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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672025000100158</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mFcSK547TWzNzMT4Z6c8q3G</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672025000100171</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0148</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effect of active teaching strategies on interprofessional clinical judgment: a quasi-experiment</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Efecto de las estrategias de ense&#241;anza activa sobre el juicio cl&#237;nico interprofesional: cuasi-experimento</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9035-3074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Susi Cristalino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-9996-584X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Mikael Lucas Anjo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0195-4757</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magro</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Percio Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1608-618X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Tayse T&#226;mara da Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4566-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Cristina da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Bras&#237;lia</city>
          <state>Distrito Federal</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Bras&#237;lia. Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Bras&#237;lia</city>
          <state>Distrito Federal</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia. Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Federal de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Bras&#237;lia</city>
          <state>Distrito Federal</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Bras&#237;lia. Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Corresponding author:</label> Tayse T&#226;mara da Paix&#227;o Duarte, E-mail: <email>taysepaixao@unb.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR IN CHIEF:</label>
          <p>Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>ASSOCIATE EDITOR:</label>
          <p>Marcia Cubas</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>78</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240148</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>to assess the effect of active teaching strategies on clinical judgment for cardiopulmonary arrest care of patients with COVID-19 in in-hospital settings by an interprofessional team.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>quasi-experimental study without a comparison group. A total of 85 professionals were selected by non-probabilistic sampling. The educational intervention consisted of a class combined with skills training. The significance level was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>most professionals were categorized as &#8220;proficiency&#8221; on a clinical judgment scale (52.9%). The &#8220;exemplary&#8221; category accounted for 31.8% of the total. Only 2.4% of participants were categorized as &#8220;beginning&#8221; and 12.9% were &#8220;developing&#8221; post-intervention.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>an active strategy based on a dialogued lecture combined with skills training had a positive impact on clinical judgment improvement. Thus, participatory educational actions, based on an active teaching method, developed, in most nurses, the &#8220;proficiency&#8221; and &#8220;exemplary&#8221; levels, while, in the medical and physiotherapy team, the &#8220;exemplary&#8221; level predominated.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>evaluar el efecto de estrategias de ense&#241;anza activa sobre el juicio cl&#237;nico para el tratamiento de la parada cardiopulmonar en pacientes con COVID-19 en el &#225;mbito hospitalario por parte de un equipo interprofesional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudio cuasiexperimental, sin grupo de comparaci&#243;n. Se seleccionaron 85 profesionales mediante muestreo no probabil&#237;stico. La intervenci&#243;n educativa fue una clase combinada con entrenamiento de habilidades. El nivel de significancia fue del 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>la mayor&#237;a de los profesionales fueron categorizados como &#8220;competentes&#8221; en una escala de juicio cl&#237;nico (52,9%). La categor&#237;a &#8220;ejemplar&#8221; represent&#243; el 31,8% del total. S&#243;lo el 2,4% de los participantes fueron categorizados como &#8220;principiantes&#8221; y el 12,9%, &#8220;en desarrollo&#8221; despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusiones:</title>
          <p>la estrategia activa basada en la conferencia dialogada combinada con el entrenamiento de habilidades tuvo un impacto positivo en la mejora del juicio cl&#237;nico. As&#237;, las acciones educativas participativas, basadas en un m&#233;todo de ense&#241;anza activo, desarrollaron, en la mayor&#237;a de los enfermeros, los niveles &#8220;competencia&#8221; y &#8220;ejemplar&#8221;, mientras que, en el equipo m&#233;dico y de fisioterapia, predomin&#243; el nivel &#8220;ejemplar&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Clinical Reasoning</kwd>
        <kwd>Interprofessional Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Teaching</kwd>
        <kwd>Intensive Care Units</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Arrest.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Razonamiento Cl&#237;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Educaci&#243;n Interprofesional</kwd>
        <kwd>Ense&#241;anza</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Paro Card&#237;aco.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>In the context of a patient&#8217;s health, it is extremely important that nurses and the entire multidisciplinary team have good clinical reasoning, a condition that can make the difference between life and death for many patients. In intensive care, patients are even more vulnerable, with more significant complications and difficulties, such as cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>CPA is often the terminal event following the progression and decompensation of a wide variety of pathophysiological events. With advances in healthcare and improvements in pre-hospital and in-hospital care provision, the occurrence of increasing rates of return of spontaneous circulation after CPA has been evidenced<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. After cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the next challenge is to manage these patients appropriately, in order to not only prevent mortality but also preserve neurological and cognitive function<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>, making the need for clinical reasoning even more relevant<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Clinical judgment is influenced by each experience that professionals have had throughout their career. According to Tanner, each professional&#8217;s actions develop throughout four phases: noticing; interpreting; responding; and reflecting<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the noticing phase, observation and recognition of what differentiates the case of physiology and how professionals will seek their information are assessed. In the interpreting phase, priority is given to understanding what was assessed in the previous phase. The responding phase reflects the format of actions and whether communication was clear and the intervention well planned. And in the reflecting phase, aspects of self-assessment and commitment to improvement based on the experience of each scenario are considered<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Clinical judgment has been assessed using the Lasater Scale<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>, which is used to check whether reasoning is satisfactory. In this way, it is possible to assess and intervene in each professional for a significant change in their skills and, thus, verify in which area, considering the scale&#8217;s thinking, there is a need for improvement, especially when it comes to interprofessional education (IPE), a process in which two or more specialists learn together, learn from each other and learn about each other<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reports indicate that IPE is safe and effective for teaching basic skills and knowledge, and also improves communication among professional groups<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Therefore, IPE may ultimately lead to improved patient safety and outcomes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup> by considering clinical reasoning and judgment. Therefore, better understanding the responses and relationships of IPE to improve healthcare professionals&#8217; competencies may clarify gaps and better address uncertainties in patient care systematization in CPA with COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVES</title>
      <p>To assess the effect of active teaching strategies on clinical judgment for CPA care of patients with COVID-19 in intra-hospital settings by an interprofessional team.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>This project was submitted to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Participants expressed voluntary acceptance to participate in the study by signing the Informed Consent Form (ICF), in accordance with Resolution 466 of December 12, 2012 of the Brazilian National Health Council.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design, period and location</title>
        <p>This is a study with quasi-experimental design, without comparison group. The Transparent Reporting of Nonrandomized Designs (TREND)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>, through a checklist for reporting intervention assessment studies with non-randomized designs, made available by the EQUATOR network (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.equator-network.org/">https://www.equator-network.org/</ext-link>), was used in the planning and description of the present study.</p>
        <p>The educational intervention was carried out in a room of the Adult Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a tertiary teaching hospital in midwestern Brazil, consisting of a total of 19 beds, ten of which were General ICU beds and nine Coronary ICU beds, from December 2022 to January 2023.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population and inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>The population consisted of 106 healthcare professionals working in the ICU. The sample was non-probabilistic and intentional, consisting of 85 healthcare professionals (eight physicians, eight physiotherapists, 16 nurses, 46 nursing technicians and seven resident professionals, three from physiotherapy and four from medicine).</p>
        <p>Healthcare professionals of both sexes, aged 18 or over, working in direct care for patients admitted to the ICU were included. Professionals on leave or vacation and those working only in administrative and/or management roles were excluded.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Intervention</italic>
          </title>
          <p>The educational intervention was carried out in two stages: (1) expository class on CPA aimed at patients with COVID-19; and (2) skills training based on IPE, using a medium-fidelity patient simulator (Resusci Anne-Laerdal<sup>&#174;</sup>), on assistance in in-hospital CPA situations in critically ill patients with COVID-19 during the two-hour in-person period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Instruments and scales</italic>
          </title>
          <p>A demographic and professional identification questionnaire was used consisting of closed-ended questions regarding sex, profession, time passed since graduation, length working in the ICU, participation in a basic or advanced life support course, and a clinical judgment scale - Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric (LCJR) -, indicated to assess the teaching-learning process performance, developed by Lasater and adapted to Brazilian culture as Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric-Brazilian Version (LCJR-BV)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Clinical judgment was defined as a group of skills that comprises the synthesis of professionals&#8217; knowledge and previous experience for responsible decision-making<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>In the professional environment, the LCJR allows assessing nurses&#8217; performance in completing an educational activity and in self-assessment of strengths and weaknesses regarding competency in clinical judgment skills through reflective activity<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. It presents 11 dimensions, which comprise the behaviors, verbalizations or actions that represent clinical judgment skills, based on four aspects of the clinical judgment model, designated as: noticing; interpreting; responding; and reflecting<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>The noticing phase was characterized by focused observation assessment, i.e., when deviations from expected patterns were recognized and information was sought. The interpreting phase corresponded to data prioritization and understanding. The responding phase represented the reflection of dimensions directed towards calm and confident action, clear communication, well-planned intervention/flexibility and technical skill. The reflecting phase represented aspects related to assessment/self-analysis and commitment to improvement<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Data collection procedures</italic>
          </title>
          <p>Phase 1. Professionals&#8217; awareness was preceded by a meeting with the unit&#8217;s management team/leadership to present the study objectives and obtain authorization to begin data collection.</p>
          <p>Phase 2. Forwarding of educational material on basic and advanced life support<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup> for the preparation and leveling of the team of professionals 30 days in advance of the educational intervention. In this phase, the schedule with the activities that constituted the study was made available.</p>
          <p>Phase 3. After voluntary consent to participate in the study, professionals, before starting their shift, were taken to a reserved area of the ICU to complete a pre-training activity questionnaire for an estimated 10 minutes, under the supervision of the main researcher.</p>
          <p>Phase 4. As an educational intervention, a dialogued lecture was given combined with skills training in the private intensive care environment itself to increase professionals&#8217; adherence and reduce travel, which could have repercussions on patient care. The intervention lasted 60 minutes and was replicated for nine days to reach the majority of professionals.</p>
          <p>Multimedia was used in the class to project and share actions and a video demonstrating the correct dressing maneuver during care of patients with COVID-19, in addition to topics such as in-hospital chain of survival, basic life support (BLS), advanced life support (ALS), types of CPA, shockable and non-shockable rhythms, and care in CPA in COVID-19.</p>
          <p>For skills training, Resusci Anne-Laerdal<sup>&#174;</sup> mid-fidelity patient simulator was used, which allows CPR maneuvers, such as cardiac compression and airway ventilation<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>, bag-valve-mask device, and personal protective equipment. In skills training, maneuvers for opening and managing the airway, cardiac compression maneuvers, and CPR itself were demonstrated in accordance with the American Heart Association (AHA) (2020) guidelines<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Phase 5. A clinical judgment scale was applied for approximately 15 minutes after training on CPA directed at patients with COVID-19, under the supervision of the main researcher, to avoid consultation and access to scientific sources on the web, which could mask the results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Analysis of results, and statistics</italic>
          </title>
          <p>Descriptive analysis was performed by calculating absolute and relative percentage frequencies. Continuous variables were described using mean, median, standard deviation, and interquartile range. The hypothesis of independence among categorical variables was tested using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test. The hypothesis of adherence of continuous variables to a normal distribution was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test; as this was not confirmed in any case, the hypothesis of equality of medians was tested between three or more independent groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. All analyses were performed using R Core Team 2023 (Version 4.2.3), and the significance level adopted was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>Eighty-five healthcare professionals participated in the study, predominantly female (55; 64.7%). Nursing technicians (46; 54.1%) constituted more than half of the team, whereas nurses (16; 18.8%), physicians and physiotherapists, 9.4% each. We found that 8.2% of professionals worked as residents. Most professionals self-reported having graduated from a private institution (60%). <italic>Lato sensu</italic> graduate studies were declared by 52.9% of professionals, and <italic>stricto sensu</italic>, by 8.3%. Participation in BLS and ALS courses was reported, respectively, by professionals (82.8% vs. 34.4%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characterization of healthcare professionals working in the Intensive Care Unit, Bras&#237;lia, Federal District, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="top">Variables </th>
              <th align="center">n</th>
              <th align="center">%</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sex</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Female</td>
              <td align="center">55</td>
              <td align="center">64.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Male</td>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="center">35.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Profession</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nursing technician</td>
              <td align="center">46</td>
              <td align="center">54.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Nurse</td>
              <td align="center">16</td>
              <td align="center">18.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Physiotherapy</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Physician</td>
              <td align="center">8</td>
              <td align="center">9.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Resident</td>
              <td align="center">7</td>
              <td align="center">8.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Technician with degree</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Yes </td>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="center">54.3</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">No </td>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="center">45.7</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Training institution </td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Public</td>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="center">40.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Private</td>
              <td align="center">51</td>
              <td align="center">60.0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Level of education</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Vocational training</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">25.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Undergraduate degree</td>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="center">12.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Specialization lato sensu</td>
              <td align="center">45</td>
              <td align="center">52.9</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Master&#8217;s degree stricto sensu</td>
              <td align="center">6</td>
              <td align="center">7.1</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Doctoral degree stricto sensu</td>
              <td align="center">1</td>
              <td align="center">1.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Time</td>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Time since graduation (years)</td>
              <td align="center">12,4</td>
              <td align="center">6.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Length working in the Intensive Care Unit (months)</td>
              <td align="center">91,8</td>
              <td align="center">66.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Background of participation in BLS course</td>
              <td align="center">53</td>
              <td align="center">82.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top">History of participation in ALS course</td>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="center">34.4</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>
              <italic>n - absolute frequency; % - relative percentage frequency; BLS - basic life support; ALS - advanced life support.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>The first skill, noticing, of a clinical judgment scale showed a mean score of 9.4, with a standard deviation of 1.9, which indicates that most professionals obtained a high score and close to the mean. In the second skill assessed, interpreting, the mean score for this skill was 6.3, with a standard deviation of 1.3, which indicates that most professionals had a score below the mean. The third skill assessed was responding, with a mean score of 12.7 and a standard deviation of 2.6, indicating that most professionals had a score close to the mean. The reflecting skill showed a median of 6, with an interquartile range of 6 to 7, which suggests that the distribution of results was relatively symmetric.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the overall measure of the clinical judgment scale showed the combination of the four skills assessed with an average score of 34.8, suggesting, in all domains, relatively similar results. When comparing the difference between professions, it was not possible to identify significant differences in any dimension or in the complete clinical judgment scale (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Assessment of professionals from different health areas in four domains, such as noticing, interpreting, responding and reflecting (clinical judgment scale), after intervention, Bras&#237;lia, Federal District, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2"/>
              <th align="center" colspan="7">Profession</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Total</th>
              <th align="center">NT</th>
              <th align="center">NUR</th>
              <th align="center">PHY</th>
              <th align="center">PHYS</th>
              <th align="center">RES</th>
              <th align="center"><italic>p</italic> value</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Noticing</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">9.4 (1.9)</td>
              <td align="center">9.2 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">10 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 (1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">9.9 (1.9)</td>
              <td align="center">7.7 (2.4)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.060</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median [IIQ]</td>
              <td align="center">9 [9-11]</td>
              <td align="center">9 [8-11]</td>
              <td align="center">10 [9-11.5]</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 [9.5-11.5]</td>
              <td align="center">10.5 [9-11]</td>
              <td align="center">9 [7-9]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Interpreting</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 (1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6.2 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 (1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 (0.9)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">5.4 (1.4)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.343</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median [IIQ]</td>
              <td align="center">6 [6-7]</td>
              <td align="center">6 [6-8]</td>
              <td align="center">6 [6-7]</td>
              <td align="center">6 [6-7]</td>
              <td align="center">7 [6-8]</td>
              <td align="center">6 [4-6.5]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Responding</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">12.7 (2.6)</td>
              <td align="center">12.5 (2.6)</td>
              <td align="center">13 (2.5)</td>
              <td align="center">14.4 (1.8)</td>
              <td align="center">14 (1.9)</td>
              <td align="center">10.1 (3)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.051</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median [IIQ]</td>
              <td align="center">12 [12-15]</td>
              <td align="center">12 [11-14]</td>
              <td align="center">12.5 [12-15.5]</td>
              <td align="center">15 [12.5-16]</td>
              <td align="center">14 [12-16]</td>
              <td align="center">12 [7.5-12.5]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Reflecting</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 (1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">6.3 (1.2)</td>
              <td align="center">6.7 (1.1)</td>
              <td align="center">6.4 (1.3)</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 (0.9)</td>
              <td align="center">6.1 (1.5)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.896</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median [IIQ]</td>
              <td align="center">6 [6-7]</td>
              <td align="center">6 [6-8]</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 [6-8]</td>
              <td align="center">6 [6-7.5]</td>
              <td align="center">6.5 [6-7]</td>
              <td align="center">7 [5-7]</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Clinical judgment scale</td>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
              <td align="center"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Mean (SD)</td>
              <td align="center">34.8 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">34.2 (6.3)</td>
              <td align="center">36.1 (6)</td>
              <td align="center">37.8 (4.3)</td>
              <td align="center">37.4 (5.3)</td>
              <td align="center">29.4 (7.8)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.199</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median [IIQ]</td>
              <td align="center">34 [33-39]</td>
              <td align="center">33.5 [30-38]</td>
              <td align="center">36 [33-41]</td>
              <td align="center">37 [34-41.5]</td>
              <td align="center">38 [33-42]</td>
              <td align="center">34 [22.5-35.5]</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>NT - nursing technician; NUR - nurse; PHY - physiotherapist; PHYS - physician; RES - resident; SD - standard deviation; IIQ - interquartile range; Kruskal-Wallis test.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In the clinical judgment scale results, categorized by performance skill levels &#8220;beginning&#8221;, &#8220;developing&#8221;, &#8220;proficiency&#8221; and &#8220;exemplary&#8221;, we identified that most participants were categorized as &#8220;proficiency&#8221;, accounting for 52.9% of the total. The &#8220;exemplary&#8221; category accounted for 31.8% of the total. Only 2.4% of participants were categorized as &#8220;beginning&#8221;, and 12.9%, as &#8220;developing&#8221;.</p>
      <p>Nurses were equally divided between proficiency and exemplary (43.8%). Physicians and physiotherapists stood out in the &#8220;exemplary&#8221; category (50% in both cases). No participants were identified in the &#8220;beginning&#8221; category among nurses and physiotherapists and no participants in the &#8220;exemplary&#8221; category among resident professionals. Hence, p-value suggests that there are no statistically significant differences among the clinical judgment scale categories in relation to the different professions included in the study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Categorization of professionals by performance skill levels, such as &#8220;beginning&#8221;, &#8220;developing&#8221;, &#8220;proficiency&#8221; and &#8220;exemplary&#8221;, post-intervention, Bras&#237;lia, Federal District, Brazil, 2023</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="2">Clinical judgment scale</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="6" valign="top">Profession</th>
              <th align="center" rowspan="2"><italic>p</italic> value</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Total<break/>n (%)</th>
              <th align="center">NT</th>
              <th align="center">NUR</th>
              <th align="center">PHY</th>
              <th align="center">PHYS</th>
              <th align="center">RES</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Beginning</td>
              <td align="center">2 (2.4)</td>
              <td align="center">1 (2.2)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">1(14.3)</td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.284</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Developing</td>
              <td align="center">11 (12.9)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (15.2)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (12.5)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Proficiency</td>
              <td align="center">45 (52.9)</td>
              <td align="center">26 (56.5)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (43.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (57.1)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Exemplary</td>
              <td align="center">27 (31.8)</td>
              <td align="center">12 (26.1)</td>
              <td align="center">7 (43.8)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
              <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>NT - nursing technician; NUR - nurse; PHY - physiotherapist; PHYS - physician; RES - resident; n - absolute frequency; % - relative percentage frequency; Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The results showed that active educational interventions favor clinical judgment improvement and better performance of professional skills, although no significant difference in skills was found among professional categories based on the clinical judgment scale. The &#8220;noticing&#8221; skill aimed at in-hospital CPA of patients with COVID-19 was found to be similar among nursing professionals (nurse and nursing technician), physiotherapists, and physicians. The &#8220;responding&#8221; skill in CPA situations showed divergence, since physiotherapists and physicians obtained a slightly better response compared to nurses. In the general context, the clinical judgment scale showed that all professional categories tended to have lower performance in the ability to interpret and reflect. Proficiency and exemplary professionals were predominant in the category of nurses, and the exemplary professional category was more frequent in the team of physiotherapists and physicians, which reveals, overall, the team&#8217;s professional competency, given prolonged time of training and work in the ICU and history of participation in BLS and ALS courses.</p>
      <p>Clinical judgment is imperative for emergency responders caring for acutely ill patients. Without optimal clinical judgment in emergency situations, patients are at risk for medical errors and failed resuscitation<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>. In the ICU, consistent supervision, through monitoring devices, and timely intervention are crucial for managing the various clinical conditions among patients, with experience and training time being differential factors that contribute to faster and more assertive decision-making<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>, as evidenced by the professionals in the present study, who reported a long period of experience and academic training, which culminated in proficiency and exemplary professional performance of skills.</p>
      <p>Recent study indicates that only 23% of new nursing graduates are competent with basic clinical judgment skills<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. In the current investigation, nurses were equally distributed between proficiency and exemplary, but this result was still different from that presented by physiotherapists and physicians, who stood out mainly as &#8220;exemplary&#8221;, according to the clinical judgment scale<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Following this premise, one of the recommendations highlighted in the Carnegie Foundation report refers to the need to contextualize new knowledge in practice settings and include experiential learning environments in the curricula to better develop skills<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. Thus, expository classes, followed by skills training, as an educational strategy, can be promising for achieving better consolidation and anchoring of scientific knowledge.</p>
      <p>Competency-based education is increasingly encouraged in healthcare, as described by Giddens <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>, in order to better prepare students. It has proven imperative for training programs to create deliberate learning experiences that are capable of qualifying graduates for an ever-changing healthcare scenario<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>, such as CPA care guidelines.</p>
      <p>The <italic>Conselho Nacional dos Conselhos Estaduais de Enfermagem</italic> (NCSBN, Brazilian National Council of State Boards of Nursing) conducted a practical analysis that highlighted healthcare settings as increasingly complex and, therefore, the need for informed clinical judgment and decision-making skills has gained scientific evidence<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nurses work in teams with other healthcare professionals, which increasingly places value on IPE. IPE educators use a collaborative practice framework that outlines competencies for healthcare professionals working in teams<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. Thus, a strategy such as expository classes combined with skills training has proven to be a valuable alternative for the growth and consolidation of knowledge of different professionals, as carried out in the present investigation.</p>
      <p>The lack of professional experience and the inability to relate the theory studied to interpretation in clinical practice represent a major obstacle in the construction of professionals&#8217; clinical reasoning, which highlights the need for more time to develop correlation and professional training, in addition to more attention and guidance from those who have already been in the area and employed for longer<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>, considering that skills such as interpreting and reflecting on situations experienced in practice in our study can be further improved through educational training strategies.</p>
      <p>Dynamic training strategies, such as the activity carried out in the present study, entitled &#8220;lecture combined with skills training&#8221;, can favor the achievement of different levels of learning and encourage the learning of critical reasoning skills, decision-making, clinical interpretation, in addition to teamwork<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hence, balancing the different levels of knowledge to meet the requirements of today&#8217;s society must be encouraged to achieve an expectation of academic and professional autonomy and freedom. Therefore, the proposition of dynamic and interactive strategies, such as the educational intervention carried out, can promote greater interprofessional team interaction and collaboration<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The limitations of this study include the fact that it was developed at a single center, which limits the possibility of generalizing the results, as well as the small sample size. It does not have randomization and a control group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to health, nursing and public policies</title>
        <p>Findings about nurses&#8217; and healthcare professionals&#8217; clinical judgment based on physiological signs of patients undergoing CPA may contribute to directing the development of collaborative strategies aimed at supporting the earlier identification of indicators of clinical worsening of patients and patient safety in a systematic manner. Educational intervention studies may be timely and crucial for improving clinical judgment and effective management of patients&#8217; clinical conditions by a interprofessional team.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
      <p>An active strategy based on a dialogued lecture combined with skills training proved to be promising and had a positive impact on improving clinical judgment, even in an experienced interprofessional team. Thus, participatory educational actions, based on an active teaching method, developed, in most nurses, the &#8220;proficiency&#8221; and &#8220;exemplary&#8221; levels, whereas, in the medical and physiotherapy team, the &#8220;exemplary&#8221; level predominated in care for critically ill patients with COVID-19 in CPA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0148pt</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito de estrat&#233;gias ativas de ensino no julgamento cl&#237;nico interprofissional: quase-experimento</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9035-3074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Susi Cristalino</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-9996-584X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pires</surname>
            <given-names>Mikael Lucas Anjo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0195-4757</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magro</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Percio Mota</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1608-618X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Duarte</surname>
            <given-names>Tayse T&#226;mara da Paix&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4566-3217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia Cristina da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>contribu&#237;ram com a revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">II</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio de Bras&#237;lia. Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia. Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Federal de Bras&#237;lia. Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Autor Correspondente:</label> Tayse T&#226;mara da Paix&#227;o Duarte, E-mail: <email>taysepaixao@unb.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR CHEFE:</label>
          <p> Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR ASSOCIADO:</label>
          <p>Marcia Cubas</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>avaliar o efeito de estrat&#233;gias ativas de ensino no julgamento cl&#237;nico para atendimento da parada cardiopulmonar de pacientes com COVID-19 no cen&#225;rio intra-hospitalar por uma equipe interprofissional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudo quase-experimental, sem grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o. Foram selecionados por amostragem n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica 85 profissionais. A interven&#231;&#227;o educativa foi uma aula combinada ao treino de habilidades. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>a maioria dos profissionais foi categorizada como &#8220;proficiente&#8221; em escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico (52,9%). A categoria &#8220;exemplar&#8221; representou 31,8% do total. Somente 2,4% dos participantes foram categorizados como &#8220;iniciante&#8221;, e 12,9%, &#8220;em desenvolvimento&#8221; p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>estrat&#233;gia ativa baseada em aula expositiva dialogada combinada ao treino de habilidades impactou positivamente o aperfei&#231;oamento do julgamento cl&#237;nico. Assim, a&#231;&#245;es educativas participativas, a partir de m&#233;todo ativo de ensino, desenvolveram, na maioria dos enfermeiros, os n&#237;veis &#8220;profici&#234;ncia&#8221; e &#8220;exemplar&#8221;, enquanto que, na equipe m&#233;dica e de fisioterapia, predominou o n&#237;vel &#8220;exemplar&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Julgamento Cl&#237;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o Interprofissional</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensino</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Parada Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>No &#226;mbito da sa&#250;de de um paciente, &#233; extremamente importante que o enfermeiro e toda a equipe multiprofissional tenham um bom racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico, condi&#231;&#227;o que pode impactar a diferen&#231;a entre a vida e a morte de muitos pacientes. Em cuidados intensivos, a vulnerabilidade dos pacientes &#233; ainda maior, com complica&#231;&#245;es e dificuldades mais significativas, como a parada cardiopulmonar (PCP)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A PCP &#233; frequentemente o evento terminal ap&#243;s a progress&#227;o e descompensa&#231;&#227;o de uma ampla variedade de eventos fisiopatol&#243;gicos. Com os avan&#231;os na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de e melhorias na presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados pr&#233;-hospitalares e intra-hospitalares, a ocorr&#234;ncia de taxas crescentes de retorno da circula&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea ap&#243;s a PCP tem sido evidenciada<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Ap&#243;s a reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP), o pr&#243;ximo desafio &#233; gerir esses pacientes de forma adequada, de modo a n&#227;o s&#243; prevenir a mortalidade, mas tamb&#233;m preservar a fun&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica e cognitiva<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>, sendo, portanto, a necessidade do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico ainda mais relevante<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O julgamento cl&#237;nico &#233; influenciado por cada experi&#234;ncia que o profissional vivenciou ao longo de sua carreira. De acordo com Tanner, as a&#231;&#245;es de cada profissional se desenvolvem ao longo de quatro fases: reconhecimento (<italic>noticing</italic>); interpreta&#231;&#227;o (<italic>interpreting</italic>); resposta (<italic>responding</italic>); e reflex&#227;o (<italic>reflecting</italic>)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Na fase de reconhecimento, avaliam-se a observa&#231;&#227;o e o reconhecimento daquilo que diferencia o caso da fisiologia e como o profissional buscar&#225; suas informa&#231;&#245;es. Na fase de interpreta&#231;&#227;o, prioriza-se a compreens&#227;o sobre o que foi avaliado na fase anterior. A fase de resposta reflete o formato das atua&#231;&#245;es e se a comunica&#231;&#227;o foi clara e a interven&#231;&#227;o bem planejada. E na fase de reflex&#227;o, s&#227;o considerados aspectos da autoavalia&#231;&#227;o e comprometimento com a melhoria a partir da viv&#234;ncia de cada cen&#225;rio<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O julgamento cl&#237;nico tem sido avaliado a partir da Escala de Lasater<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>, utilizada para verificar se o racioc&#237;nio est&#225; sendo satisfat&#243;rio. Dessa forma, &#233; poss&#237;vel avaliar e intervir em cada profissional para uma mudan&#231;a significativa de suas habilidades e, assim, verificar em qual &#226;mbito, diante do pensamento da escala, est&#225; precisando melhorar, especialmente quando se trata da educa&#231;&#227;o interprofissional (EIP), processo no qual dois ou mais especialistas aprendem juntos, aprendem uns com os outros e aprendem uns sobre os outros<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Relat&#243;rios indicam que a EIP &#233; segura e eficaz para o ensino de habilidades e conhecimentos b&#225;sicos, e tamb&#233;m melhora a comunica&#231;&#227;o entre grupos profissionais<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Logo, a EIP pode, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, levar a uma melhor seguran&#231;a e resultados do paciente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>, considerando o racioc&#237;nio e julgamento cl&#237;nicos. Ent&#227;o, compreender melhor as respostas e rela&#231;&#245;es da EIP para aperfei&#231;oamento das compet&#234;ncias de profissionais de sa&#250;de pode esclarecer lacunas e direcionar melhor as incertezas na sistematiza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia ao paciente em PCP com COVID-19.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVOS</title>
        <p>Avaliar o efeito de estrat&#233;gias ativas de ensino no julgamento cl&#237;nico para atendimento da PCP de pacientes com COVID-19 no cen&#225;rio intra-hospitalar por uma equipe interprofissional.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Este projeto foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa. Os participantes expressaram aceite volunt&#225;rio para participar do estudo por meio de assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), conforme Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466, de 12 de dezembro de 2012, do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho, per&#237;odo e local do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo com delineamento quase-experimental, sem grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o. A instru&#231;&#227;o <italic>Transparent Reporting of Nonrandomized Designs</italic> (TREND)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>, atrav&#233;s de um <italic>checklist</italic> para o relato de estudos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es com desenhos n&#227;o randomizados, disponibilizada pela rede EQUATOR (<italic><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.equator-network.org/">https://www.equator-network.org/</ext-link></italic>), foi utilizada no planejamento e descri&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo.</p>
          <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o educativa foi realizada em um quarto da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) Adulto de um hospital terci&#225;rio de ensino da regi&#227;o Centro-Oeste do Brasil, constitu&#237;da de um total de 19 leitos, sendo dez leitos de UTI Geral e nove leitos de UTI Coronariana, durante o per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2022 a janeiro de 2023.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o e crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o foi constitu&#237;da de 106 profissionais de sa&#250;de atuantes na UTI. A amostra foi n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica e intencional, constitu&#237;da de 85 profissionais de sa&#250;de (oito m&#233;dicos, oito fisioterapeutas, 16 enfermeiros, 46 t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem e sete profissionais residentes, sendo tr&#234;s da fisioterapia e quatro da medicina).</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos profissionais de sa&#250;de de ambos os sexos, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, atuantes na assist&#234;ncia direta aos pacientes internados na UTI. Foram exclu&#237;dos profissionais em per&#237;odo de licen&#231;a ou f&#233;rias e com exerc&#237;cio profissional somente em fun&#231;&#245;es administrativas e/ou de ger&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <sec>
            <title>
              <italic>Interven&#231;&#227;o</italic>
            </title>
            <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o educativa foi realizada em duas etapas: (1) aula expositiva sobre o tema PCP direcionada ao paciente com COVID-19; e (2) treino de habilidades baseado na EIP, com uso de um simulador de paciente de m&#233;dia fidelidade (<italic>Resusci Anne-Laerdal</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>), sobre assist&#234;ncia em situa&#231;&#227;o de PCP intra-hospitalar em pacientes cr&#237;ticos com COVID-19 durante o per&#237;odo de duas horas presenciais.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>
              <italic>Instrumentos e escalas</italic>
            </title>
            <p>Foram utilizados question&#225;rio de identifica&#231;&#227;o demogr&#225;fica e profissional, constitu&#237;do de quest&#245;es fechadas referentes ao sexo, profiss&#227;o, tempo de forma&#231;&#227;o, tempo de experi&#234;ncia em UTI, participa&#231;&#227;o em curso de suporte b&#225;sico ou avan&#231;ado de vida, e uma escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico - <italic>Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric</italic> (LCJR) -, indicada para avaliar o desempenho do processo de ensino-aprendizagem, desenvolvida por Lasater e adaptada &#224; cultura brasileira como <italic>Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric-Brazilian Version</italic> (LCJR-BV)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
            <p>O julgamento cl&#237;nico foi definido como grupo de habilidades que compreende a s&#237;ntese do conhecimento e da experi&#234;ncia pregressa do profissional para a tomada de decis&#227;o respons&#225;vel<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
            <p>No ambiente profissional, a LCJR permite avaliar o desempenho dos enfermeiros na finaliza&#231;&#227;o de uma atividade educacional e na autoavalia&#231;&#227;o de pontos fortes e fracos quanto &#224; compet&#234;ncia na habilidade de julgamento cl&#237;nico atrav&#233;s da atividade reflexiva<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. Apresenta 11 dimens&#245;es, que compreendem os comportamentos, verbaliza&#231;&#245;es ou a&#231;&#245;es que representam habilidades de julgamento cl&#237;nico, fundamentada em quatro aspectos do modelo de julgamento cl&#237;nico, designado como: reconhecimento (<italic>noticing</italic>); interpreta&#231;&#227;o (<italic>interpreting</italic>); resposta (<italic>responding</italic>); e reflex&#227;o (<italic>reflecting</italic>)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
            <p>A fase de reconhecimento se caracterizou pela avalia&#231;&#227;o da observa&#231;&#227;o focada, ou seja, quando ocorreram o reconhecimento de desvios dos padr&#245;es esperados e a busca por informa&#231;&#245;es. A fase de interpreta&#231;&#227;o correspondeu &#224; prioriza&#231;&#227;o e compreens&#227;o dos dados. A fase de resposta representou a reflex&#227;o das dimens&#245;es direcionadas para atua&#231;&#227;o calma e confiante, comunica&#231;&#227;o clara, interven&#231;&#227;o bem planejada/flexibilidade e habilidade t&#233;cnica. A fase de reflex&#227;o representou os aspectos relacionados &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o/autoan&#225;lise e o comprometimento com o aperfei&#231;oamento<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>
              <italic>Procedimentos de coleta de dados</italic>
            </title>
            <p>Fase 1. Sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais foi antecedida pela reuni&#227;o com a chefia/equipe de gest&#227;o da unidade para apresenta&#231;&#227;o dos objetivos do estudo e obten&#231;&#227;o da autoriza&#231;&#227;o para o in&#237;cio da coleta de dados.</p>
            <p>Fase 2. Encaminhamento de material did&#225;tico sobre suporte b&#225;sico e avan&#231;ado de vida<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>, para prepara&#231;&#227;o e nivelamento da equipe de profissionais, com anteced&#234;ncia de 30 dias da interven&#231;&#227;o educativa. Nessa fase, foi disponibilizado o cronograma com a programa&#231;&#227;o das atividades que constitu&#237;ram o estudo.</p>
            <p>Fase 3. Ap&#243;s consentimento volunt&#225;rio para participa&#231;&#227;o do estudo, os profissionais, antes de iniciar o plant&#227;o, foram conduzidos ao ambiente reservado da UTI para preenchimento do question&#225;rio pr&#233;-atividade de capacita&#231;&#227;o durante estimadamente 10 minutos, sob supervis&#227;o da pesquisadora principal.</p>
            <p>Fase 4. Como interven&#231;&#227;o educativa, ministrou-se aula expositiva dialogada combinada a treino de habilidades no pr&#243;prio ambiente privativo de terapia intensiva para maior ader&#234;ncia dos profissionais e redu&#231;&#227;o de deslocamentos com poss&#237;veis repercuss&#245;es &#224; assist&#234;ncia aos pacientes. A interven&#231;&#227;o teve dura&#231;&#227;o de 60 minutos, e foi replicada por nove dias para alcan&#231;ar a maioria dos profissionais.</p>
            <p>Foram usados para aula o multim&#237;dia para proje&#231;&#227;o e compartilhamento de a&#231;&#245;es e um v&#237;deo demonstrativo da manobra de paramenta&#231;&#227;o correta durante cuidado do paciente com COVID-19, al&#233;m de ter sido abordados os t&#243;picos sobre cadeia de sobreviv&#234;ncia intra-hospitalar, suporte b&#225;sico de vida (SBV), suporte avan&#231;ado de vida (SAV), tipos de PCP, ritmos choc&#225;veis e n&#227;o choc&#225;veis, cuidados na PCP na COVID-19.</p>
            <p>Para o treino de habilidades, foi usado simulador de paciente de m&#233;dia fidelidade modelo <italic>Resusci Anne-Laerdal</italic><sup>&#174;</sup>, que permite manobras de RCP, como compress&#227;o card&#237;aca e ventila&#231;&#227;o de vias a&#233;reas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>, dispositivo bolsa-v&#225;lvula-m&#225;scara, equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o individual. No treinamento de habilidades, foram demonstradas manobras para abertura e manejo da via a&#233;rea, manobras de compress&#227;o card&#237;aca e a pr&#243;pria RCP obedecendo &#224;s diretrizes da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> (AHA) (2020)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
            <p>Fase 5. Aplica&#231;&#227;o da escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico ocorreu durante aproximadamente 15 minutos p&#243;s-capacita&#231;&#227;o sobre PCP direcionada ao paciente com COVID-19, sob a supervis&#227;o da pesquisadora principal, para evitar consulta e acesso a <italic>web</italic> de fontes cient&#237;ficas, o que pudesse mascarar os resultados.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>
              <italic>An&#225;lise dos resultados e estat&#237;stica</italic>
            </title>
            <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise descritiva por meio de c&#225;lculo de frequ&#234;ncia absoluta e relativa percentual. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas por meio de m&#233;dia, mediana, desvio padr&#227;o e intervalo interquartil. A hip&#243;tese de independ&#234;ncia entre vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi testada por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. A hip&#243;tese de ader&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi testada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk; como esta n&#227;o foi confirmada em nenhum caso, a hip&#243;tese de igualdade de medianas foi testada entre tr&#234;s ou mais grupos independentes por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> R Core Team 2023 (Vers&#227;o 4.2.3), e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5%.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Participaram do estudo 85 profissionais de sa&#250;de, predominantemente do sexo feminino (55; 64,7%). Os t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem (46; 54,1%) constitu&#237;ram mais da metade da equipe, enquanto que os enfermeiros (16; 18,8%), m&#233;dicos e fisioterapeutas, 9,4% cada. Constatamos que 8,2% dos profissionais ocupavam a fun&#231;&#227;o de residente. A maioria dos profissionais autorreferiu forma&#231;&#227;o em institui&#231;&#227;o privada (60%). A p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o <italic>lato sensu</italic> foi declarada por 52,9% dos profissionais, e <italic>stricto sensu</italic>, por 8,3%. A participa&#231;&#227;o em curso de SBV e de SAV foi informada, respectivamente, pelos profissionais (82,8% vs. 34,4%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de sa&#250;de atuantes na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Vari&#225;veis </th>
                <th align="center">n</th>
                <th align="center">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Feminino </td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">64,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Masculino </td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">35,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Profiss&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">T&#233;cnico de enfermagem </td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">54,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Enfermeiro </td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">18,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Fisioterapia </td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">M&#233;dico </td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">9,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Residente </td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">8,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">T&#233;cnico com gradua&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sim </td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">54,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">N&#227;o </td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">45,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Forma&#231;&#227;o de institui&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">P&#250;blica </td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">40,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Privada </td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#237;vel de escolaridade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">T&#233;cnico </td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">25,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Gradua&#231;&#227;o </td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">12,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Especializa&#231;&#227;o lato sensu</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">52,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Mestrado stricto sensu</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Doutorado stricto sensu</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Tempo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
                <td align="center" valign="bottom"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo de formado (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">12,4</td>
                <td align="center">6,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Tempo de Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (meses)</td>
                <td align="center">91,8</td>
                <td align="center">66,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Antecedente de participa&#231;&#227;o em curso de SBV</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">82,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Antecedente de participa&#231;&#227;o em curso de SAV</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">34,4</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>
                <italic>n - frequ&#234;ncia absoluta; % - frequ&#234;ncia relativa percentual; SBV - suporte b&#225;sico de vida; SAV - suporte avan&#231;ado de vida.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A primeira habilidade sobre reconhecimento da escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico mostrou m&#233;dia de pontua&#231;&#227;o de 9,4, com um desvio padr&#227;o de 1,9, o que indica que a maioria dos profissionais obteve uma pontua&#231;&#227;o alta e pr&#243;xima &#224; m&#233;dia. Na segunda habilidade avaliada, interpreta&#231;&#227;o, a m&#233;dia de pontua&#231;&#227;o para essa habilidade foi de 6,3, com um desvio padr&#227;o de 1,3, o que indica que a maioria dos profissionais teve uma pontua&#231;&#227;o abaixo da m&#233;dia. A terceira habilidade avaliada foi a resposta, com a m&#233;dia de pontua&#231;&#227;o de 12,7 e desvio padr&#227;o de 2,6, indicando uma maioria de profissionais com pontua&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima &#224; m&#233;dia. A habilidade de reflex&#227;o evidenciou uma mediana de 6, com um intervalo interquartil de 6 a 7, o que sugere que a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados foi relativamente sim&#233;trica.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da medida geral da escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico mostrou a combina&#231;&#227;o das quatro habilidades avaliadas com m&#233;dia de pontua&#231;&#227;o de 34,8, sugerindo, em todos os dom&#237;nios, resultados relativamente sim&#233;tricos. Ao comparar a diferen&#231;a entre as profiss&#245;es, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar diferen&#231;as significativas em nenhuma dimens&#227;o ou na escala completa de julgamento cl&#237;nico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de diferentes &#225;reas da sa&#250;de em quatro dom&#237;nios, como reconhecimento, interpreta&#231;&#227;o, resposta e reflex&#227;o (escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico), ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#227;o, Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2"/>
                <th align="center" colspan="7">Profiss&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Total</th>
                <th align="center">TE</th>
                <th align="center">EN</th>
                <th align="center">FIS</th>
                <th align="center">M&#201;D</th>
                <th align="center">RES</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de <italic>p</italic></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reconhecimento</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">9,4 (1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">9,2 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 (1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 (1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7,7 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,060</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana [IIQ]</td>
                <td align="center">9 [9-11]</td>
                <td align="center">9 [8-11]</td>
                <td align="center">10 [9-11,5]</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 [9,5-11,5]</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 [9-11]</td>
                <td align="center">9 [7-9]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Interpreta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">5,4 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,343</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana [IIQ]</td>
                <td align="center">6 [6-7]</td>
                <td align="center">6 [6-8]</td>
                <td align="center">6 [6-7]</td>
                <td align="center">6 [6-7]</td>
                <td align="center">7 [6-8]</td>
                <td align="center">6 [4-6,5]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Resposta</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">12,7 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">14,4 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">10,1 (3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana [IIQ]</td>
                <td align="center">12 [12-15]</td>
                <td align="center">12 [11-14]</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 [12-15,5]</td>
                <td align="center">15 [12,5-16]</td>
                <td align="center">14 [12-16]</td>
                <td align="center">12 [7,5-12,5]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Reflex&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 (1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">6,7 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6,4 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,896</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana [IIQ]</td>
                <td align="center">6 [6-7]</td>
                <td align="center">6 [6-8]</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 [6-8]</td>
                <td align="center">6 [6-7,5]</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 [6-7]</td>
                <td align="center">7 [5-7]</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico</td>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
                <td align="center"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">M&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">34,2 (6,3)</td>
                <td align="center">36,1 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">37,8 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">37,4 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">29,4 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,199</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Mediana [IIQ]</td>
                <td align="center">34 [33-39]</td>
                <td align="center">33,5 [30-38]</td>
                <td align="center">36 [33-41]</td>
                <td align="center">37 [34-41,5]</td>
                <td align="center">38 [33-42]</td>
                <td align="center">34 [22,5-35,5]</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>TE - t&#233;cnico de enfermagem; EN - enfermeiro; FIS - fisioterapeuta; M&#201;D - m&#233;dico; RES - residente; DP - desvio padr&#227;o; IIQ - intervalor interquartil; teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Nos resultados da escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico, categorizados por n&#237;veis de habilidade de desempenho &#8220;inicial&#8221;, &#8220;em desenvolvimento&#8221;, &#8220;proficiente&#8221; e &#8220;exemplar&#8221;, identificamos que a maioria dos participantes foi categorizada como &#8220;proficiente&#8221;, representando 52,9% do total. A categoria &#8220;exemplar&#8221; representou 31,8% do total. Somente 2,4% dos participantes foram categorizados como &#8220;inicial&#8221;, e 12,9%, como &#8220;em desenvolvimento&#8221;.</p>
        <p>Os enfermeiros mostraram-se em maioria igualmente subdivididos entre proficientes e exemplares (43,8%). Os m&#233;dicos e fisioterapeutas se destacaram na categoria &#8220;exemplar&#8221; (50% em ambos os casos). N&#227;o foram identificados participantes na categoria &#8220;inicial&#8221; entre enfermeiros e fisioterapeutas e nenhum participante da categoria &#8220;exemplar&#8221; entre os profissionais residentes. O valor de p sugere que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre as categorias da escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferentes profiss&#245;es inclu&#237;das no estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Categoriza&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais por n&#237;veis de habilidade de desempenho, como &#8220;inicial&#8221;, &#8220;em desenvolvimento&#8221;, &#8220;proficiente&#8221; e &#8220;exemplar&#8221;, p&#243;s-interven&#231;&#227;o, Bras&#237;lia, Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="6" valign="top">Profiss&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de <italic>p</italic></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Total<break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center">TE</th>
                <th align="center">EN</th>
                <th align="center">FIS</th>
                <th align="center">M&#201;D</th>
                <th align="center">RES</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Inicial</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">1(14,3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,284</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Em desenvolvimento</td>
                <td align="center">11 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (12,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Proficiente</td>
                <td align="center">45 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (56,5)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (43,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (57,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Exemplar</td>
                <td align="center">27 (31,8)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (43,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (50)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>TE - t&#233;cnico de enfermagem; EN - enfermeiro; FIS - fisioterapeuta; M&#201;D - m&#233;dico; RES - residente; n - frequ&#234;ncia absoluta; % - frequ&#234;ncia relativa percentual; teste qui-quadrado de Pearson.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Os resultados mostraram que interven&#231;&#245;es educativas ativas favorecem o aperfei&#231;oamento do julgamento cl&#237;nico e um melhor desempenho das compet&#234;ncias profissionais, ainda que n&#227;o tenha sido verificada diferen&#231;a significativa das habilidades entre as categorias profissionais a partir da escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico. A habilidade de &#8220;reconhecimento&#8221; direcionada &#224; PCP intra-hospitalar de pacientes com COVID-19 mostrou-se similar entre profissionais de enfermagem (enfermeiro e t&#233;cnico de enfermagem), fisioterapeuta e m&#233;dico. A habilidade &#8220;resposta&#8221; em situa&#231;&#227;o de PCP mostrou diverg&#234;ncia, visto que o fisioterapeuta e o m&#233;dico obtiveram uma resposta pouco melhor em rela&#231;&#227;o ao enfermeiro. No contexto geral, a escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico mostrou que todas as categorias profissionais apresentaram tend&#234;ncia a um menor desempenho na capacidade de interpreta&#231;&#227;o e reflex&#227;o. Foram predominantes na categoria de enfermeiros profissionais proficientes e exemplares, e na equipe de fisioterapeutas e m&#233;dicos, foi mais frequente a categoria de profissional exemplar, o que revela, de forma global, compet&#234;ncia profissional da equipe, haja vista o tempo de forma&#231;&#227;o e atua&#231;&#227;o na UTI prolongados e hist&#243;rico de participa&#231;&#227;o em cursos de SBV e SAV.</p>
        <p>O julgamento cl&#237;nico &#233; imperativo para o profissional de emerg&#234;ncia que cuida de pacientes com doen&#231;as agudas. Sem um julgamento cl&#237;nico ideal em situa&#231;&#245;es de emerg&#234;ncia, os pacientes correm o risco de erros m&#233;dicos e de falha na reanima&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>. Na UTI, a supervis&#227;o consistente, por meio de dispositivos de monitoramento, e a interven&#231;&#227;o oportuna s&#227;o cruciais para o gerenciamento das diversas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas entre os pacientes, sendo a experi&#234;ncia e o tempo de forma&#231;&#227;o diferenciais que contribuem para tomada de decis&#227;o mais r&#225;pida e assertiva<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>, como evidenciado pelos profissionais do presente estudo, que informaram um grande per&#237;odo de experi&#234;ncia e de forma&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica, o que culminou em um desempenho profissional proficiente e exemplar das compet&#234;ncias.</p>
        <p>Estudo recente indica que apenas 23% dos novos graduados em enfermagem s&#227;o competentes, com habilidades b&#225;sicas de julgamento cl&#237;nico<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. Na atual investiga&#231;&#227;o, os enfermeiros se mostraram distribu&#237;dos igualmente entre proficientes e exemplares, mas, ainda assim, esse resultado foi diferente do apresentado pelos profissionais fisioterapeutas e m&#233;dicos, que se destacaram principalmente como &#8220;exemplares&#8221;, conforme a escala de julgamento cl&#237;nico<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Seguindo essa premissa, uma das recomenda&#231;&#245;es destacada no relat&#243;rio da Funda&#231;&#227;o Carnegie se refere &#224; necessidade de contextualiza&#231;&#227;o dos novos conhecimentos no cen&#225;rio da pr&#225;tica e inclus&#227;o de ambientes de aprendizagem experiencial nos curr&#237;culos para melhor desenvolvimento das compet&#234;ncias<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. Dessa forma, aulas expositivas, seguidas de treino de habilidades, como estrat&#233;gia educativa, podem ser promissoras para alcance de melhor consolida&#231;&#227;o e ancoragem do conhecimento cient&#237;fico.</p>
        <p>A educa&#231;&#227;o baseada em compet&#234;ncias &#233; cada vez mais incentivada na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, conforme descrito por Giddens <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>, a fim de preparar melhor os estudantes. Tem se mostrado imperativa para que os programas de capacita&#231;&#227;o criem experi&#234;ncias de aprendizagem deliberadas e capazes de qualificar os graduados para um cen&#225;rio em constante mudan&#231;a na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>, a exemplo das diretrizes de atendimento de PCP.</p>
        <p>O Conselho Nacional dos Conselhos Estaduais de Enfermagem (NCSBN) realizou uma an&#225;lise pr&#225;tica que destacou o ambiente de sa&#250;de como cada vez mais complexo e, portanto, a necessidade de um fundamentado julgamento cl&#237;nico e compet&#234;ncias de tomada de decis&#227;o tem ganhado evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os enfermeiros trabalham em equipe com outras profiss&#245;es da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, o que cada vez mais valoriza a EIP. Os educadores de EIP utilizam uma estrutura de pr&#225;tica colaborativa que descreve compet&#234;ncias para profissionais de sa&#250;de que trabalham em equipe<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. Dessa forma, estrat&#233;gia como aula expositiva combinada com treino de habilidades tem se mostrado alternativa valiosa para o crescimento e consolida&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento de diferentes profissionais, como o realizado na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A falta de experi&#234;ncia profissional e a incapacidade de relacionar a teoria estudada &#224; interpreta&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica representam um grande obst&#225;culo na constru&#231;&#227;o do racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico do profissional, o que ressalta a necessidade de mais tempo para desenvolvimento da correla&#231;&#227;o e da capacita&#231;&#227;o profissional, al&#233;m de mais aten&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o daqueles que j&#225; est&#227;o na &#225;rea e empregados h&#225; mais tempo<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>, considerando que habilidades como interpreta&#231;&#227;o e reflex&#227;o sobre as situa&#231;&#245;es vivenciadas na pr&#225;tica em nosso estudo podem ser ainda melhoradas a partir de estrat&#233;gias educativas de capacita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Estrat&#233;gias din&#226;micas de capacita&#231;&#227;o, como a atividade realizada no presente estudo, intitulada &#8220;aula expositiva combinada ao treino de habilidades&#8221;, pode favorecer o alcance de diferentes n&#237;veis de aprendizado e estimular a aprendizagem de compet&#234;ncias de racioc&#237;nio cr&#237;tico, tomada de decis&#227;o, interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, al&#233;m de trabalho em equipe<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, equilibrar os diferentes n&#237;veis de conhecimento para atender aos requisitos da sociedade atual deve ser estimulado para alcan&#231;ar uma expectativa de autonomia e liberdade acad&#234;mica e profissional, ent&#227;o, a proposi&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias din&#226;micas e interativas, como a interven&#231;&#227;o educativa realizada, pode promover maior intera&#231;&#227;o e colabora&#231;&#227;o da equipe interprofissional<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo percorrem o fato de ter sido desenvolvido em um &#250;nico centro, o que limita a possibilidade de generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, assim como o pequeno tamanho amostral. N&#227;o possui randomiza&#231;&#227;o e grupo controle.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para as &#225;reas da sa&#250;de, enfermagem e pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas</title>
          <p>Descobertas sobre o julgamento cl&#237;nico de enfermeiros e profissionais de sa&#250;de com base em sinais fisiol&#243;gicos dos pacientes em PCP podem contribuir para direcionar o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias colaborativas visando subsidiar a identifica&#231;&#227;o mais precoce de indicadores da piora cl&#237;nica dos pacientes e seguran&#231;a do paciente de forma sistem&#225;tica. Estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o educativa podem ser oportunos e cruciais para o aperfei&#231;oamento do julgamento cl&#237;nico e gerenciamento efetivo de condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes pela equipe interprofissional.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUS&#213;ES</title>
        <p>Estrat&#233;gia ativa baseada em aula expositiva dialogada combinada ao treino de habilidades mostrou-se promissora e impactou positivamente o aperfei&#231;oamento do julgamento cl&#237;nico, mesmo em uma equipe interprofissional com experi&#234;ncia. Assim, a&#231;&#245;es educativas participativas, a partir de m&#233;todo ativo de ensino, desenvolveram, na maioria dos enfermeiros, os n&#237;veis &#8220;profici&#234;ncia&#8221; e &#8220;exemplar&#8221;, enquanto que, na equipe m&#233;dica e de fisioterapia, predominou o n&#237;vel &#8220;exemplar&#8221; no atendimento do paciente cr&#237;tico com COVID-19 em PCP.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
