, &#8220;Intuba&#231;&#227;o gastrointestinal&#8221; e &#8220;Terapia Intensiva Neonatal&#8221;, combinados pelos operadores booleanos &#8220;OR&#8221; e &#8220;AND&#8221;, validados por uma bibliotec&#225;ria. O levantamento foi realizado de abril a junho de 2023, e os resultados obtidos foram revisados por dois pesquisadores de forma independente. Em situa&#231;&#245;es de discord&#226;ncia, a opini&#227;o de um terceiro pesquisador era solicitada, e as decis&#245;es eram tomadas por consenso.</p>
          <p>A partir das evid&#234;ncias, o instrumento para valida&#231;&#227;o foi desenvolvido em formato <italic>HyperText Markup Language</italic> (HTML) no Google Formul&#225;rios&#174;, com prazo de 30 dias para resposta, destinado ao preenchimento via web em duas partes. A primeira parte abordou informa&#231;&#245;es para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o dos especialistas, conforme os crit&#233;rios <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>: idade, sexo, tempo de experi&#234;ncia profissional, experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica, tempo de doc&#234;ncia em enfermagem, aprimoramentos e especializa&#231;&#245;es no &#226;mbito neonatal e publica&#231;&#245;es na &#225;rea.</p>
          <p>A segunda parte constituiu os crit&#233;rios de an&#225;lise dos itens que compuseram o <italic>bundle</italic>, com base em afirma&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>, incluindo: (1) o instrumento &#233; aplic&#225;vel e possui instru&#231;&#245;es claras e exequ&#237;veis; (2) as recomenda&#231;&#245;es permitem alcan&#231;ar o objetivo desejado; (3) os itens expressam uma &#250;nica ideia e permitem compreens&#227;o adequada; (4) o conte&#250;do &#233; explicitado de forma clara e inequ&#237;voca; (5) o instrumento &#233; relevante e atende &#224; finalidade proposta; (6) cada item do instrumento &#233; distinto dos demais e n&#227;o se confundem; (7) a linguagem &#233; adequada e permite interatividade do conte&#250;do; (8) o vocabul&#225;rio &#233; adequado, sem gerar ambiguidades; (9) o vocabul&#225;rio &#233; condizente com a tem&#225;tica, com conceitos adequados; (10) a formula&#231;&#227;o do instrumento contribui para uma atitude favor&#225;vel de utiliza&#231;&#227;o e compreens&#227;o do conte&#250;do; (11) o conte&#250;do &#233; atual, consistente e com profundidade suficiente para a compreens&#227;o do tema; (12) a sequ&#234;ncia proposta &#233; equilibrada e coerente. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada com base em uma escala de <italic>Likert</italic> com op&#231;&#245;es: concordo fortemente (4), concordo (3), n&#227;o sei (0), discordo (2) e discordo fortemente (1). Ao final de cada item, havia um campo em branco para que os especialistas opinassem sobre a utilidade do <italic>bundle</italic> na pr&#225;tica e apresentassem &#8220;coment&#225;rios ou sugest&#245;es&#8221; quanto &#224; concord&#226;ncia sem&#226;ntica para retirada, acr&#233;scimo e/ou modifica&#231;&#245;es em cada item <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos resultados e estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram exportados do <italic>Google Formul&#225;rios</italic>&#174; para um banco de dados no formato <italic>Excel</italic>&#174;, passando por um processo de dupla digita&#231;&#227;o por dois pesquisadores distintos, para garantir a fidedignidade do registro. O &#205;ndice de Validade de Conte&#250;do (IVC) foi utilizado para avaliar o consenso dos especialistas quanto &#224; representatividade dos cuidados a serem inclu&#237;dos no instrumento, mediante a soma dos itens &#8220;concordo fortemente&#8221; ou &#8220;concordo&#8221;, dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de respostas. O n&#237;vel de consenso estipulado entre os experts foi de 80%, como recomenda a literatura <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Participaram do estudo 23 especialistas, todos da &#225;rea de neonatologia e/ou pediatria (100%). A maioria era do sexo feminino (91,3%), com idade m&#233;dia de 38 anos (m&#237;nimo de 29 e m&#225;ximo de 57 anos). O tempo m&#233;dio de experi&#234;ncia foi de 12 anos. De acordo com a experi&#234;ncia profissional, 21 especialistas (91,3%) foram considerados master, e dois (8,7%) como especialistas seniores.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; titula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica (com mais de uma resposta permitida por participante), observou-se que dois possu&#237;am gradua&#231;&#227;o (8,7%), 17 possu&#237;am especializa&#231;&#227;o (74%), seis possu&#237;am resid&#234;ncia (26%), cinco tinham t&#237;tulo de mestre (21,7%), quatro possu&#237;am t&#237;tulo de doutor (17,4%) e um tinha p&#243;s-doutorado (4,3%).</p>
        <p>O instrumento inicial constru&#237;do para valida&#231;&#227;o continha seis itens sobre a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica em RN, visando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de problemas relacionados &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o e verifica&#231;&#227;o do posicionamento adequado do CG, conforme o <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Componentes do <italic>bundle</italic> para redu&#231;&#227;o de problemas relacionados &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o e posicionamento do cateter g&#225;strico em RN (vers&#227;o para valida&#231;&#227;o). Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Componentes</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Verificar se o RN tem indica&#231;&#227;o para inser&#231;&#227;o do CG</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar higieniza&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Utilizar a t&#233;cnica NEMU para mensura&#231;&#227;o do cateter:<break/>Se inser&#231;&#227;o oral: comissura labial, lobo inferior da orelha ao ponto m&#233;dio entre o ap&#234;ndice xifoide e a cicatriz umbilical.<break/>Se inser&#231;&#227;o nasal: ponta do nariz ao l&#243;bulo da orelha ao ponto m&#233;dio entre o ap&#234;ndice xifoide e cicatriz umbilical.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Verificar o posicionamento do cateter, aspirar o conte&#250;do g&#225;strico para examinar a cor e fazer o teste de pH.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar raio-x para confirma&#231;&#227;o do posicionamento do CG, caso necess&#225;rio.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Proceder com a anota&#231;&#227;o de enfermagem no prontu&#225;rio do procedimento realizado e ocorr&#234;ncias.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>CG: cateter g&#225;strico</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A concord&#226;ncia interavaliadores foi evidenciada quanto aos itens que compuseram o <italic>bundle</italic> proposto e aos 12 crit&#233;rios de avalia&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>, apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das respostas dos <italic>experts</italic>, &#205;ndices de Validade de Conte&#250;do por crit&#233;rio e &#205;ndice de Validade de Conte&#250;do total do <italic>bundle</italic> para redu&#231;&#227;o de problemas relacionados &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o e posicionamento do cateter g&#225;strico em RN. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">Itens do <italic>bundle</italic><break/> <break/>Crit&#233;rios gerais de avalia&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="5">Op&#245;es de resposta escala <italic>Likert</italic></th>
                <th align="center" valign="bottom">Respostas 3 e 4</th>
                <th align="center" valign="bottom">IVC<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">0<break/>n(%)</th>
                <th align="center">1<break/>n(%)</th>
                <th align="center">2<break/>n(%)</th>
                <th align="center">3<break/>n(%)</th>
                <th align="center">4<break/>n(%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="bottom">n(%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="bottom">(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Claro e execut&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10(43,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12(52,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22(95,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Alcan&#231;a o objetivo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10(43,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13(56,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23(100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Compreens&#237;vel</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9(39,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12(52,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21(91,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Conte&#250;do Claro</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6(26,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16(69,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22(95,6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Relevante</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7(30,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14(60,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21(91,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Os itens s&#227;o distintos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10(43,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13(56,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23(100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Conte&#250;do claro ao p&#250;blico alvo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8(34,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13(56,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21(91,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Linguagem clara ao p&#250;blico alvo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8(34,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15(65,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23(100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Linguagem adequada ao conte&#250;do</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(8,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8(34,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13(56,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21(91,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Contribui para a compreens&#227;o do conte&#250;do</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9(39,1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12(52,2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21(91,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Conte&#250;do atual</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1(4,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8(34,8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13(56,5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21(91,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sequ&#234;ncia coerente</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2(8,7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">07(30,4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14(60,9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">21(91,3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IVC Total&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,94</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>IVC: &#205;ndice de Validade de Conte&#250;do por item; IVC total&#8224;:&#205;ndice de Validade de Conte&#250;do geral do bundle.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Quanto &#224; concord&#226;ncia interavaliadores, analisada primeiramente para cada item do <italic>bundle</italic> proposto, todos os crit&#233;rios avaliados foram classificados como de &#8220;quase perfeita concord&#226;ncia&#8221; (0,81 a 1,00). A an&#225;lise do IVC por crit&#233;rio revelou que tr&#234;s itens (25%) receberam a pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de 1,00. Dois itens (16,7%) alcan&#231;aram a pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0,96, enquanto sete itens (58,3%) obtiveram a pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0,91.</p>
        <p>Obteve-se o valor de 0,94 (quase perfeita concord&#226;ncia) para o IVC total do <italic>bundle</italic>, o que subsidiou caracteriz&#225;-lo como um constructo v&#225;lido em seu conte&#250;do. N&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria uma reavalia&#231;&#227;o pelos especialistas. Assim, o aprimoramento do constructo, ap&#243;s a incorpora&#231;&#227;o das sugest&#245;es dos avaliadores, foi conduzido apenas como uma devolutiva.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s analisar as sugest&#245;es dos especialistas, foram implementadas melhorias no <italic>bundle</italic> para torn&#225;-lo mais pr&#225;tico e de f&#225;cil compreens&#227;o. Optou-se por remover os itens um e seis do instrumento inicial, uma vez que a introdu&#231;&#227;o do cateter ser&#225; realizada apenas em RN com indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, e a anota&#231;&#227;o de enfermagem &#233; considerada obrigat&#243;ria em qualquer procedimento. Dessa forma, a vers&#227;o final do <italic>bundle</italic> foi consolidada em quatro itens, refletindo uma abordagem mais focada e alinhada com as necessidades espec&#237;ficas do procedimento de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica em RN. Essa simplifica&#231;&#227;o visa otimizar a aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica do <italic>bundle</italic>, mantendo sua efic&#225;cia e relev&#226;ncia para a equipe de enfermagem.</p>
        <p>A vers&#227;o final do <italic>bundle</italic> sobre cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica em RN para redu&#231;&#227;o de problemas relacionados &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o e posicionamento do CG em UTIN est&#225; apresentada no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Quadro 2</xref>, incorporando as altera&#231;&#245;es sugeridas pelos <italic>experts</italic>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Quadro 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vers&#227;o final do <italic>bundle</italic> para redu&#231;&#227;o de problemas relacionados &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o e posicionamento do cateter g&#225;strico em RN. Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top"><italic>Bundle</italic> para redu&#231;&#227;o de problemas relacionados &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o e posicionamento do CG em RN</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar higieniza&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;os antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Utilizar a t&#233;cnica NEMU para mensura&#231;&#227;o do cateter, considerando o comprimento total, incluindo os orif&#237;cios:<break/>Se inser&#231;&#227;o oral: comissura labial, lobo inferior da orelha ao ponto m&#233;dio entre o ap&#234;ndice xifoide e a cicatriz umbilical.<break/>Se inser&#231;&#227;o nasal: ponta do nariz ao l&#243;bulo da orelha ao ponto m&#233;dio entre o ap&#234;ndice xifoide e cicatriz umbilical.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Verificar o posicionamento do cateter: aspirar o conte&#250;do g&#225;strico para examinar a cor, fazer o teste de pH (valor de refer&#234;ncia: &#8804;5,5) e medir o comprimento do cateter que ficou exposto.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Realizar raio-x em caso de d&#250;vidas do posicionamento do CG.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>CG: cateter g&#225;strico.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>A elabora&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o de <italic>bundles</italic> t&#234;m se destacado por aprimorar os processos e os resultados dos pacientes, al&#233;m de prevenir agravos &#224; sa&#250;de, especialmente aqueles considerados evit&#225;veis<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. A ado&#231;&#227;o dessa abordagem contribui para uniformizar as a&#231;&#245;es da equipe de enfermagem, reduzindo as disparidades na presta&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados.</p>
        <p>A valida&#231;&#227;o do processo confere robustez metodol&#243;gica ao <italic>bundle</italic>, sendo crucial avaliar a perspectiva da popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo para aprimorar a compreens&#227;o dos seus elementos <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Torna-se evidente a necessidade de ferramentas simples e diretas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, levando em conta as demandas e os recursos dispon&#237;veis nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>Desse modo, um dos cuidados elencados no <italic>bundle</italic> foi a &#8220;higiene das m&#227;os&#8221;, frequentemente listado como o primeiro item na maioria dos protocolos de seguran&#231;a em sa&#250;de. Esse cuidado &#233; reconhecido como uma medida de baixo custo, simples e altamente eficaz para evitar infec&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, &#233; importante considerar as limita&#231;&#245;es na ades&#227;o por parte dos profissionais <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Deve-se reconhecer que h&#225; uma discrep&#226;ncia anat&#244;mica na dist&#226;ncia entre a ponta do nariz e o l&#243;bulo da orelha para a inser&#231;&#227;o do cateter via nasal, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a dist&#226;ncia da comissura labial at&#233; o l&#243;bulo da orelha para a inser&#231;&#227;o via oral. Embora essa diferen&#231;a seja m&#237;nima para o RN, pode impactar o correto posicionamento do cateter. Portanto, &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia conduzir mais pesquisas que validem as medidas anat&#244;micas externas de refer&#234;ncia para a inser&#231;&#227;o do CG. Essa abordagem visa prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes do posicionamento inadequado e aprimorar as pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas relacionadas a esse procedimento <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios para escolha da via de inser&#231;&#227;o do CG devem ser cuidadosamente determinados, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o o desenvolvimento da coordena&#231;&#227;o neuromuscular de cada RN. Por exemplo, o cateter oral g&#225;strico pode ser utilizado nos primeiros dias, sendo posteriormente substitu&#237;do pelo cateter nasal g&#225;strico ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria do beb&#234;. Essa abordagem personalizada considera as necessidades espec&#237;ficas de cada RN, visando garantir um procedimento seguro e eficaz <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Considerando a necessidade de assegurar a posi&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica adequada do cateter e prevenir complica&#231;&#245;es, as diretrizes do Programa de Reanima&#231;&#227;o Neonatal da Academia Americana de Pediatria, da Associa&#231;&#227;o Nacional de Enfermeiros Neonatais Americanos e do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, por meio do Manual de Boas Pr&#225;ticas e do Manual de Reanima&#231;&#227;o Neonatal da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, atualmente recomendam a ado&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo NEMU <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os ajustes sugeridos na valida&#231;&#227;o do instrumento permearam tr&#234;s itens do <italic>bundle</italic> e estiveram relacionados a melhorias na compreens&#227;o dos cuidados.</p>
        <p>A primeira sugest&#227;o abordou a considera&#231;&#227;o dos orif&#237;cios do cateter. A aus&#234;ncia de orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre as precau&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias em rela&#231;&#227;o a cateteres com m&#250;ltiplos orif&#237;cios na extremidade distal, nos estudos revisados, ressaltou uma lacuna significativa. Os estudos mencionam o &#8220;comprimento de inser&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, sem esclarecer se este deve incluir ou excluir os orif&#237;cios, detalhe crucial que deveria ser explicitado. Diante dessa falta de informa&#231;&#227;o, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; considerar o comprimento total, incluindo os orif&#237;cios, ao realizar a medi&#231;&#227;o a partir da extremidade distal. &#201; importante enfatizar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um cateter especialmente desenvolvido para essa finalidade, como o CG infantil, para assegurar a precis&#227;o da medida. O uso de cateteres uretrais ou de aspira&#231;&#227;o traqueal, por exemplo, pode comprometer a precis&#227;o devido &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es na padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos orif&#237;cios <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A segunda sugest&#227;o refere-se aos m&#233;todos de verifica&#231;&#227;o para confirmar o posicionamento do CG. Quanto &#224; precis&#227;o e seguran&#231;a dos m&#233;todos alternativos ao exame radiol&#243;gico, a ausculta e a aspira&#231;&#227;o isoladas n&#227;o s&#227;o recomendadas. A ausculta da regi&#227;o epig&#225;strica &#233; considerada pouco confi&#225;vel, sendo desaconselhada devido &#224; dificuldade em diferenciar entre o som de ar instilado no est&#244;mago e no pulm&#227;o. No caso da aspira&#231;&#227;o de secre&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua cor e apar&#234;ncia, essas medidas podem ser sens&#237;veis, mas imprecisas, para confirma&#231;&#227;o do posicionamento do cateter. Isso se deve &#224; falta de especificidade estabelecida, uma vez que secre&#231;&#245;es endotraqueais e br&#244;nquicas podem apresentar colora&#231;&#227;o e aspecto semelhantes aos das secre&#231;&#245;es g&#225;stricas. Recomenda-se a combina&#231;&#227;o de dois ou mais m&#233;todos de verifica&#231;&#227;o para aumentar a confiabilidade do processo<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Atualmente, h&#225; consenso entre os especialistas de que a verifica&#231;&#227;o do pH com tiras reagentes &#224; beira do leito &#233; o m&#233;todo mais seguro e recomendado como primeira op&#231;&#227;o para confirmar o posicionamento do CG. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados sugere que valores de pH &#8804;5,5 indicam um posicionamento g&#225;strico correto, enquanto valores &gt;5,5 requerem confirma&#231;&#227;o radiol&#243;gica <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>&#201; importante destacar que a disponibilidade de tiras de pH pode n&#227;o ser uma realidade em alguns hospitais brasileiros. Assim, a escolha do m&#233;todo para avaliar o trajeto e a posi&#231;&#227;o do CG depender&#225; dos recursos dispon&#237;veis e do planejamento dos cuidados de enfermagem em cada institui&#231;&#227;o <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>. Nesse contexto, &#233; crucial considerar a implementa&#231;&#227;o desse m&#233;todo na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica hospitalar, tendo em vista sua recomenda&#231;&#227;o e o baixo custo das tiras de pH.</p>
        <p>A terceira sugest&#227;o abordou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de raio X para confirmar o posicionamento do CG, estabelecendo diretrizes para a conduta diante da identifica&#231;&#227;o de problemas. Em casos de incerteza sobre a posi&#231;&#227;o correta do CG, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233; que a substitui&#231;&#227;o, reavalia&#231;&#227;o e/ou confirma&#231;&#227;o radiogr&#225;fica sejam consideradas antes da administra&#231;&#227;o de qualquer conte&#250;do pelo cateter <sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#227;o para &#225;rea da enfermagem e sa&#250;de</title>
          <p>Os achados na literatura revelam diverg&#234;ncias significativas na pr&#225;tica de mensura&#231;&#227;o do CG e nos m&#233;todos alternativos para verificar o posicionamento, o que &#233; preocupante. Tais resultados destacam a urg&#234;ncia de incorporar estrat&#233;gias de medi&#231;&#227;o e verifica&#231;&#227;o da posi&#231;&#227;o do cateter nos protocolos institucionais, al&#233;m de enfatizar a import&#226;ncia da educa&#231;&#227;o continuada dos profissionais. Essas iniciativas s&#227;o cruciais para viabilizar mudan&#231;as nas pr&#225;ticas individuais. A expectativa &#233; que este estudo provoque reflex&#245;es e discuss&#245;es sobre a pr&#225;tica de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica nas Unidades Neonatais, subsidiando as a&#231;&#245;es da enfermagem e os cuidados na &#225;rea da neonatologia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          <p>Atribuiu-se, como limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, a escassez de evid&#234;ncias sobre a tem&#225;tica provenientes de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, que s&#227;o considerados padr&#227;o ouro na avalia&#231;&#227;o da efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a de interven&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Este estudo possibilitou a constru&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do do <italic>bundle</italic>, por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o de 23 experts, destinado ao procedimento de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica em RN. Os cuidados abordaram aspectos relacionados &#224; mensura&#231;&#227;o do comprimento de inser&#231;&#227;o do CG e ao seu correto posicionamento. Todos os itens do <italic>bundle</italic> apresentaram IVC superior ao recomendado, e pequenos ajustes foram implementados para aprimorar a compreens&#227;o geral. Os participantes reconheceram a relev&#226;ncia do instrumento para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A ado&#231;&#227;o desse <italic>bundle</italic> poder&#225; contribuir para a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia e das pr&#225;ticas de enfermagem no atendimento ao RN, surgindo como ferramenta complementar aos cuidados prestados.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
