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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4f58ff7Fgzj6JFdM39zMnky</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672025000200162</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0367</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00162</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compassion fatigue in emergency care professionals</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Fatiga por compasi&#243;n en profesionales de servicios de urgencia y emergencia</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7119-0230</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trindade</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0095-1485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schoeninger</surname>
            <given-names>Maiara Da&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-5289-0152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Josiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6478-1008</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabete Maria das Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1254-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Bohrer da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5163-4789</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vendruscolo</surname>
            <given-names>Carine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7833-0438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Metelski</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Karla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Chapec&#243;</city>
          <state>Santa Catarina</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Chapec&#243;, Santa Catarina, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Comunit&#225;ria da regi&#227;o de Chapec&#243;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Chapec&#243;</city>
          <state>Santa Catarina</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Comunit&#225;ria da regi&#227;o de Chapec&#243;. Chapec&#243;, Santa Catarina, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Corresponding author:</label> Maiara Da&#237;s Schoeninger, E-mail: <email>maia_schoeninger@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR IN CHIEF:</label>
          <p>Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>ASSOCIATE EDITOR:</label>
          <p>M&#225;rcia Ferreira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>78</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230367</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>to assess the level of compassion fatigue in healthcare professionals working in emergency services and its association with socio-professional characteristics.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>cross-sectional research, carried out in 2022 and 2023, with 186 healthcare workers. A socio-occupational questionnaire and the Professional Quality of Life Scale 5 were used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>higher averages of satisfaction with compassion were evidenced, followed by burnout syndrome and Secondary Traumatic Stress. Age and number of children were related to satisfaction with compassion. These variables and years of experience in the health field were inversely correlated with burnout scores. Furthermore, the higher the level of education, the lower the scores for Secondary Traumatic Stress.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>compassion satisfaction provides protection for most study participants, and it is important to invest in it to avoid compassion fatigue in this scenario.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>evaluar el nivel de fatiga por compasi&#243;n en profesionales de la salud que act&#250;an en servicios de urgencia y emergencia y su asociaci&#243;n con caracter&#237;sticas socioprofesionales.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>investigaci&#243;n transversal, realizada en 2022 y 2023, con 186 trabajadores de la salud. Se utiliz&#243; un cuestionario sociolaboral y la <italic>Professional Quality of Life Scale</italic> 5.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>se evidenciaron mayores promedios de satisfacci&#243;n por la compasi&#243;n, seguida del s&#237;ndrome de burnout y del estr&#233;s traum&#225;tico secundario. La edad y el n&#250;mero de hijos se relacionaron con la satisfacci&#243;n por compasi&#243;n. Estas variables y los a&#241;os de experiencia en el campo de la salud se correlacionaron inversamente con las puntuaciones de agotamiento. Adem&#225;s, cuanto mayor es el nivel educativo, menores son las puntuaciones de Estr&#233;s Traum&#225;tico Secundario.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusiones:</title>
          <p>la satisfacci&#243;n por compasi&#243;n brinda protecci&#243;n a la mayor&#237;a de los participantes del estudio y es importante invertir en ella para evitar la fatiga por compasi&#243;n en este escenario.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Compassion Fatigue</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Medical Services</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Personnel</kwd>
        <kwd>Occupational Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Occupational Risks.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Desgaste por Empat&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Servicios M&#233;dicos de Urgencia</kwd>
        <kwd>Personal de Salud</kwd>
        <kwd>Salud Laboral</kwd>
        <kwd>Riesgos Laborales.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Research and Innovation Support Fund of Santa Catarina</funding-source>
          <award-id>FAPESCTR817/2023</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This work was carried out with the support of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (In Portuguese, <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic> - CAPES) - Financing Code 001 and Financing from the Research and Innovation Support Fund of Santa Catarina, FAPESCTR817/2023.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Healthcare services are considered places that pose several threats to workers&#8217; health. Among these threats, exposure to psychosocial risks related to the design, organization and management of work stands out<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. The complexity of the healthcare field and the challenges of providing quality care place professionals at a high level of stress, which favors, among other problems, compassion fatigue (CF)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. This fatigue is characterized by behaviors and emotions resulting from the process of caring for or wanting to help a traumatized or distress person, which leads the person providing care/help to a state of biological, psychological and social exhaustion<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. In its theoretical origin, CF is based on the professional quality of life (PQoL) model, which presents it as a result of the combination of burnout syndrome (BO), secondary traumatic stress (STS) and reduced compassion satisfaction (CS)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. In this regard, it is worth highlighting that BO and STS are not synonymous with CF, but their sum influences its development.</p>
      <p>PQoL can be understood as the quality that professionals feel in relation to their work<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. The model incorporates two aspects: positive (CS) and negative (CF). The first refers to the pleasure that workers feel when performing their job well, and is related to the fact of being able to help others, to the positive feeling towards their colleagues and to the ability to contribute to the work environment or even to the greater good of society. On the other hand, the second is divided into two dimensions: BO, a process of chronic work stress, which involves the triad of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal accomplishment; and STS, motivated by fear and work-related trauma<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among these aspects, BO can be defined as an occupational phenomenon caused by high levels of stress, experienced over the long term and managed unsuccessfully, causing a state of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and feelings of incompetence<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>. In turn, STS is characterized as an occupational syndrome arising from stress, caused by exposure to incidents experienced by another person<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. CS is conceptualized as the gratification provided by the act of caring for people in situations of distress. When professionals working in healthcare services feel valued and are satisfied with their interpersonal and work relationships, CS acts as a protective factor against CF<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study showed high rates of CF, which affect 52.55% of professionals working in healthcare services. Moreover, BO totaled 51.98%, and CS, 47.55%, respectively<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. An integrative review, including more than 28,000 nurses from 11 countries, showed that the levels of the phenomenon have gradually increased over the last ten years, which raises an alert to the seriousness of the problem among healthcare professionals as well as the need for strategies and interventions that provide improvements in the sector<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. A second systematic review, which included 71 articles, showed that the phenomenon exists in several groups and specialties, and can be successfully measured using the Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) tool<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the most cited consequences in literature, CF causes a reduction in professionals&#8217; capacity and interest to act empathetically when faced with situations of distress in others, which is considered the &#8220;cost of caring&#8221;<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>, which can impact professional performance and put patient safety at risk<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. In this direction, studies on CF have contributions to worker health, promotion of a culture of safety in institutions as well as culture of peace.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, the consequences left by the pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) intensified the stressors, which directly impacted workers&#8217; physical and mental health<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. As these professionals experience a new set of circumstances caused by STS, the occurrence of CF increases and job satisfaction decreases<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the professionals most affected, those working in emergency services stand out, as they face stressful clinical situations on a daily basis, including events of violence, accidents, traumas and deaths<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Furthermore, these same professionals are the ones who sometimes have to deal with and convey bad news to companions and family members, generating a new stress factor<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>, making them vulnerable to CF.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that CF is a phenomenon that requires further investigation and can be considered one of the main threats to professionals&#8217; mental health. It has an impact on the quality of care provided, generating greater costs for public services<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. An integrative review of 79 articles showed a decrease in studies related to the topic in the Americas and did not locate any studies published in Brazil during the period of that investigation, which showed that, in recent years, research on the topic has been developed primarily in the international context<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Furthermore, the investigation is justified by the understanding that access to and quality of emergency care are essential in the health system. Providing better working conditions in this scenario is essential for promoting worker health and improving access to these services<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>. It is important to consider the emergence of studies on CF, due to the varied manifestations of each individual who suffers from it, in addition to the diverse implications, which have a negative impact on well-being and quality of life as well as on health institutions themselves and the quality of care provided<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the question was: what are the levels of CF in healthcare professionals working in emergency services? This topic is of interest to the team of the project &#8220;Health Work International Project (HWOPI)&#8221;, which involves researchers from two other countries and is part of the Center for Health Technology and Services Research.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVES</title>
      <p>To assess the level of CF in healthcare professionals working in emergency services and its association with socio-professional characteristics.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The research followed Resolution 466/12 of the Brazilian National Health Council, which involves research with human beings. The project was assessed and approved by the <italic>Universidade Comunit&#225;ria da Regi&#227;o de Chapec&#243;</italic> Research Ethics Committee via <italic>Plataforma Brasil</italic>. The Informed Consent Form was obtained from all study participants in writing in two copies. After approval, the researchers underwent training to conduct the study, considering the dynamics of services and healthcare.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This is a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study. The manuscript was guided by the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology. The study setting consisted of services that comprise the Emergency Care Network (In Portuguese, <italic>Rede de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s Urg&#234;ncias e Emerg&#234;ncias</italic> - RUE) of the western region of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. In Brazil, the RUE is a complex network belonging to the Brazilian Health System (In Portuguese, <italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> - SUS). Thus, the following were included:</p>
        <p><bold>Scenario I</bold> - Mobile Emergency Care Service (In Portuguese, <italic>Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia</italic> - SAMU);</p>
        <p><bold>Scenario II</bold> - Emergency Care Units (ECU 24 hours) and the 24-hour Emergency Services Set, i.e., a ECU and an Emergency Care (EC);</p>
        <p><bold>Scenario III</bold> - hospital care, characterized by emergency services in two hospitals (HA), one for reference care in the SUS for adults and one for reference care for children (HC).</p>
        <p>Data were collected by a member of the research team, using a research protocol, from July 2022 to January 2023. The research began with prior scheduling, presentation of the study, and acceptance by signing two copies of the Informed Consent Form. Participants then answered a socio-professional questionnaire containing information (age, sex, skin color, education, marital status, number of children, years of experience in the health area, time at the institution, work sector, role, specialization, weekly workload, work shift, type of shift schedule, type of employment relationship, and whether a participant works at another institution). Moreover, the self-completed Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL-5)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup> was used, since the research is part of the HWOPI project. The instrument consists of 30 items, subdivided into three subscales, each consisting of ten items, which assess three distinct phenomena, such as CS, BO and STS, phenomena that make up CF, assessing the negative (CF) and positive (CS) effects<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. The scale has also been used because it integrates the positive component of CS, not just the negative component<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. CF results from high BO and high STS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population and sample</title>
        <p>Participants who worked as physicians, nurses, nursing technicians or nursing assistants in one of the scenarios of interest and had at least three months of experience in professional practice were included. Professionals who were absent for any reason during the data collection period were excluded.</p>
        <p>To define study participants, the eligible population was first sought, and a total of 260 professionals were identified (99 physicians, 46 nurses, 62 nursing technicians and 53 nursing assistants). A 95% confidence level and 5% sampling error were considered, with the help of SurveyMonkey (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pt.surveymonkey.com/mp/sample-size-calculator/">https://pt.surveymonkey.com/mp/sample-size-calculator/</ext-link>) and upon confirmation of the static consultancy contracted for design and analysis. Therefore, the sample was calculated at 161 participants. The entire eligible population was invited to participate in the study, and 186 professionals accepted the invitation and answered the questionnaire.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of results, and statistics</title>
        <p>Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, with the help of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 28. Findings were presented in absolute and relative frequencies as well as measures of central tendency, such as mean, median, maximum, minimum and standard deviation. Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient, parametric Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples and nonparametric Mann-Whitney test were used. The significance limit was assumed to be p&lt;0.05.</p>
        <p>To calculate the ProQOL-5 cut-off points, the primary values of the subscales were converted into scores, according to the original scale<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>, transforming the primary values of the CS, BO and STS subscales into scores. The forced reconversion of primary values to obtain M=50 and SD=10 allows comparison between the values of the three dimensions and comparison with other studies<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>A total of 186 professionals participated in the study, including 49 physicians (26.3%), 50 nurses (26.9%), 39 nursing technicians (21.0%) and 48 nursing assistants (25.8%), who were part of a young adult population, mostly female, with a partner and children. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> details the profile of the RUE professionals participating in the research.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characterization of participants (N = 186), Western region, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top"> n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">39.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup> &#177; 9.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Sex</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Male</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">52 (28.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Female</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">134 (72.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Skin color </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Black</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Brown</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">34 (18.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">White</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">147 (79.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Education</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">High school</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">60 (32.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Higher education</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">50 (26.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Specialization</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">73 (39.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Master&#8217;s degree</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Marital status</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Without a partner</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">68 (36.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">With a partner</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">118 (63.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Have children</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">No<break/>Yes</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">71 (38.2)<break/>115 (61.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Number of children</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0 - 2)&#8225;Mo1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Years of experience in the healthcare field </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5 - 20)&#8224;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Length of work at the institution (years) </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (1 - 8)&#8224;</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Work sector </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">ECU</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">68 (36.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">SAMU (BHU)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">8 (4.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">SAMU (ASU)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15 (8.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">SAER</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0.5)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">EC </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">44 (23.7)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Children&#8217;s Hospital ER</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">20 (10.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Adult Hospital ER</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">30 (16.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Professional category </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nursing assistant</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">48 (25.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nurse</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">50 (26.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Physician</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">49 (26.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nursing technician</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">39 (21.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Weekly working hours (total hours) </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">40.8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup> &#177; 17.6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Work shift </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Morning</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">42 (22.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Afternoon</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">28 (15.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Evening</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">69 (37.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Other &#167;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">47 (25.3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Type of employment relationship</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Public tender/public employment</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">93 (50.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">CLT</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">63 (33.9)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Emergency</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7 (3.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Selection contract</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">23 (12.4)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Works at another institution </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">No</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">102 (55.8)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Yes </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">84(45.2)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Weekly hours at another institution</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">34.0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref></sup> &#177; 15.9</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>Mean; Mo - mode; &#177;Standard deviation; &#8224;Median (P25 - P75); &#8225;Maximum and minimum; &#167;11 cases in morning, afternoon and evening (5.9%), two cases in afternoon and evening (1.1%), 13 cases in morning and afternoon (7.0%), 19 cases of 12/36 shift with no defined shift (10.2%) and two did not respond (1.1%); BHU - Basic Health Unit; ECU - Emergency Care Unit; SAMU - Mobile Emergency Care Service; SAER - Air Police Service; EC - Emergency Care; ER - Emergency Room; ASU - Advanced Support Unit; CLT - Consolidation of Labor Laws.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>, it is possible to observe the results of the application of PROQOL-5-BR.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Professional Quality of Life Scale 5 (N = 186), Western region, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Subscales</th>
              <th align="center">Mean</th>
              <th align="center">Standard deviation</th>
              <th align="center">Low<break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">Moderate<break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">High<break/>n (%)</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Compassion satisfaction</td>
              <td align="center">38.0</td>
              <td align="center">6.0</td>
              <td align="center">1 (0.5)</td>
              <td align="center">131 (70.4)</td>
              <td align="center">54 (29.0)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Burnout syndrome</td>
              <td align="center">19.1</td>
              <td align="center">5.6</td>
              <td align="center">133 (71.5)</td>
              <td align="center">53 (28.5)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Secondary traumatic stress</td>
              <td align="center">18.3</td>
              <td align="center">7.2</td>
              <td align="center">139 (74.7)</td>
              <td align="center">47 (25.3)</td>
              <td align="center">-</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>Notes: - for numeric data equal to zero, not resulting from rounding.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the relationship between PROQOL-5-BR and participants&#8217; demographic and work variables.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Associations of Professional Quality of Life Scale 5 with demographic and work variables (N =186), Western region, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Variables</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">CS</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">BO</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">STS</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Age (years)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.204&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">- 0.321&#8225; </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-0.088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Education</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.059</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.162<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.146<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></sup></td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Number of children</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.228&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-0.272&#8225;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-0.091</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Years of experience in the health field</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.092</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-0.227&#8224;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-0.088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Length of work at the institution (years)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.107</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-0.106</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.036</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Weekly workload (total hours)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.126</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">-0.061</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.016</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Weekly hours in another institution</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.104</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.103</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0.098</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>p&lt;0.05; &#8224; p&lt;0.01; &#8225;p&lt;0.001; CS - compassion satisfaction; BO - burnout syndrome; STS - secondary traumatic stress.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
          <attrib>
            <italic>Note: correlation coefficients between variables.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The study also identified that there was a positive and statistically significant association between age and number of children and CS scores, i.e., the older the age and the greater the number of children, the higher the levels of satisfaction.</p>
      <p>Thus, there were also significant associations related to BO, i.e., the older the person, the greater the number of children and the longer the experience in the health area, the lower the CF levels.</p>
      <p>Finally, there was a significant negative association between participants&#8217; level of education and the STS scores, i.e., the higher the level of education, the lower the levels of the phenomenon.</p>
      <p>Physicians have significantly higher scores on the BO subscale than other professionals (p&lt;0.001), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between role and burnout subscale (N = 186), Western region, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-78-02-e20230367-0367-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the other subscales, there was no statistically significant difference between the roles (CS: p=0.306 and STS: p=0.087).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>In the context of emergency services, professionals need to work as a team and under pressure in different situations, including those that require rapid intervention, in a transitory context of care, sometimes permeated by intense and repetitive situations (severity of pathologies, unpredictability of situations, emotional burden and frequent physical and verbal violence); therefore, spaces that favor stress and BO<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Studies indicate that hospital emergency departments are a favorable setting for the development of psychosomatic illnesses<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. Physical and psychological stress, combined with high demand and long working hours, harm quality of life, especially for emergency nurses<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. However, it is not possible to take the elements that undermine workers&#8217; health as a trend. Several factors related to workers&#8217; personality and personal support, in addition to institutional aspects and work experiences, among others, interfere with how workers deal with stress, traumatic situations, CS and CF.</p>
      <p>In this study, a significant positive association was found between age and number of children and CS scores. It is reflected that life experience potentially guides workers&#8217; understanding of what can be changed and what is within their reach in the work context, aspects that are qualified with age. In turn, the family context with children directs workers to other demands, which potentially &#8220;disconnects&#8221; them from work. Research conducted in emergency services in Portugal supports the findings, showing that older participants have better CS rates<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Another study showed that nurses with less than five years of experience showed significantly lower CS and higher CF scores than nurses with ten or more years of experience<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. Similarly, nurses with more than 20 years of experience had higher rates of CS compared to professionals with six months to two years of service<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The relationship between age, number of children and years of experience was also statistically significant with BO scores. This research supports these findings, showing that older age correlated with lower BO and higher CS scores<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. Another investigation showed that nurses with more than 20 years of experience had lower levels of BO compared to less experienced ones<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. The set of findings allows us to reflect on accumulated expectations and experience, which are higher and lower, respectively, among professionals with less time in service, which can modulate behavior and burnout at work.</p>
      <p>Age and experience were factors related to the increase in CS and the decrease in BO. Regarding CF, this can be better understood when thinking about compassion, since more experienced workers accumulate a diversity of experience that allows them to better distinguish which patients require greater involvement, with potential positive outcomes, and, at the same time, block those that will result in extreme distress, such as more traumatic situations. In this regard, an integrative review discussed other aspects of resilience. The development of this skill allows professionals to better deal with their work environment. This protective factor is also related to workers&#8217; hope, optimism and self-efficacy<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Concerning STS, there was a significant association between the level of education and the occurrence of the phenomenon. Thus, the higher the level of education, the lower the rates of this subscale. The finding suggests that higher education provides greater support for workers to face traumatic situations. This is especially important when considering that, in Brazil, there are different levels of education working in different care contexts, with an important warning for nursing assistants and technicians. In contrast, a study showed that academic level was statistically associated with BO and STS. This means that participants with a master&#8217;s/doctoral degree had mean BO grades that were 2.79 units higher than those of the others, and STS scores that were 3.14 units higher<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Through the investigation, it was also possible to identify that physicians presented significantly higher scores on the BO subscale compared to other professionals (p&lt;0.001). Hence, a study with 15,243 physicians working in emergency services in China showed a moderate pattern of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, in addition to a high risk for low personal fulfillment. The data also showed that 14.9% of participants presented a high level of BO, with 46.8% with a high score for emotional exhaustion, 24% with a high score for depersonalization, and 60.5% with a high risk of low professional fulfillment<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>. The medical category was also significantly more affected by BO compared to others in a study involving 529 professionals from French hospitals, where almost one in two emergency room doctors had BO (50.7%)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. In contrast, a meta-analysis study, including a total sample of 79,437 participants, showed that the prevalence of BO (37.4%) was higher among nurses during the pandemic<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Potentially, not letting oneself be overcome by emotions or being involved with patients, while maintaining distance, typical of emergency services, can serve as protection in relation to CF, but not necessarily against BO, as other research shows<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the professional category, emergency services are increasingly providing fertile ground for the occurrence of occupational syndromes and diseases, especially those related to the mental health of these workers<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>. Research has shown that 39% of frontline professionals have STS. In addition, 43% of participants had depression, including more severe depression, with 13% reporting self-harm or suicidal ideation<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering that emergency services are characterized as spaces that expose workers to new potential circumstances for STS and BO, it is believed that the elements of the context studied still favor CS, protecting workers from CF. It is also reflected that the rapid outcome of cases in the emergency room, with patients being referred for discharge or other services, also limits the time spent with users, which may require less compassion from caregivers.</p>
      <p>Research<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup> reveals that compassion, understood as a human and social phenomenon, contributes to the reduction of others&#8217; pain, since it prioritizes the well-being of others, thus favoring the connection with the other person, but it brings consequences, both positive and negative, for professionals. Internal and external circumstances of individuals, such as stress and negative affect, affect CF, while positive affect and solidarity inversely influence CS. Thus, there is an oscillation between CF and CS in health work, which can be perceived as essential for human development<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Comparing the findings with the literature reinforces that mental health associated with work depends on several factors, being an always complex relationship that requires monitoring by institutions and researchers.</p>
      <p>The findings make us reflect on how emotional involvement with work and compassion for patients can have repercussions on the progressive loss of capacity of healthcare professionals, resulting in CF, as well as the opposite, since working in an emergency, by leaving little room for emotions, can protect professionals from CF. Thus, the need for a rapid response to patients&#8217; condition is an aspect of this work context that potentially has repercussions on CS.</p>
      <p>The study has limitations, potentially related to its cross-sectional nature and convenience sample, which does not allow generalizing results to other contexts. However, it can contribute to advancing research on CF in healthcare professionals, as well as bringing results to the field of occupational health, with indicators of the workers most vulnerable to CF, BO and STS.</p>
      <p>The findings point to the need for approaches to CF, a phenomenon little addressed in Brazil, as well as the intensification of preventive measures against stress and BO, in emergency services, to promote quality of life at work and quality of care provided in these scenarios.</p>
      <p>Evidence on CF indicates the need to make efforts to improve the work process in terms of addressing and valuing the repercussions of the phenomenon on the work process and even on the personal dimension of nurses and other health workers. From this perspective, the collaboration of managers is essential in the different care scenarios<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>. Studies present initiatives for preventing and coping with CF, such as the search for management strategies that aim to improve quality of life at work, continuing education practices with professionals and fostering resilience<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is also worth noting that compassion is affected by professionals&#8217; personal experiences and characteristics associated with their capacity for altruism and empathic concern for others. Thus, professionals with these characteristics more pronounced may present a greater risk for the development of CF<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is also suggested that young workers with little professional experience and less education be closely monitored, with the implementation of admission programs that prepare them to face the adversities of the work context, in addition to offering psychological support to all workers. From a managerial perspective, it would be interesting to consider that the shifts bring together the most experienced and the least experienced, with positive practical implications for worker care and health.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Since this is a quantitative study, understanding of the phenomenon is limited. In this sense, with the use of standardized responses, it was not possible to observe subjectivity, historical and contextual aspects, in addition to participants&#8217; real experiences. Thus, the reasons behind the results found may remain obscure, requiring new complementary studies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to health, nursing, or public policy</title>
        <p>The study provides information for health, public health, and community health as well as for occupational health nursing. Through it, it was possible to analyze, in a clearer way, the prevalence and intensity of CF among professionals working in emergency services. Furthermore, by analyzing quantitative data, it was possible to identify specific socio-occupational factors that protect against or aggravate the occurrence of the phenomenon. These results can be used to formulate occupational health policies or management strategies that meet workers&#8217; needs, promote better working conditions and, as a consequence, higher quality in patient care. Furthermore, the study can increase the dissemination and awareness of the issue of CF, which is still little researched in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
      <p>The research showed that there are moderate levels of CS and low levels of BO and STS among participants. In the sample, variables such as age and number of children define the CS and BO scores, being positive for both, i.e., they favor the first and disfavor the second. Furthermore, the longer the professional experience in health, the lower the scores on the BO subscale, with the medical category showing significantly higher scores on this subscale than the other professionals.</p>
      <p>In turn, the level of education proved to be the predictive variable for STS, signaling the profile of professionals less susceptible to CF in the set of findings, which is essential for defining measures to prevent phenomena that result in worker illness.</p>
      <p>It is concluded that individual characteristics (age and having children) and work/training characteristics (length of experience in the health area and level of education) reflect exposure to CF. The research shows the importance of implementing managerial and institutional strategies that promote well-being at work and stress management, considering worker characteristics. Thus, actions need to be considered individually and collectively, with benefits for both the caregiver and the person being cared for.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>FUNDING</label>
        <p>This work was carried out with the support of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel - Brazil (In Portuguese, <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic> - CAPES) - Financing Code 001 and Financing from the Research and Innovation Support Fund of Santa Catarina, FAPESCTR817/2023.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>REFERENCES</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Ag&#234;ncia Europeia para a Seguran&#231;a e a Sa&#250;de no Trabalho (OSHA). Guia eletr&#244;nico sobre a gest&#227;o do estresse e dos riscos psicossociais no local de trabalho [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2023 Apr 12]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://osha.europa.eu/pt/tools-and-resources/e-guides/e-guide-managing-stress-and-psychosocial-risks">https://osha.europa.eu/pt/tools-and-resources/e-guides/e-guide-managing-stress-and-psychosocial-risks</ext-link> </mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Ag&#234;ncia Europeia para a Seguran&#231;a e a Sa&#250;de no Trabalho (OSHA)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Guia eletr&#244;nico sobre a gest&#227;o do estresse e dos riscos psicossociais no local de trabalho</source>
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          <name>
            <surname>Schoeninger</surname>
            <given-names>Maiara Da&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-5289-0152</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carneiro</surname>
            <given-names>Josiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6478-1008</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabete Maria das Neves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1254-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa Bohrer da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5163-4789</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vendruscolo</surname>
            <given-names>Carine</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7833-0438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Metelski</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Karla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Chapec&#243;, Santa Catarina, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Comunit&#225;ria da regi&#227;o de Chapec&#243;. Chapec&#243;, Santa Catarina, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Autor Correspondente:</label> Maiara Da&#237;s Schoeninger, E-mail: <email>maia_schoeninger@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR CHEFE:</label>
          <p>Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR ASSOCIADO:</label>
          <p>M&#225;rcia Ferreira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>avaliar o n&#237;vel de fadiga por compaix&#227;o em profissionais de sa&#250;de que atuam em servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com as caracter&#237;sticas socioprofissionais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>pesquisa transversal, realizada nos anos de 2022 e 2023, com 186 trabalhadores de sa&#250;de. Utilizaram-se question&#225;rio sociolaboral e a <italic>Professional Quality of Life Scale</italic> 5.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>evidenciaram-se maiores m&#233;dias de satisfa&#231;&#227;o por compaix&#227;o, seguidas de s&#237;ndrome de <italic>burnout</italic> e Estresse Traum&#225;tico Secund&#225;rio. Idade e n&#250;mero de filhos foram relacionados &#224; satisfa&#231;&#227;o por compaix&#227;o. Estas vari&#225;veis e os anos de experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de foram inversamente correlacionados com os escores de <italic>burnout</italic>. Ainda, quanto maior o n&#237;vel de escolaridade, menores os escores para o Estresse Traum&#225;tico Secund&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>a satisfa&#231;&#227;o por compaix&#227;o exerce prote&#231;&#227;o para a maioria dos participantes do estudo, sendo importante investir nela para evitar fadiga por compaix&#227;o nesse cen&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Fadiga por Compaix&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Pessoal de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de Ocupacional</kwd>
        <kwd>Riscos Ocupacionais.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Research and Innovation Support Fund of Santa Catarina</funding-source>
          <award-id>FAPESCTR817/2023</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001 e Financiamento do Fundo de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do estado de Santa Catarina, FAPESCTR817/2023.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>Os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de s&#227;o considerados locais que exponenciam diversas amea&#231;as &#224; sa&#250;de dos trabalhadores. Entre essas amea&#231;as, destaca-se a exposi&#231;&#227;o aos riscos psicossociais relacionados &#224; concep&#231;&#227;o, organiza&#231;&#227;o e gest&#227;o do trabalho<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. A complexidade da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de e os desafios de prestar assist&#234;ncia de qualidade colocam o profissional em um n&#237;vel elevado de estresse, o que favorece, entre outros agravos, a fadiga por compaix&#227;o (FC)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Essa fadiga se caracteriza por comportamentos e emo&#231;&#245;es resultantes do processo de cuidado ou de querer ajudar uma pessoa traumatizada ou em sofrimento, o que leva aquele que cuida/ajuda a um estado de exaust&#227;o biol&#243;gica, psicol&#243;gica e social<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. Na sua origem te&#243;rica, a FC tem por base o modelo de qualidade de vida profissional (QVP), o qual a apresenta como resultante da combina&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;ndrome de <italic>burnout</italic> (BO), Estresse Traum&#225;tico Secund&#225;rio (ETS) e reduzida satisfa&#231;&#227;o por compaix&#227;o (SC)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. Neste sentido, &#233; v&#225;lido ressaltar que o BO e o ETS n&#227;o s&#227;o sin&#244;nimos da FC, mas o somat&#243;rio deles influencia o seu desenvolvimento.</p>
        <p>A QVP pode ser entendida como a qualidade que o profissional sente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu trabalho<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. O modelo incorpora dois aspectos: o positivo (SC) e o negativo (FC). O primeiro refere-se ao prazer que o trabalhador sente ao realizar bem o seu trabalho, estando relacionado ao fato de poder ajudar os outros, ao sentimento positivo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus colegas e &#224; capacidade de contribuir para o ambiente de trabalho ou at&#233; mesmo para o bem maior da sociedade. Por outro lado, o segundo divide-se em duas dimens&#245;es: BO, processo de estresse laboral cr&#244;nico, que envolve a tr&#237;ade exaust&#227;o emocional, despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o e baixa realiza&#231;&#227;o pessoal; e ETS, motivado pelo medo e trauma relacionado ao trabalho<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Entre esses aspectos, o BO pode ser definido como fen&#244;meno ocupacional causado por altos n&#237;veis de estresse, vivenciados em longo prazo e administrados sem sucesso, causando o estado de exaust&#227;o emocional, despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o e sentimentos de incompet&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>. Por sua vez, o ETS &#233; caracterizado como uma s&#237;ndrome ocupacional oriunda do estresse, causado pela exposi&#231;&#227;o a incidentes vivenciados por outra pessoa<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. A SC &#233; conceituada como a gratifica&#231;&#227;o proporcionada pelo ato de cuidar de pessoas em situa&#231;&#245;es de sofrimento. Quando os profissionais atuantes nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de se sentem valorizados e est&#227;o satisfeitos com suas rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais e laborais, a SC atua como um fator protetor da FC<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Estudo mostrou &#237;ndices elevados de FC, que afetam 52,55% dos profissionais atuantes nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Al&#233;m disso, o BO totalizou 51,98%, e a SC, 47,55%, respectivamente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. Revis&#227;o integrativa, incluindo mais de 28 mil enfermeiros de 11 pa&#237;ses, mostrou que os n&#237;veis do fen&#244;meno aumentaram de forma gradual nos &#250;ltimos dez anos, o que acende um alerta para a gravidade do problema entre profissionais de sa&#250;de, bem como a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias e interven&#231;&#245;es que proporcionem melhorias no setor<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Segunda revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, que incluiu 71 artigos, mostrou que o fen&#244;meno existe em diversos grupos e especialidades, e pode ser medido com sucesso ao se utilizar a ferramenta <italic>Professional Quality of Life</italic> (ProQOL)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Entre as consequ&#234;ncias mais citadas na literatura, a FC causa redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade e interesse dos profissionais em atuar de modo emp&#225;tico diante de situa&#231;&#245;es de sofrimento alheio, sendo considerado este o &#8220;custo de cuidar&#8221;<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>, podendo impactar o desempenho profissional e colocar em risco a seguran&#231;a do paciente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. Nesta dire&#231;&#227;o, estudos sobre FC t&#234;m contribui&#231;&#245;es para a sa&#250;de do trabalhador, para a promo&#231;&#227;o da cultura de seguran&#231;a nas institui&#231;&#245;es, bem como para a cultura de paz.</p>
        <p>Ainda, as consequ&#234;ncias deixadas pela pandemia causada pela doen&#231;a por coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19) intensificaram os fatores estressores, os quais impactaram diretamente a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental dos trabalhadores<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. &#192; medida que esses profissionais experienciam um novo conjunto de circunst&#226;ncias causadas pelo ETS, a ocorr&#234;ncia da FC aumenta e a satisfa&#231;&#227;o no trabalho diminui<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Entre os profissionais mais afetados, destacam-se os atuantes nos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia, que diariamente deparam-se com situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas estressantes, incluindo eventos de viol&#234;ncia, acidentes, traumas e mortes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o esses mesmos profissionais que, por vezes, precisam lidar e transmitir not&#237;cias ruins aos acompanhantes e familiares, gerando um novo fator de estresse<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>, colocando-os vulner&#225;veis &#224; FC.</p>
        <p>Cabe destacar que a FC &#233; um fen&#244;meno que requer mais investiga&#231;&#245;es, e pode ser considerado uma das principais amea&#231;as &#224; sa&#250;de mental dos profissionais. Tem impacto na qualidade dos cuidados prestados, gerando maiores gastos para os servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. Revis&#227;o integrativa com 79 artigos mostrou diminui&#231;&#227;o de estudos relacionados &#224; tem&#225;tica nas Am&#233;ricas e n&#227;o localizou estudos publicados no Brasil no per&#237;odo daquela investiga&#231;&#227;o, o que evidenciou que, nos &#250;ltimos anos, as pesquisas no tema se desenvolveram prioritariamente no contexto internacional<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Ainda, justifica-se a investiga&#231;&#227;o por compreender que o acesso e a qualidade do atendimento de emerg&#234;ncia s&#227;o essenciais no sistema de sa&#250;de. Proporcionar melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho nesse cen&#225;rio &#233; fundamental para a promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de dos trabalhadores e qualifica&#231;&#227;o do acesso nesses servi&#231;os<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>. &#201; relevante considerar a emerg&#234;ncia de estudos sobre FC, devido &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es variadas de cada indiv&#237;duo que sofre com ela, al&#233;m das implica&#231;&#245;es diversas, o que se repercute negativamente no bem-estar e na qualidade de vida, bem como nas pr&#243;prias institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de e na qualidade dos cuidados prestados<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, questionou-se: quais os n&#237;veis de FC em profissionais de sa&#250;de que atuam em servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia? A tem&#225;tica &#233; de interesse da equipe do projeto &#8220;<italic>Health Work International Project</italic> (HWOPI)&#8221;, que envolve pesquisadores de outros dois pa&#237;ses e integra o <italic>Center for Health Technology and Services Research</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVOS</title>
        <p>Avaliar o n&#237;vel de FC em profissionais de sa&#250;de que atuam em servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com as caracter&#237;sticas socioprofissionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>A pesquisa seguiu a Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, que envolve pesquisas com seres humanos. O projeto foi apreciado e aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade Comunit&#225;ria da Regi&#227;o de Chapec&#243;, via Plataforma Brasil. O Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido foi obtido de todos os participantes do estudo por meio escrito em duas vias. Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o, os pesquisadores passaram por treinamento para condu&#231;&#227;o do estudo, considerando a din&#226;mica dos servi&#231;os e os cuidados sanit&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal. O manuscrito foi orientado pelo instrumento <italic>STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology</italic>. O cen&#225;rio de estudo foi composto por servi&#231;os que contemplam a Rede de Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s Urg&#234;ncias e Emerg&#234;ncias (RUE) da regi&#227;o Oeste de Santa Catarina, no Sul do Brasil. No Brasil, a RUE &#233; uma rede complexa pertencente ao Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS). Assim, inclu&#237;ram-se:</p>
          <p><bold>Cen&#225;rio I</bold> - Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia (SAMU);</p>
          <p><bold>Cen&#225;rio II</bold> - Unidades de Pronto Atendimento (UPA 24 horas) e o Conjunto de Servi&#231;os de Urg&#234;ncia 24 horas, ou seja, uma UPA e um Pronto Atendimento (PA);</p>
          <p><bold>Cen&#225;rio III</bold> - aten&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, caracterizado pelos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia de dois hospitais (HA), um para atendimento de refer&#234;ncia no SUS aos adultos e um de refer&#234;ncia do p&#250;blico infantil (HC).</p>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados por membro da equipe de pesquisadores, mediante protocolo de condu&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa, no per&#237;odo de julho de 2022 a janeiro de 2023. A pesquisa iniciou-se com agendamento pr&#233;vio, apresenta&#231;&#227;o do estudo e aceita&#231;&#227;o mediante assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido em duas vias. Na sequ&#234;ncia, os participantes responderam a um question&#225;rio socioprofissional contendo informa&#231;&#245;es (idade, sexo, cor da pele, escolaridade, situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal, quantitativo de filhos, anos de experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, tempo na institui&#231;&#227;o, setor de trabalho, fun&#231;&#227;o, especializa&#231;&#227;o, carga hor&#225;ria semanal, turno de trabalho, tipo de escala de plant&#227;o, tipo de v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio e se atua em outra institui&#231;&#227;o). Ainda, utilizou-se a <italic>Professional Quality of Life Scale</italic> (ProQOL-5)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup> autopreenchida, pelo fato de que a pesquisa integra o projeto HWOPI. O instrumento &#233; constitu&#237;do por 30 itens, subdivididos em tr&#234;s subescalas, cada uma delas formada por dez itens, que avaliam tr&#234;s fen&#244;menos distintos, como SC, BO e ETS, fen&#244;menos estes que comp&#245;em a FC, avaliando os efeitos negativos (FC) e positivos (SC)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. A escala tem sido utilizada tamb&#233;m porque integra o componente positivo de SC, n&#227;o apenas o componente negativo<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. A FC resulta de elevado BO e elevado ETS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e amostra</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos participantes que atuam como m&#233;dico, enfermeiro, t&#233;cnico ou auxiliar de enfermagem em um dos cen&#225;rios de interesse com pelo menos tr&#234;s meses de experi&#234;ncia no exerc&#237;cio profissional. Foram exclu&#237;dos os profissionais afastados por qualquer motivo no per&#237;odo da coleta de dados.</p>
          <p>Para a defini&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do estudo, primeiramente, buscou-se a popula&#231;&#227;o eleg&#237;vel, sendo identificado um total de 260 profissionais (sendo 99 m&#233;dicos, 46 enfermeiros, 62 t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem e 53 auxiliares de enfermagem). Foram considerados 95% de confian&#231;a e 5% de erro amostral, com aux&#237;lio do <italic>SurveyMonkey</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://pt.surveymonkey.com/mp/sample-size-calculator/">https://pt.surveymonkey.com/mp/sample-size-calculator/</ext-link>) e mediante confirma&#231;&#227;o de assessoria est&#225;tica contratada para desenho e an&#225;lises. Sendo assim, a amostra foi calculada em 161 participantes. Toda a popula&#231;&#227;o eleg&#237;vel foi convidada a participar do estudo, sendo que 186 profissionais aceitaram o convite e responderam ao question&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos resultados e estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Os dados foram analisados por meio da estat&#237;stica descritiva e inferencial, com aux&#237;lio do <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>, vers&#227;o 28. Os achados foram apresentados em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, al&#233;m de medidas de tend&#234;ncia central, como m&#233;dia, mediana, m&#225;ximo, m&#237;nimo e desvio padr&#227;o. Foram utilizados o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, o teste param&#233;trico t de <italic>Student</italic> para amostras independentes e o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Mann-Whitney. Assumiu-se o limite de signific&#226;ncia de p&lt;0,05.</p>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo dos pontos de corte da ProQOL-5, transformaram-se os valores prim&#225;rios das subescalas em escores, conforme a escala original<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>, transformando os valores prim&#225;rios das subescalas SC, BO e ETS em escores. A reconvers&#227;o for&#231;ada dos valores prim&#225;rios para obter M=50 e DP=10 possibilita a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores das tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es e a compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Participaram do estudo 186 profissionais, sendo 49 m&#233;dicos (26,3%), 50 enfermeiros (26,9%), 39 t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem (21,0%) e 48 auxiliares de enfermagem (25,8%), os quais integram uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta jovem, majoritariamente do sexo feminino, com companheiro e filhos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref> detalha o perfil dos profissionais da RUE participantes da pesquisa.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos participantes (N = 186), Regi&#227;o Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top"> n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">39,0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></sup> &#177; 9,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52 (28,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">134 (72,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Cor da pele </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Negra</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Parda</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34 (18,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Branca</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">147 (79,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Outra</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Escolaridade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60 (32,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Ensino superior</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50 (26,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Especializa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">73 (39,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mestrado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sem companheiro</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">68 (36,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Com companheiro</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">118 (63,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Possui filhos </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o<break/>Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">71 (38,2)<break/>115 (61,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">N&#250;mero de filhos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0 - 2)&#8225;Mo1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Anos de experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (5 - 20)&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo na institui&#231;&#227;o (anos) </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (1 - 8)&#8224;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Setor de trabalho </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">UPA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">68 (36,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SAMU (UBS)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8 (4,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SAMU (USA)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (8,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">SAER</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (0,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PA </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">44 (23,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PS Hospital Infantil</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20 (10,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">PS Hospital Adulto</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30 (16,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Categoria profissional </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Auxiliar de enfermagem</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">48 (25,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Enfermeiro</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50 (26,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">M&#233;dico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (26,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">T&#233;cnico em enfermagem</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">39 (21,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Carga hor&#225;ria semanal (horas totais) </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40,8<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></sup> &#177; 17,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Turno de trabalho </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Manh&#227;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">42 (22,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tarde </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28 (15,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Noite</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">69 (37,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Outro &#167;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">47 (25,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tipo de v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Concurso p&#250;blico/Emprego p&#250;blico</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">93 (50,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">CLT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63 (33,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Emergencial</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (3,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Contrato seletivo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">23 (12,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Trabalha em outra institui&#231;&#227;o </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">102 (55,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">84(45,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Horas semanais em outra institui&#231;&#227;o </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34,0<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">*</xref></sup> &#177; 15,9</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>M&#233;dia; Mo - moda; &#177;Desvio padr&#227;o; &#8224;Mediana (P25 - P75); &#8225;M&#225;xima e m&#237;nima; &#167;11 casos de manh&#227;, tarde e noite (5,9%), dois casos de tarde e noite (1,1%), 13 casos de manh&#227; e tarde (7,0%), 19 casos de escala 12/36 sem turno definido (10,2%) e dois n&#227;o responderam (1,1%); UBS - Unidade B&#225;sica de Sa&#250;de; UPA - Unidade de Pronto Atendimento; SAMU - Servi&#231;o de Atendimento M&#243;vel de Urg&#234;ncia; SAER - Servi&#231;o Aeropolicial; PA- Pronto Atendimento; PS - Pronto-Socorro; USA - Unidade de Suporte Avan&#231;ado; CLT - Consolida&#231;&#227;o das Leis do Trabalho.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar os resultados da aplica&#231;&#227;o do PROQOL-5-BR.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>Professional Quality of Life Scale 5</italic> (N = 186), Regi&#227;o Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Subescalas</th>
                <th align="center">M&#233;dia</th>
                <th align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center">Baixa<break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Moderada<break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">Alta<break/>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Satisfa&#231;&#227;o por compaix&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">38,0</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (70,4)</td>
                <td align="center">54 (29,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome de <italic>burnout</italic></td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">133 (71,5)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (28,5)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Estresse Traum&#225;tico Secund&#225;rio </td>
                <td align="center">18,3</td>
                <td align="center">7,2</td>
                <td align="center">139 (74,7)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (25,3)</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Notas: - para dado num&#233;rico igual a zero, n&#227;o resultante de arredondamento.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>, observa-se a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a PROQOL-5-BR e as vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e laborais dos participantes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Associa&#231;&#245;es da <italic>Professional Quality of Life Scale 5</italic> com vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e laborais (N = 186), Regi&#227;o Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">SC</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">BO</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">ETS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Idade (anos) </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,204&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">- 0,321&#8225; </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Escolaridade </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,059</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,162<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,146<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">N&#250;mero de filhos </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,228&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,272&#8225;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Anos de experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,092</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,227&#8224;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo na institui&#231;&#227;o (anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,107</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,106</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,036</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Carga hor&#225;ria semanal (horas totais) </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,126</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">-0,061</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,016</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Horas semanais em outra institui&#231;&#227;o </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,104</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,103</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0,098</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>p&lt;0,05; &#8224; p&lt;0,01; &#8225;p&lt;0,001; SC - satisfa&#231;&#227;o por compaix&#227;o; BO - s&#237;ndrome de burnout; ETS - Estresse Traum&#225;tico Secund&#225;rio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Nota: coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O estudo identificou ainda que houve associa&#231;&#227;o positiva e estatisticamente significativa entre idade e n&#250;mero de filhos e os escores de SC, ou seja, quanto maior a idade e maior o n&#250;mero de filhos, maiores os n&#237;veis de satisfa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Neste sentido, tamb&#233;m houve associa&#231;&#245;es significativas relacionadas ao BO, ou seja, quanto maior a idade, maior o n&#250;mero de filhos e mais tempo de experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, menores os n&#237;veis de FC.</p>
        <p>Por &#250;ltimo, houve associa&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa entre o n&#237;vel de escolaridade dos participantes e os escores de ETS, ou seja, quanto maior a escolaridade, menores os n&#237;veis do fen&#244;meno.</p>
        <p>Os m&#233;dicos apresentam escores significativamente maiores da subescala de BO do que os demais profissionais (p&lt;0,001), conforme apresenta a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o e a subescala de <italic>burnout</italic> (N = 186). Regi&#227;o Oeste, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2023</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-78-02-e20230367-0367-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nas demais subescalas, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre as fun&#231;&#245;es (SC: p=0,306 e ETS: p=0,087).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>No contexto dos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia, os profissionais precisam atuar em equipe e sob press&#227;o em situa&#231;&#245;es diversas, entre elas aquelas que requerem r&#225;pida interven&#231;&#227;o, em um contexto transit&#243;rio de cuidados, por vezes permeado por situa&#231;&#245;es intensas e repetitivas pr&#243;prias (gravidade das patologias, imprevisibilidade das situa&#231;&#245;es, carga emocional e frequente viol&#234;ncia f&#237;sica e verbal); logo, espa&#231;os que favorecem o estresse e BO<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Estudos indiciam o setor de urg&#234;ncia de hospitais como cen&#225;rio prop&#237;cio para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as psicossom&#225;ticas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. As tens&#245;es f&#237;sicas e psicol&#243;gicas, aliadas &#224; grande demanda e elevada carga hor&#225;ria de trabalho, prejudicam a qualidade de vida, especialmente do enfermeiro na emerg&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. Contudo, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel tomar como tend&#234;ncia os elementos que desgastam a sa&#250;de dos trabalhadores. Diversos fatores da personalidade e suporte pessoal do trabalhador, al&#233;m de aspectos institucionais e viv&#234;ncias laborais, entre outros, interferem em como o trabalho enfrenta o estresse, as situa&#231;&#245;es traum&#225;ticas, a SC e a FC.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, evidenciou-se associa&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre idade e n&#250;mero de filhos e os escores de SC. Reflete-se que, potencialmente, a experi&#234;ncia de vida direciona a compreens&#227;o do trabalhador acerca do que pode ser mudado e que est&#225; dentro do seu alcance no contexto laboral, aspectos que se qualificam com a idade. Por sua vez, o contexto familiar com filhos direciona o trabalhador para outras demandas, o que potencialmente o &#8220;desliga&#8221; do trabalho. Pesquisa realizada nos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia de Portugal corrobora os achados, evidenciando que os participantes com maior idade apresentam melhores &#237;ndices de SC<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Outra pesquisa mostrou que enfermeiros com menos de cinco anos de experi&#234;ncia mostraram significativamente menor SC e maiores &#237;ndices de FC do que enfermeiros com dez ou mais anos de experi&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. Do mesmo modo, enfermeiros com mais de 20 anos de experi&#234;ncia tiveram maiores &#237;ndices de SC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos profissionais com seis meses a dois anos de servi&#231;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre idade, n&#250;mero de filhos e anos de experi&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m foi estatisticamente significativa com os escores de BO. Esta pesquisa corrobora esses achados, mostrando que a idade mais avan&#231;ada se correlacionou com pontua&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de BO e mais altas de SC<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. Outra investiga&#231;&#227;o mostrou que enfermeiros com mais de 20 anos de experi&#234;ncia apresentaram n&#237;veis mais baixos de BO em compara&#231;&#227;o aos menos experientes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. O conjunto dos achados permite refletir sobre a expectativa e axperi&#234;ncia acumuladas, que s&#227;o maiores e menores, respectivamente, entre os profissionais com menos tempo de servi&#231;o, o que pode ser modulador de condutas e do desgaste no trabalho.</p>
        <p>A idade e o tempo de experi&#234;ncia foram fatores relacionados ao aumento da SC e &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do BO. No que se refere &#224; FC, isso pode ser mais bem compreendido ao pensar acerca da compaix&#227;o, uma vez que trabalhadores mais experientes acumulam uma diversidade de experi&#234;ncia que permite distinguir melhor quais pacientes exigem um envolvimento maior, com potenciais desfechos positivos, e, ao mesmo tempo, bloquear aqueles que repercutir&#227;o em sofrimento extremo, a exemplo das situa&#231;&#245;es mais traum&#225;ticas. Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, revis&#227;o integrativa discutiu outros aspectos da resili&#234;ncia. O desenvolvimento dessa habilidade permite que profissionais consigam lidar melhor com o seu ambiente de trabalho. Esse fator de prote&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m est&#225; relacionado &#224; esperan&#231;a, ao otimismo e &#224; autoefic&#225;cia dos trabalhadores<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ETS, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o n&#237;vel de escolaridade e ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno. Desse modo, quanto maior a escolaridade, menores os &#237;ndices dessa subescala. O achado sugere que forma&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel superior d&#225; maior suporte para o trabalhador enfrentar as situa&#231;&#245;es traum&#225;ticas. Isso &#233; especialmente importante ao considerar que, no Brasil, h&#225; diferentes n&#237;veis formativos atuando nos diferentes contextos assistenciais, com alerta importante para os auxiliares e t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem. Em contrapartida, estudo evidenciou que o n&#237;vel acad&#234;mico foi estatisticamente associado ao BO e ETS. Isso significa que os participantes com mestrado/doutorado apresentavam graus m&#233;dios de BO, que foram 2,79 unidades mais altos do que os dos demais, e pontua&#231;&#245;es de ETS, que foram 3,14 unidades mais altas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Por meio da investiga&#231;&#227;o, foi poss&#237;vel identificar ainda que m&#233;dicos apresentaram escores significativamente maiores da subescala de BO em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais profissionais (p&lt;0,001). Nesse sentido, pesquisa com 15.243 m&#233;dicos atuantes nos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia da China mostrou um padr&#227;o moderado de exaust&#227;o emocional e despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m do elevado risco para baixa realiza&#231;&#227;o pessoal. Os dados mostraram ainda que 14,9% dos participantes apresentaram alto n&#237;vel de BO, sendo 46,8% com pontua&#231;&#227;o alta para exaust&#227;o emocional, 24%, com pontua&#231;&#227;o elevada para despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o, e 60,5%, com alto risco de baixa realiza&#231;&#227;o profissional<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>. A categoria m&#233;dica tamb&#233;m foi significativamente mais afetada pelo BO em compara&#231;&#227;o aos demais em estudo envolvendo 529 profissionais de hospitais franceses, onde quase um em cada dois m&#233;dicos do pronto-socorro teve BO (50,7%)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Diferente disso, estudo de meta-an&#225;lise, incluindo uma amostra total de 79.437 participantes, evidenciou que a preval&#234;ncia de BO (37,4%) foi maior entre enfermeiros durante a pandemia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Potencialmente, n&#227;o se deixar invadir por emo&#231;&#245;es ou envolver-se com o paciente, com manuten&#231;&#227;o do distanciamento, t&#237;pico dos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia, pode servir como prote&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC, mas n&#227;o necessariamente ao BO, como mostram outras investiga&#231;&#245;es<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Independentemente da categoria profissional, os servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia est&#227;o cada vez mais proporcionando terreno f&#233;rtil para a ocorr&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndromes e doen&#231;as ocupacionais, principalmente as relacionadas &#224; sa&#250;de mental desses trabalhadores<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>. Investiga&#231;&#227;o evidenciou &#237;ndices de 39% de ETS em profissionais atuantes na linha de frente. Al&#233;m disso, 43% dos participantes apresentaram depress&#227;o, inclusive de forma mais grave, j&#225; que 13% deles relataram automutila&#231;&#227;o ou idea&#231;&#227;o suicida<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Levando em considera&#231;&#227;o que os servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia se tipificam como espa&#231;os que exp&#245;em os trabalhadores a novas circunst&#226;ncias potenciais para ETS e BO, acredita-se que os elementos do contexto pesquisado ainda favorecem a SC, protegendo o trabalhador da FC. Reflete-se tamb&#233;m que o desfecho r&#225;pido dos casos na urg&#234;ncia, com encaminhamento do paciente para alta ou outros servi&#231;os, tamb&#233;m limita o tempo de conviv&#234;ncia com o usu&#225;rio, o que pode exigir menor compaix&#227;o daquele que cuida.</p>
        <p>Investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup> revela que a compaix&#227;o, compreendida como um fen&#244;meno humano e social, contribui para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da dor alheia, uma vez que prioriza o bem-estar do outro, favorecendo, assim, a conex&#227;o com a outra pessoa, por&#233;m traz consequ&#234;ncias, tanto positivas quanto negativas, para o profissional. Circunst&#226;ncias internas e externas do indiv&#237;duo, como estresse e afeto negativo, afetam a FC, enquanto afeto positivo e solidariedade influenciam de modo inverso a SC. Assim, ocorre uma oscila&#231;&#227;o entre FC e SC no trabalho em sa&#250;de, o qual pode ser percebido como essencial para o desenvolvimento humano<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O confronto dos achados com a literatura refor&#231;a que a sa&#250;de mental associada ao trabalho depende de diversos fatores, sendo uma rela&#231;&#227;o sempre complexa que requer acompanhamento das institui&#231;&#245;es e dos pesquisadores.</p>
        <p>Os achados fazem refletir sobre como o envolvimento emocional com o trabalho e compaix&#227;o com o paciente podem repercutir na perda progressiva da capacidade do profissional de sa&#250;de, resultando em FC, bem como o contr&#225;rio, pois a atua&#231;&#227;o em emerg&#234;ncia, por deixar pouco espa&#231;o para emo&#231;&#245;es, pode proteger os profissionais da FC. Assim, a necessidade de resposta r&#225;pida &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o do doente &#233; um aspecto desse contexto de trabalho que potencialmente repercute em SC.</p>
        <p>O estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es, potencialmente relacionadas ao seu car&#225;ter transversal e &#224; amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, o que n&#227;o permite generalizar resultados para outros contextos. Contudo, pode contribuir para avan&#231;ar com investiga&#231;&#245;es acerca da FC em profissionais de sa&#250;de, bem como trazer resultados para o campo da sa&#250;de do trabalhador, com indicativos dos trabalhadores mais vulner&#225;veis &#224; FC, BO e ETS.</p>
        <p>Os achados apontam para a necessidade de abordagens da FC, fen&#244;meno pouco abordado no Brasil, bem como a intensifica&#231;&#227;o de medidas preventivas ao estresse e BO, nos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia, para promover a qualidade de vida no trabalho e qualidade da assist&#234;ncia prestada nesses cen&#225;rios.</p>
        <p>As evid&#234;ncias sobre FC sinalizam para a necessidade de depositar esfor&#231;os, a fim de favorecer a melhoria do processo de trabalho no que tange ao enfrentamento e valoriza&#231;&#227;o das repercuss&#245;es do fen&#244;meno no processo de trabalho e at&#233; mesmo na dimens&#227;o pessoal dos enfermeiros e demais trabalhadores de sa&#250;de. Nessa perspectiva, a colabora&#231;&#227;o dos gestores &#233; fundamental nos diferentes cen&#225;rios da assist&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>. Estudos apresentam iniciativas de preven&#231;&#227;o e enfrentamento da FC, como a busca por estrat&#233;gias gerenciais que visem melhorias da qualidade de vida no trabalho, pr&#225;ticas de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada com os profissionais e fomento &#224; resili&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Cabe ressaltar tamb&#233;m que a compaix&#227;o &#233; afetada pelas viv&#234;ncias pessoais e caracter&#237;sticas do profissional, associada &#224; sua capacidade de altru&#237;smo e preocupa&#231;&#227;o emp&#225;tica com os demais. Assim, profissionais com essas caracter&#237;sticas mais acentuadas podem apresentar maior risco para o desenvolvimento da FC<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Sugere-se ainda um olhar atento aos trabalhadores jovens, com pouca experi&#234;ncia profissional e com menor escolaridade, com a implanta&#231;&#227;o de programas admissionais que os preparem para o enfrentamento das adversidades do contexto de trabalho, al&#233;m da oferta de suporte psicol&#243;gico para todos os trabalhadores. Gerencialmente, seria interessante considerar que as escalas reunissem os mais experientes com os menos experientes, com implica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas positivas para a assist&#234;ncia e para a sa&#250;de do trabalhador.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Por se tratar de estudo quantitativo, a compreens&#227;o do fen&#244;meno &#233; limitada. Nesse sentido, com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de respostas padronizadas, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel observar subjetividade, aspectos hist&#243;ricos e contextuais, al&#233;m das experi&#234;ncias reais dos participantes. Desse modo, as raz&#245;es por tr&#225;s dos resultados encontrados podem permanecer obscurecidas, necessitando de novos estudos complementares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para as &#225;reas da sa&#250;de, enfermagem, ou pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas</title>
          <p>O estudo oferece informa&#231;&#245;es para as &#225;reas da sa&#250;de, sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e sa&#250;de comunit&#225;ria, bem como para a enfermagem do trabalho. Por meio dele, foi poss&#237;vel analisar, de modo mais claro, a preval&#234;ncia e intensidade da FC entre os profissionais atuantes nos servi&#231;os de urg&#234;ncia e emerg&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disso, ao analisar os dados quantitativos, foi poss&#237;vel identificar fatores sociolaborais espec&#237;ficos que protegem ou agravam a ocorr&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno. Esses resultados podem ser utilizados para a formula&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de ocupacional, ou estrat&#233;gias gerenciais, que atendam &#224;s necessidades dos trabalhadores, promovam melhores condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho e, como consequ&#234;ncia, maior qualidade no atendimento prestado ao paciente. Ainda, o estudo pode ampliar a divulga&#231;&#227;o e sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; tem&#225;tica da FC, que ainda &#233; pouco investigada no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUS&#213;ES</title>
        <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o permitiu verificar que existem n&#237;veis moderados de SC e baixo de BO e ETS entre os participantes. Na amostra, vari&#225;veis como idade e n&#250;mero de filhos s&#227;o definidoras dos escores de SC e BO, sendo positivos para ambos, ou seja, favorecem a primeira e desfavorecem o segundo. Ainda, quanto maior o tempo de experi&#234;ncia profissional na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, menores os escores da subescala de BO, sendo que a categoria m&#233;dica mostrou escores significativamente maiores nessa subescala do que os demais profissionais.</p>
        <p>Por sua vez, o n&#237;vel de escolaridade mostrou-se como a vari&#225;vel preditiva para o ETS, sinalizando o perfil dos profissionais menos suscet&#237;veis &#224; FC no conjunto dos achados, o que &#233; fundamental para definir medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o dos fen&#244;menos que resultam no adoecimento do trabalhador.</p>
        <p>Conclui-se que caracter&#237;sticas do indiv&#237;duo (idade e possuir filhos) e laborais/forma&#231;&#227;o (tempo de experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de e n&#237;vel de escolaridade) refletem a exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; FC. A pesquisa mostra a import&#226;ncia da inser&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias gerenciais e institucionais promotoras de bem-estar no trabalho e de gerenciamento do estresse, considerando as caracter&#237;sticas do trabalhador. Assim, as a&#231;&#245;es precisam ser pensadas de modo individual e coletivo, com benef&#237;cios para quem cuida e para quem &#233; cuidado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>FOMENTO</label>
          <p>O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001 e Financiamento do Fundo de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa e Inova&#231;&#227;o do estado de Santa Catarina, FAPESCTR817/2023.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
