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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">jMBZrhpvBtMTD33j4t6Pddp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672024001000171</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0154</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Health literacy development of Primary Health Care patients: qualitative research</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Desarrollo de la alfabetizaci&#243;n en salud en pacientes de Atenci&#243;n Primaria de Salud: una investigaci&#243;n cualitativa</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-3813-6460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sonoda</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Midori</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9795-928X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bonadio</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Baioni</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7403-2051</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Krauser</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Amor de Barretos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Barretos</city>
          <state>S&#227;o Paulo</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Amor de Barretos. Barretos, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>S&#227;o Paulo</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo. S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Autor Correspondente:</label> Caroline Krauser, E-mail: <email>carolkrauser90@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR IN CHIEF:</label>
          <p>Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>ASSOCIATE EDITOR:</label>
          <p>M&#225;rcia Ferreira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>77</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240154</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>to identify the process of health literacy development among primary care patients, relating it to their self-care practices.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>qualitative, prospective research with 22 patients from two Family Health Strategy units. Data were obtained through individual semi-structured interviews, examined through descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>the results discuss how participants learn about health and how this resonates in their behaviors, culminating in two thematic categories: &#8220;Health knowledge construction&#8221;; and &#8220;Dialogue between health knowledge construction and patient care actions&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Final Considerations:</title>
          <p>health knowledge is developed mainly through interpersonal relationships, mediated by health professionals through bonding and communication. Community educational actions and training of health professionals in communication can promote health literacy and self-care among patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>identificar el proceso de desarrollo de la alfabetizaci&#243;n en salud entre pacientes de atenci&#243;n primaria, relacion&#225;ndolo con sus pr&#225;cticas de autocuidado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>investigaci&#243;n cualitativa, prospectiva, con 22 pacientes de dos unidades de la Estrategia de Salud de la Familia. Los datos fueron obtenidos a trav&#233;s de entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas, examinadas mediante estad&#237;stica descriptiva y an&#225;lisis de contenido tem&#225;tico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>los resultados discuten c&#243;mo los participantes aprenden sobre salud y c&#243;mo esto resuena en sus comportamientos, culminando en dos categor&#237;as tem&#225;ticas: &#8220;La construcci&#243;n del conocimiento en salud&#8221;; y &#8220;El di&#225;logo entre la construcci&#243;n de conocimientos en salud y las acciones de atenci&#243;n al paciente&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones Finales:</title>
          <p>el conocimiento en salud se desarrolla principalmente a trav&#233;s de relaciones interpersonales, mediadas por los profesionales de la salud a trav&#233;s del v&#237;nculo y la comunicaci&#243;n. Acciones educativas comunitarias y formaci&#243;n de profesionales de la salud en comunicaci&#243;n pueden promover la alfabetizaci&#243;n en salud y el autocuidado en los pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Health Literacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualitative Research</kwd>
        <kwd>World Health Organization.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Alfabetizaci&#243;n en Salud</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermedad Cr&#243;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Atenci&#243;n Primaria de Salud</kwd>
        <kwd>Investigaci&#243;n Cualitativa</kwd>
        <kwd>Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Health literacy proposes empowering patients over their health condition, enabling shared decision-making with the health team. Gaps and difficulties in health literacy processes have been associated with an increase in unfavorable clinical outcomes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. In this direction, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed four manuals on the subject. In the first volume, some dimensions are highlighted as important in health literacy development, such as identifying how patients acquire knowledge about health, how they put this knowledge into practice, how political and social contexts influence this development, among others. With this, the WHO warns of the need to know how people acquire health knowledge before developing strategies for health promotion and prevention<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>At the moment, studies on the subject have been carried out predominantly in developed countries, and have prioritized quantitative analyses to measure health literacy based on the development of scales, such as the Test of Functional Health Literacy In Adults (TOFHLA) and Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. In the Brazilian context, validity studies of scales such as the Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults (SAHLPA)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup> and the Short Test of Functional Health Literacy In Adults (STOFHLA) also predominate<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 2018, a Brazilian study investigated the relationship between health literacy and sociodemographic factors, self-perception of health and quality of life in Primary Health Care (PHC) users, finding a significant association between low education and inadequate health literacy<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>. In qualitative research in PHC in Brazil, a study on health literacy among older adults that showed satisfaction with the information received in PHC units<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup> and another that assessed users&#8217; perceptions of health promotion and prevention activities carried out by students in these units stand out<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, since health literacy is a concept that encompasses complex skills and highlighting the importance highlighted by the WHO of assessing how people acquire health knowledge, there is a gap in analyzing how health literacy is developed in the context of the Brazilian population, of which three out of ten Brazilians are considered functionally illiterate<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>. Added to this is the importance of understanding this phenomenon in PHC, which is the main place of care for patients with chronic non-communicable diseases. Thus, the current study aimed to identify the process of developing patients&#8217; health literacy, relating it to their self-care practices.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVES</title>
      <p>To identify how patients develop health literacy and relate these findings to their self-care actions in the PHC context.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The study complied with national and international ethical precepts for research involving human beings, and was approved by the <italic>Hospital de C&#226;ncer de Barretos - Funda&#231;&#227;o Pio XII</italic> Research Ethics Committee. All participants signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF) and were instructed regarding their anonymity and their freedom to withdraw their data from the research at any time. To preserve participant anonymity, they were identified with the letter P, followed by a number, referring to the order in which they were interviewed and, finally, the initial letter of the health unit belonging to patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Theoretical framework</title>
        <p>Analyses on health literacy used in this study were carried out from the perspective of health literacy manuals developed by the WHO<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This is a qualitative, prospective study that followed the COnsolidating criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodological procedures</title>
        <p>The interviews were collected by the main authors of the study who, during the collection period, were residents in family and community medicine and, according to the organization of the residency, spent two years working in Family Health Strategy (FHS) units. This longitudinal work allowed them to form significant bonds with the population covered by the units and to perceive common weaknesses and potentialities within their respective health units, culminating in a curiosity about the development of patients&#8217; health literacy, which is so important for health care, especially in primary care.</p>
        <p>Two instruments were used to collect data: a questionnaire with patient sociodemographic data; and a semi-structured interview script constructed by the researchers, with ten guiding questions. The interviews were recorded individually with each participant after their consent, using the researchers&#8217; personal recorder. Afterwards, the audios were stored in REdCap<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study setting</title>
        <p>The study was conducted in two FHS units, one of which was made up of a FHS team, covering a population of approximately 4,500 inhabitants, and the other, made up of three health teams, covering 9,684 individuals.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data source</title>
        <p>Study participants are users of two FHS units, who were included because they were from the area covered by the FHS units of the study, were between 18 and 70 years old and had at least one chronic disease. Patients with severe neurological or psychiatric conditions and patients under exclusive home care were excluded from the study.</p>
        <p>Firstly, the researchers identified the three most frequent chronic diseases in each reference team of the FHS units in the study, which became the chronic diseases investigated in this study. Selection was carried out according to Flick&#8217;s (2009) recommendations for sample selection in qualitative research. Among the various possibilities for recruitment in qualitative research indicated by the author, the researchers used formal sampling, chosen due to limited time to complete the research<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>According to the author, in qualitative research, it is crucial to select participants based on relevant criteria to obtain homogeneous content, in order to demonstrate cohesion in the analysis of reports provided by users as well as highlight the diversity between the different attributes of research participants<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. To achieve this, participants with extreme or deviant cases for each health condition were initially chosen, followed by typical cases. Within each chronic health condition, at least two participants were selected with distinct variables, such as age, biological sex, years of education and whether or not they had a companion. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected based on the researchers&#8217; experience and knowledge of the population being monitored and through case discussions in team meetings, until the criteria were in accordance with the author&#8217;s recommendations for formal sampling<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. As a result, 22 patients were recruited between August and September 2024.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection and organization</title>
        <p>Firstly, a script was prepared with personal and sociodemographic data of each participant and then a semi-structured interview was conducted with the following guiding questions: what do you understand about your disease? How do you take care of your health? How did you learn the information about your disease? Can you understand all the information that health professionals give you during consultation? What difficulties do you have in taking care of your health? When the doctor writes a prescription, do you understand it? How do you feel about the decisions for your treatment? When you receive information through another means, other than the health team, do you talk to the team about it? How do you see access to our health unit? The interviews took place between 10/01/2023 and 12/01/2023, and were conducted in person at the FHS of reference for each participant, lasting 12 to 38 minutes. Each interview was recorded on the researchers&#8217; own recorder and stored in REDcap, with the presence of the researcher and the participant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>Participant sociodemographic characterization was presented through descriptive statistics generated by REDCap<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>, presented in graphs and tables. The interviews were analyzed based on the theory of thematic content analysis proposed by Bardin<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup> and interpreted in light of the manual on health literacy developed by the WHO<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. This process began with pre-analysis, in which we sought, through skimming, to familiarize ourselves with the data, choosing and highlighting passages with similar meanings. In parallel, we resumed an in-depth reading of the manuals, noting the dialogue between the results obtained in the interviews and the dimensions presented in the first volume of the WHO manual on health literacy, which explains how users acquire health knowledge and how they put it into practice<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Hence, it was possible to identify two thematic categories, which were submitted to the authors&#8217; interpretation. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the stages contemplated in the analysis.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Stages of Bardin&#8217;s thematic content analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-77-06-e20240154-0154-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participant characteristics</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows research participant sociodemographic characteristics. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the average number of years lived with the underlying disease.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Research participant characterization</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Category</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">n</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Sex</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Female</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Male</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Age</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 to 39 years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40 to 59 years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Over 60 years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Marital status</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Married</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Single</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">31.8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Common-law marriage</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Divorced</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Widowed</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Health unit</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Ibirapuera</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Derby</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Education</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Incomplete elementary school</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Complete elementary school</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">High school</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Higher education</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Occupation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Retired</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Self-employed</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">CLT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Unemployed</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Housewife</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Monthly family income</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Less than 1 minimum wage</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">From 1 to 3 minimum wages</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">From 3 to 5 minimum wages</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">More than 5 minimum wages</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13.6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Underlying disease</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">59.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Major depressive disorder</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Others</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Health services attended</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Health center</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">100.0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Outpatient clinic</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">40.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Private doctor</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Other health care</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Frequency in health services</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Once a year</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 to 5 times a year</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Every 2 months</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Once a month</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Every week</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">22.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Report of difficulty in access</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">90.9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9.1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Receives assistance <break/>from family members </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">No</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36.4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">or caregivers</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">Yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">63.6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>CLT - Consolidation of Labor Laws.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mean years lived with the underlying disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="top">Underlying disease</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Mean years lived</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10.5 years</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Hypertension<break/>Major depressive disorder</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16.3 years<break/>11.2 years</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Thematic categories of interviews</title>
        <p>Two categories emerged from the interviews conducted: 1) Health knowledge construction; and 2) Dialogue between health knowledge construction and patient care actions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Health knowledge construction</title>
        <p>According to the reports of research participants, knowledge construction for health literacy is established in four ways: through interpersonal relationships; through social media; through bodily sensations; and through relationships with health professionals. Among them, the most evident way of constructing health literacy was through personal experiences with family, friends or acquaintances and the beliefs that emerge from these relationships:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>I was always dealing with it, because I took care of my elderly mother, for many years, right? I took care of everything for ten years</italic> [...]. (P3D)</p>
          <p><italic>I had a lot of experience, because my husband had heart surgery twice</italic> [...] <italic>and that rush, always with him too, and with my mother, taking care of everything</italic> [...] <italic>so we deal with a lot of health problems, right?</italic> (P3D)</p>
          <p><italic>Because at work there are a lot of heart problems. I talked to everyone</italic> [...] <italic>but why did you show up with your problem? So, we talk, even about medicine, which doctor are you going to? So, you&#8217;ll gain a lot of knowledge.</italic> (P5D)</p>
          <p><italic>My colleagues, I know a lot of people with diabetes, they talk so much, then things start to add up, check mate, you know? The eyesight, the tired legs, the tired body.</italic> (P8D)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Even when accompanied by guidance from a health professional, knowledge construction for health literacy is facilitated when the professional is a family member or someone they know:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Friends from work, from the Basic Health Unit and from the family unit also have family members who are doctors.</italic> (P7D)</p>
          <p><italic>My niece is a secretary. She is now a nurse. She works at the reception desk at Santa Casa. My sister is now a social worker. She also teaches me a lot. I have doubts, but at home I have an introduction, is that what I say? An interpreter, who is Joana. She has already studied nursing, worked in the health area</italic> [...]. (P4D)</p>
          <p><italic>My daughter is a nursing technician, today she works in the laboratory, but she worked more in the administrative area. So, I ask her to ask the doctor everything, there is always guidance.</italic> (P3D)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Sometimes, this construction, through family relationships, generates doubts and can generate a certain disbelief in relation to guidelines on chronic diseases:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>My mother died at 94 years old, eating only pork fat. The only thing that happened was that she lost her sight, she couldn&#8217;t see anymore. She was lucid, she didn&#8217;t have diabetes. My sister had it, my brother had it and my sister&#8217;s daughters already have it. So, I don&#8217;t know, is it sedentary or what else can it be.</italic> (P3D)</p>
          <p><italic>I don&#8217;t even know what to say about my illness, because my mother never drank, never smoked, never did anything, she has diabetes and even high blood pressure</italic> [...] <italic>so, I don&#8217;t know.</italic> (P9D)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>The internet also appears as an ally in knowledge construction for participants&#8217; health literacy:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Because I also do a lot of research on Google</italic> [...] <italic>on Google, because you have to research. Don&#8217;t be so ignorant about health, your own health, right?</italic> (P4D)</p>
          <p><italic>On Google or YouTube. There are always reports of people explaining it. But even though the disease is the same, it&#8217;s just that each person is different.</italic> (P8I)</p>
          <p><italic>On the internet, I see the lesions that diabetes causes and I tell the doctor. I was a little scared.</italic> (P11I)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>However, patients often compare information on the internet with the advice of health professionals:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>I only feel trustworthy when I see a health center or some health unit, because I even look for information like that on the internet. The other day it came up that diabetes is caused by a worm in the pancreas, and then you&#8217;re like, &#8220;Oh my God&#8221;.</italic> (P1I)</p>
          <p><italic>I look for it because I don&#8217;t like to do things on my own, I try to find out, because there are things on the internet that you can&#8217;t</italic> [...]. (P4I)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Guidance and connections with health professionals also appear to be important in building knowledge for participants&#8217; health literacy:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Without the help of a doctor, without the help of a professional in this area, you can&#8217;t do anything, you&#8217;ll just read, but you won&#8217;t do anything, you need to have someone to help you, to show you the right path.</italic> (P3I)</p>
          <p><italic>I go to the pharmacist and always mark exactly how to take it, stick a little piece of paper, time, how to take it, whether it&#8217;s before a meal, whether it&#8217;s after.</italic> (P3D)</p>
          <p><italic>Look, doctor, I&#8217;m not one to research things on the internet, no. I have the information I have, it&#8217;s from my doctors who follow me, right?</italic> (P4I)</p>
          <p><italic>I&#8217;ve gotten so used to the doctor that I try to come on the day she&#8217;s there to solve it. I feel like: if I have a problem, I can come here tomorrow morning and it will be solved. I&#8217;m very happy.</italic> (P6D)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Finally, another way to build health literacy is through the perception of one&#8217;s own body:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>My head gets cloudy sometimes and my head feels bad, then I know it&#8217;s a little high.</italic> (P2D)</p>
          <p><italic>Sometimes, a little dizziness, nausea, shortness of breath. Sometimes, tachycardia</italic> [...] <italic>until I discovered that it was anxiety.</italic> (P5I)</p>
          <p><italic>Because when it goes up uncontrollably, it makes you feel bad, it makes you nauseous. And when it goes down, it makes me desperately hungry, I even eat things I don&#8217;t like. And I feel very weak, sometimes it even feels like I&#8217;m going to faint from dizziness.</italic> (P8I)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dialogue between health knowledge construction and patient care actions</title>
        <p>When health literacy construction occurs mainly through interpersonal relationships, health care is linked to these relationships:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Because my neighbor, she was like that. I&#8217;m not feeling anything, I&#8217;m not going to take it. I was like that too</italic> [...] <italic>but then, she lay down, had a facial hemorrhage. So, from now on, oh, I&#8217;m not without my medicine under any circumstances.</italic> (P6D)</p>
          <p><italic>I want them to be proud of me, because they say they&#8217;re there thinking about me here.</italic> [...] <italic>my son said, &#8220;Hey, come here so we can buy the medicine for you&#8221;</italic> [...] <italic>I took it and said, &#8220;Well, I&#8217;m not going to disappoint him, right? I&#8217;m going to do it right&#8221;.</italic> (P6D)</p>
          <p>[...] <italic>she found out she had cancer, right? It was too late, you know? So, even because I&#8217;ve been with her through all this, I try to take good care of my health, like, as much as I can, you know?</italic> (P6I)</p>
          <p><italic>Because my neighbor, she went to do it because I didn&#8217;t have anyone to go with me, right? So, my neighbor is doing it because she&#8217;s pre-diabetic and needs to do it and she&#8217;s taking me. Because there I am alone, I am afraid, I will not go</italic> [...]. (P2D)</p>
          <p><italic>Then, I was talking to a friend of mine, and she said, &#8220;No, Regina, there&#8217;s no danger, they won&#8217;t let you drown.&#8221; It gave me confidence</italic> [...] <italic>she said, &#8220;You can go with me, we&#8217;ll come together&#8221;</italic> [...]. (P2D)</p>
          <p><italic>My daughter is studying medicine, she&#8217;s always on our case, she keeps a close eye on us, you know? She sees how we&#8217;re doing, she sees all the tests, you know? She sees what we&#8217;re eating, what we&#8217;re not eating, she keeps an eye on us. She keeps a close eye on us too.</italic> (P6I)</p>
          <p><italic>I hear at the bar, you know? That there are a lot of people who have diabetes there, that&#8217;s why I don&#8217;t understand the diabetes thing. I can&#8217;t eat sweets, I can&#8217;t eat anything. There are others who go there, who drink pinga</italic> [Brazilian beverage] <italic>with coke and are diabetic too. Why is one different from the other?</italic> (P6D)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Although social media appears to be a contributor to health knowledge construction, it does not appear to be an aid to the care process. However, the relationship between knowledge acquired by health professionals appears to be an important contributor, and is permeated by factors such as bonding, listening, seeing professionals as an authority figure, and professionals&#8217; body and verbal language:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>She only asked for the tests. She said, &#8220;You have to do this thing&#8221;. I get really down, worried</italic> [...] <italic>it makes me afraid to do the test and find out</italic> [...] <italic>so I say, &#8220;I&#8217;m not going to do this test&#8221;</italic> [...]. (P4D)</p>
          <p>[...] <italic>a decision I made together was made by me and my psychologist, we were discussing the next steps, and I realized that the place I was living was not good. I went there and moved, I changed the activities I was doing during the day. Over time, I started waking up earlier again, going for walks, exercising.</italic> (P1I)</p>
          <p>[...] <italic>and I was working normally, and they called me to do a regular check-up</italic> [...] <italic>the doctor took my blood pressure, listened to my heartbeat, and then told me I had to wait, because my blood pressure had changed</italic> [...] <italic>another person quickly attended to me and called an ambulance, and said I had to go straight to the emergency room, and I thought I was dying, I froze</italic> [...]. (P5D)</p>
          <p><italic>I feel fine, he&#8217;s a specialist, he knows, he&#8217;s studied, right? So, he advised me to change, I have to change, right?</italic> (P3D)</p>
          <p>[...] <italic>because he&#8217;s there making himself available and seeing part of the process I&#8217;m going through. So, I believe he&#8217;s prescribing it to me because it&#8217;s going to do me good, right?</italic> [...]. (P11D)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>In this regard, the professional-patient relationship often initiates the motivation for health care, and the sensations perceived in the body, as well as interpersonal relationships, function as facilitators or hinders in maintaining this care:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Now, I&#8217;m participating in the group, right? A women&#8217;s group. It&#8217;s something that&#8217;s really helping me learn techniques, right? Meditation, breathing, we talk. So, it&#8217;s doing me good. I&#8217;m also having individual consultations with her.</italic> (P11D)</p>
          <p><italic>Oh, I try to spend time with my family on the weekends, to pay more attention to my children</italic> [...] <italic>because I realize that the emotional part, anxiety, is a factor that changes a lot</italic> [...] <italic>at least on the weekends, I try to do some things differently</italic> [...] <italic>go for a walk, knowing what we have to do to feel better.</italic> (P7D)</p>
          <p><italic>Yes, I&#8217;m going for walks and my psychiatrist even advised me to go to the gym, because I was very quiet. But otherwise, I&#8217;m going to therapy. I can&#8217;t do without it. We have groups, a wonderful support group, so I don&#8217;t stop going. If I stopped going, I wouldn&#8217;t be here anymore</italic> [...]. (P4I)</p>
          <p><italic>Because if there is a treatment, a care for this, why not do it? Walk a little, eat more fruit</italic> [...] <italic>and be calm. Try to stay calm too, because that contributes a lot to these feelings.</italic> (P7I)</p>
          <p><italic>I stopped on my own, when I see that I&#8217;m getting really bad, I cry, and then it goes away a little</italic> [...] <italic>and the medicine improves one thing, but hinders the other. As for dating, I had no desire at all. So, I think the medicine helped at that time when I was crying too much, all the time, but I think that now there&#8217;s no need for it</italic> [...]. (P10I)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Unlike social media, which appear as contributors to health knowledge construction, but not to care, faith and religion appear as factors that help in health care:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>I can tell you that every day we have to seek our faith</italic> [...] <italic>because without faith we don&#8217;t get anywhere</italic> [...] <italic>we read the Bible, we read the word, looking for a place to go. I think that&#8217;s the fundamental point. Not only for this, but for all the issues in our lives.</italic> (P7I)</p>
          <p><italic>Thank God, I got rid of all that, because I sought it in my faith</italic> [...] <italic>of course there is psychological and psychiatric help from doctors who are qualified for that. But fundamentally it&#8217;s this search, it&#8217;s a set of things that you have to do.</italic> (P7I)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>In this study, we can see the alignment with the WHO manual regarding the dimensions of how health service users acquire knowledge and apply it in self-care practices. We realize that knowledge acquisition occurs predominantly through closer social interactions, including friends and family, especially if the latter are health professionals or if this learning emerges from the experience of individuals as caregivers of a family member with a health condition similar to their own. Dialogue allows individuals to share their experiences, concerns, seek emotional support and learn from each other&#8217;s experiences, demonstrating, according to WHO manuals, that health literacy development is a social practice<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Knowledge construction for health literacy through interpersonal relationships motivated most of the interviewees to self-care. When they observed complications from chronic diseases in people close to them, they started to take better care of their diet or practice physical activity. However, for some, this relationship generated skepticism regarding the information provided by health professionals, comparing it with the reality experienced by their family members. One participant in this study mentioned a family member with unhealthy eating habits who had a long life without developing diabetes, questioning the relationship between healthy habits and chronic diseases.</p>
      <p>This result is in line with studies aimed at understanding individuals&#8217; health literacy<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. The concept of health literacy mediators describes people who make their health literacy available to others, formally or informally, and highlights social support as one of the most important mediators of health literacy<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>, highlighting what the WHO manual on health literacy warns: the fact that health literacy is not an individual task and that friends and family communicate with health professionals on behalf of and in collaboration with the patients they assist<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. The proximity of interpersonal relationships was also in line with those found in this study, with the nuclear family being the main mediator in health literacy construction, followed by friends and, finally, coworkers and members of support groups<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>These findings highlight the importance of initiatives such as the Patientand Family-Centered Care Model (PFCCM)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>. However, recent studies show the difficulty of health professionals in including patients and family members in care decisions. In Brazil, research indicates the difficulty of integrating PFCCM into patient care<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>, in addition to having an insufficient number of studies in the area. Another important point in the relationship between health knowledge construction and interpersonal relationships is the importance of strategies within the patient community. Patients who participated in health education groups learned more about their conditions than those who did not participate<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Interventions that promote group support are also emphasized by the WHO health literacy manual<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study, like others on health literacy, showed that digital technology and social networks are fundamental tools in the dissemination of public health information<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. Some patients interviewed consider the media to be one of the main sources of information acquisition, due to the speed and accessibility of content. However, there is a duality, since the population of this study sought to compare digital information with that provided by trusted health professionals, perceiving it as confusing, contradictory or even false.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the results of this study support previous research, by identifying social media as an important factor in health literacy development. However, in this study, the media are viewed with suspicion and appear as secondary to interpersonal relationships. However, as the use of social media appears in participants&#8217; statements, the importance of using it as an ally in health care is evident. National and international studies show that social media can provide reliable information, form support communities among users with the same health conditions, facilitate behavioral changes necessary to manage chronic conditions, train health professionals, and monitor and track patients&#8217; habits<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In line with studies on health literacy, participants in this study highlight the role of health professionals as facilitators of the learning process, with a good doctor-patient relationship being crucial for individuals to trust the information received. The quality of the health professional-patient relationship is related to trust, empathy, communication, listening and information sharing. However, studies show that not all professionals support health literacy development or encourage patients to interact with information before choosing treatment. Some create barriers that prevent the development of self-care skills<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, patients highlighted that observing health professionals&#8217; body and verbal language is essential for decision-making, generating trust or distrust. Patients with less trust and connection with health professionals have higher levels of glycated hemoglobin and more cardiovascular events<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. The main barriers to health literacy are poor communication skills among health professionals, which makes patients feel that they have not received enough information and have not been listened to. Some patients report that their information was not taken into account by professionals during consultation. By not taking into account the needs of patients themselves, behavior change becomes more difficult.</p>
      <p>This fact appears in the reports of participants in this study. It is clear that participants are more likely to change their behavior when they realize that the information provided by health professionals is constructed jointly, based on the bond and their own needs. In contrast, when professionals are seen only as an authority figure, reports of behavior change do not accompany the discourse. In this regard, communication strategies, such as motivational interviewing (MI), are important allies in promoting these changes. In Brazil, MI is applied, in short, in the context of the use of psychoactive substances, and is still little used in the context of PHC<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another way of constructing knowledge for health literacy evidenced in this study was their own body perceptions, which were correlated to a given health condition. It is up to health professionals to encourage patients to develop self-awareness and guide them in interpreting such signs and symptoms so that they can differentiate between common symptoms and serious symptoms. The WHO states that activities that encourage moments of self-awareness favor health literacy construction and self-care promotion, such as Mindfulness and Yoga, which are considered important tools in self-care construction<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Finally, faith, based mainly on the Christian religion, appears as a mediator of motivation for self-care in health, a fact not found in other qualitative studies on health literacy. It is known that religious practices and groups have a great influence on the community structure and, at times, participate in the promotion of preventive programs, such as rehabilitation centers, physical activity practices and health education<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>. Hence, religious places can be designed to distribute educational pamphlets, disseminate health information and even serve as a stage for health professionals to give educational lectures.</p>
      <p>The current study highlights the need for trained professionals to explore and utilize patients&#8217; prior knowledge about their chronic health conditions, especially their personal and interpersonal experiences. It is crucial to implement communication actions that reach communities and disseminate health information broadly, beyond individual consultations. Continuing education in communication techniques and motivation for behavior change can be an effective strategy. Complementary therapies, especially mind-body practices, are important allies, as they promote body self-knowledge and can be applied in groups.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This study identified some difficulties. Firstly, conducting the interviews was hampered by the limitation of physical space, as one of the health units had inadequate infrastructure and a small room, without adequate ventilation, for conducting the interviews. Finally, the deadline for submitting the Residency Conclusion Work, combined with the practical workload required by the residency program, prevented the exploration of other aspects of health literacy, such as comparing health literacy construction indicated by participants with the opinions of health professionals who assist this population, in order to investigate discrepancies and similarities in the discourses as well as to carry out a content analysis before and after health education interventions in the same participants. These notes may constitute future fields of research needed in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to nursing, health or public policy</title>
        <p>This study was the first to qualitatively investigate knowledge acquisition for health literacy in PHC patients in Brazil. Studies with similar objectives have been conducted outside Brazil, analyzing populations with different cultural habits, ethnicities, economies, geographies and social practices, without considering Brazilian specificities. This may explain why this study was the only one to report the contribution of religion to health literacy, highlighting the need for more Brazilian research. Although quantitative studies on the topic are important, qualitative research is crucial to capture the subjectivities of discourses, essential to understanding complex social phenomena such as health literacy.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>The results indicate that the analysis of how health literacy is constructed in chronic non-communicable disease management is a continuous process of self-knowledge and self-management of one&#8217;s own health condition. Family members, friends and co-workers are also the main mediating agents in health literacy development and practice, sharing knowledge, experiences, skills and forming a support network in decision-making. Therefore, understanding family dynamics also allows us to understand the health literacy construct. The health professional-patient relationship is an important pillar for the information received by patients to be transformed into motivation for self-care. Thus, PHC, based on longitudinality and the person-centered approach (PFCCM), contributes so that the health professional-patient relationship is not a barrier, but rather a dyad alliance for health literacy construction.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0154pt</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Constru&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de de pacientes da Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de: uma pesquisa qualitativa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-3813-6460</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sonoda</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Midori</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9795-928X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bonadio</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Baioni</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7403-2051</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Krauser</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">II</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Amor de Barretos. Barretos, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo. S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Autor Correspondente:</label> Caroline Krauser, E-mail: <email>carolkrauser90@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR CHEFE:</label>
          <p>Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>EDITOR ASSOCIADO:</label>
          <p>M&#225;rcia Ferreira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>identificar o processo do desenvolvimento do letramento em sa&#250;de entre pacientes da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, relacionando-o com suas pr&#225;ticas de autocuidado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>pesquisa qualitativa, prospectiva, com 22 pacientes de duas unidades de Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia. Os dados foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais, examinadas atrav&#233;s de estat&#237;stica descritiva e an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica de conte&#250;do.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>os resultados discorrem sobre como os participantes aprendem sobre sa&#250;de e como isso ressoa em seus comportamentos, culminando em duas categorias tem&#225;ticas: &#8220;A constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em sa&#250;de&#8221;; e &#8220;O di&#225;logo entre a constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em sa&#250;de e as a&#231;&#245;es de cuidado dos pacientes&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais:</title>
          <p>o conhecimento em sa&#250;de &#233; desenvolvido, principalmente, atrav&#233;s das rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais, mediadas por profissionais de sa&#250;de atrav&#233;s do v&#237;nculo e da comunica&#231;&#227;o. A&#231;&#245;es educativas comunit&#225;rias e a capacita&#231;&#227;o de profissionais de sa&#250;de em comunica&#231;&#227;o podem promover o letramento em sa&#250;de e o autocuidado dos pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Letramento em Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224;</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa Qualitativa</kwd>
        <kwd>Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>O letramento em sa&#250;de prop&#245;e o empoderamento do paciente sobre sua condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, possibilitando a tomada de decis&#227;o compartilhada com a equipe de sa&#250;de. Lacunas e dificuldades nos processos de letramento em sa&#250;de t&#234;m sido associadas ao aumento de desfechos cl&#237;nicos desfavor&#225;veis<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) desenvolveu quatro manuais sobre o tema. No primeiro volume, algumas dimens&#245;es s&#227;o evidenciadas como importantes no desenvolvimento do letramento em sa&#250;de, como identificar como os pacientes adquirem o conhecimento sobre sa&#250;de, como colocam esse conhecimento em pr&#225;tica, como os contextos pol&#237;ticos e sociais influenciam esse desenvolvimento, entre outros. Com isso, a OMS alerta para a necessidade de conhecer como as pessoas adquirem o conhecimento em sa&#250;de antes de desenvolver estrat&#233;gias para a promo&#231;&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>No momento, os estudos sobre a tem&#225;tica foram realizados predominantemente em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos, e priorizaram as an&#225;lises quantitativas para mensurar o letramento em sa&#250;de a partir da elabora&#231;&#227;o de escalas, como <italic>Test of Functional Health Literacy In Adults</italic> (TOFHLA) e <italic>Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine</italic> (REALM)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. No contexto brasileiro, tamb&#233;m predominam estudos de valida&#231;&#227;o de escalas como <italic>Short Assessment of Health Literacy for Portuguese-speaking Adults</italic> (SAHLPA)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup> e <italic>Short Test of Functional Health Literacy In Adults</italic> (STOFHLA)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Em 2018, estudo brasileiro investigou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre letramento em sa&#250;de e fatores sociodemogr&#225;ficos, autopercep&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de e qualidade de vida em usu&#225;rios da Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de (APS), encontrando uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre baixa escolaridade e letramento em sa&#250;de inadequado<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>. Em pesquisas qualitativas na APS do Brasil, destacam-se estudo sobre letramento em sa&#250;de em idosos que evidenciou satisfa&#231;&#227;o com as informa&#231;&#245;es recebidas nas unidades de APS<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup> e outro que avaliou as percep&#231;&#245;es dos usu&#225;rios sobre atividades de promo&#231;&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de realizadas por estudantes nessas unidades<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Contudo, sendo o letramento em sa&#250;de um conceito que engloba compet&#234;ncias complexas e salientando a import&#226;ncia evidenciada pela OMS de se avaliar como as pessoas adquirem o conhecimento em sa&#250;de, h&#225; uma lacuna em analisar como o letramento em sa&#250;de &#233; desenvolvido no contexto da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, da qual tr&#234;s a cada dez brasileiros s&#227;o considerados analfabetos funcionais<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>. Soma-se a isso a import&#226;ncia de compreender esse fen&#244;meno na APS, que consiste no principal local de atendimento para pacientes com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis. Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, o estudo atual tem como objetivo identificar o processo do desenvolvimento do letramento em sa&#250;de dos pacientes, relacionando-os com suas pr&#225;ticas de autocuidado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVOS</title>
        <p>Identificar como os pacientes desenvolvem o letramento em sa&#250;de e relacionar esses achados com suas a&#231;&#245;es de autocuidado no contexto da APS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo respeitou os preceitos &#233;ticos nacionais e internacionais em pesquisa com seres humanos, sendo aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital de C&#226;ncer de Barretos - Funda&#231;&#227;o Pio XII. Todas as pessoas que participaram do estudo assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), e foram orientadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao seu anonimato e &#224; sua liberdade de retirar seus dados da pesquisa a qualquer momento. Para a preserva&#231;&#227;o do anonimato dos participantes, eles foram identificados com a letra P, seguido de um n&#250;mero, referente &#224; ordem em que ele foi entrevistado e, por fim, da letra inicial da unidade de sa&#250;de pertencente ao paciente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Referencial te&#243;rico</title>
          <p>As an&#225;lises sobre o letramento em sa&#250;de utilizadas neste estudo foram realizadas sob a &#243;tica dos manuais de letramento em sa&#250;de elaborados pela OMS<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, de car&#225;cter prospectivo, que seguiu as diretrizes do <italic>COnsolidating criteria for REporting Qualitative research</italic> (COREQ)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>As entrevistas foram coletadas pelas autoras principais do estudo que, no per&#237;odo de coleta, eram residentes de medicina de fam&#237;lia e comunidade e, conforme a organiza&#231;&#227;o da resid&#234;ncia, passaram dois anos atuando nas unidades de Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia (ESF). Essa atua&#231;&#227;o longitudinal permitiu que elas formassem v&#237;nculos significativos com a popula&#231;&#227;o de abrang&#234;ncia das unidades e percebessem fragilidades e potencialidades em comum dentro de suas respectivas unidades de sa&#250;de, culminando em uma curiosidade sobre o desenvolvimento do letramento em sa&#250;de dos pacientes, t&#227;o importante para o cuidado em sa&#250;de, especialmente na aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
          <p>Para a coleta dos dados, foram utilizados dois instrumentos: um question&#225;rio com dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes; e um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada constru&#237;do pelas pesquisadoras, com dez quest&#245;es norteadoras. As entrevistas foram gravadas individualmente com cada participante ap&#243;s seu consentimento, atrav&#233;s do gravador pessoal das pesquisadoras. Ap&#243;s, os &#225;udios foram armazenados no <italic>software</italic> REdCap<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cen&#225;rio do estudo</title>
          <p>O estudo foi conduzido em duas unidades de ESF, sendo uma delas composta por uma equipe de ESF, que abrange uma popula&#231;&#227;o aproximada de 4.500 habitantes, e a outra, composta por tr&#234;s equipes de sa&#250;de, que abrange 9.684 indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fonte de dados</title>
          <p>Os participantes do estudo s&#227;o usu&#225;rios de duas unidades de ESF, que foram inclu&#237;dos por ser da &#225;rea de abrang&#234;ncia das unidades de ESF do estudo, ter entre 18 e 70 anos e ter ao menos uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica. Pacientes portadores de condi&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica ou psiqui&#225;trica grave e pacientes em acompanhamento domiciliar exclusivo foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
          <p>Primeiramente, as pesquisadoras levantaram as tr&#234;s doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas mais frequentes em cada equipe de refer&#234;ncia das unidades de ESF do estudo, que se tornaram as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas investigadas neste estudo. A sele&#231;&#227;o ocorreu conforme as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de Flick (2009) para sele&#231;&#227;o de amostragem em pesquisa qualitativa. Entre as diversas possibilidades de recrutamento em pesquisa qualitativa apontada pelo autor, as pesquisadoras utilizaram uma amostragem formal, escolhida em detrimento ao tempo limitado para a conclus&#227;o da pesquisa<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Segundo o autor, na pesquisa qualitativa, &#233; crucial selecionar os participantes com base em crit&#233;rios relevantes para a obten&#231;&#227;o de um conte&#250;do homog&#234;neo, de forma a evidenciar coes&#227;o na an&#225;lise dos relatos informados pelos usu&#225;rios, bem como ressaltar a diversidade entre os diferentes atributos dos participantes da pesquisa<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. Para alcan&#231;ar isso, foram escolhidos, inicialmente, participantes com casos extremos ou desviantes para cada condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, seguidos dos casos t&#237;picos. Dentro de cada condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de sa&#250;de, foram selecionados pelo menos dois participantes com vari&#225;veis distintas, como idade, sexo biol&#243;gico, anos de escolaridade e ter ou n&#227;o a presen&#231;a de acompanhante. Os pacientes que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram sendo selecionados com base na experi&#234;ncia e no conhecimento das pesquisadoras sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o em acompanhamento e por meio de discuss&#245;es de casos em reuni&#227;o de equipe, at&#233; que os crit&#233;rios estivessem de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es do autor para uma amostragem formal<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. Como resultado, 22 pacientes foram recrutados entre agosto e setembro de 2024.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>Primeiramente, foi elaborado um roteiro com dados pessoais e sociodemogr&#225;ficos de cada participante e, a seguir, foi realizada uma entrevista semiestruturada com as seguintes perguntas norteadoras: o que voc&#234; entende sobre sua doen&#231;a? Como voc&#234; cuida da sua sa&#250;de? Como voc&#234; aprendeu as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a sua doen&#231;a? Voc&#234; consegue entender todas as informa&#231;&#245;es que os profissionais de sa&#250;de passam para voc&#234; durante a consulta? Quais dificuldades voc&#234; tem para cuidar da sua sa&#250;de? Quando o m&#233;dico passa uma receita, voc&#234; consegue entender? Como voc&#234; se sente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s decis&#245;es para o seu tratamento? Quando voc&#234; recebe uma informa&#231;&#227;o por outro meio, sem ser pela equipe de sa&#250;de, voc&#234; conversa com a equipe sobre isso? Como voc&#234; v&#234; o acesso &#224; nossa unidade de sa&#250;de? As entrevistas ocorreram entre 01/10/2023 e 01/12/2023, e foram realizadas de forma presencial na ESF de refer&#234;ncia para cada participante, tendo uma dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 a 38 minutos. Cada entrevista foi gravada em gravador pr&#243;prio das pesquisadoras e armazenada no <italic>software</italic> REDcap, contando com a presen&#231;a da pesquisadora e do participante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>A caracteriza&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica dos participantes foi apresentada atrav&#233;s da estat&#237;stica descritiva gerada pelo <italic>software</italic> REDCap<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>, apresentada em gr&#225;ficos e tabelas. As entrevistas foram analisadas a partir da teoria da an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica de conte&#250;do proposta por Bardin<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup> e interpretadas &#224; luz do manual sobre letramento em sa&#250;de desenvolvido pela OMS<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Esse processo se deu in&#237;cio com a pr&#233;-an&#225;lise, na qual buscamos, atrav&#233;s da leitura flutuante, nos familiarizarmos com os dados, escolher e grifar os trechos com sentidos semelhantes. Em paralelo, retomamos a leitura aprofundada dos manuais, notando o di&#225;logo dos resultados obtidos nas entrevistas com as dimens&#245;es apresentadas no primeiro volume do manual da OMS sobre letramento em sa&#250;de, que explicita sobre como os usu&#225;rios adquirem conhecimento em sa&#250;de e como os colocam em pr&#225;tica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Com isso, foi poss&#237;vel identificar duas categorias tem&#225;ticas, que foram submetidas &#224; interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos autores. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref> ilustra as etapas contempladas na an&#225;lise.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Etapas da an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica de conte&#250;do de Bardin</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-77-06-e20240154-0154-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica dos participantes da pesquisa. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 2</xref> mostra a m&#233;dia de anos vividos com a doen&#231;a de base.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos participantes da pesquisa</title>
            </caption>
            <table>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="top">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">Categoria</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">n</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">54,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Idade</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18 a 39 anos</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40 a 59 anos</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Acima de 60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Estado civil</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Casado</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Solteiro</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Uni&#227;o est&#225;vel</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Divorciado</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Vi&#250;vo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Unidade de sa&#250;de</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Ibirapuera</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Derby</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Escolaridade</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Ensino fundamental incompleto</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">27,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Ensino fundamental completo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Ensino superior</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Ocupa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Aposentada</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Aut&#244;nomo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">CLT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Desempregada</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Do lar</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Renda familiar mensal</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Menos de 1 sal&#225;rio m&#237;nimo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">De 1 a 3 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">63,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">De 3 a 5 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Mais de 5 sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a de base</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">59,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Transtorno depressivo maior</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Outros</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de frequentados</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Posto de sa&#250;de</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Ambulat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">40,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">M&#233;dico particular</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Outro atendimento de sa&#250;de</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Frequ&#234;ncia no servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 vez ao ano</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2 a 5 vezes no ano</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">45,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">A cada 2 meses</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1 vez por m&#234;s</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Toda semana</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Relato de dificuldade de acesso</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">20</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">90,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">9,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Recebe aux&#237;lio de familiares </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">36,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top"> ou cuidadores</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Sim</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">63,6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <attrib>
                <italic>CLT - Consolida&#231;&#227;o das Leis do Trabalho.</italic>
              </attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;dia de anos vividos com a doen&#231;a de base</title>
            </caption>
            <table>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="top">Doen&#231;a de base</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="top">M&#233;dia de anos vividos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10,5 anos</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica<break/>Transtorno depressivo maior </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16,3 anos<break/>11,2 anos</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Categorias tem&#225;ticas das entrevistas</title>
          <p>Duas categorias emergiram das entrevistas realizadas: 1) Constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em sa&#250;de e 2) O di&#225;logo entre a constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em sa&#250;de e as a&#231;&#245;es de cuidado dos pacientes;</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em sa&#250;de</title>
          <p>Dentre o relato dos participantes da pesquisa, a constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento para o letramento em sa&#250;de se institui a partir de quatro formas: atrav&#233;s das rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais, das m&#237;dias sociais, das sensa&#231;&#245;es corporais e da rela&#231;&#227;o com profissionais de sa&#250;de. Dentre elas, a forma mais evidente de constru&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de foi atrav&#233;s da viv&#234;ncia pessoal com familiares, amigos ou conhecidos e das cren&#231;as que emergem a partir dessas rela&#231;&#245;es:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Eu sempre ia lidando, porque eu cuidei da minha m&#227;e de idade, muitos anos, n&#233;. 10 anos eu cuidava de tudo</italic> [...]. (P3D)</p>
            <p><italic>Eu tive muita experi&#234;ncia, porque o meu marido, ele operou do cora&#231;&#227;o duas vezes</italic> [...]<italic>e aquela correria, sempre com ele tamb&#233;m. E, com a minha m&#227;e, cuidando de tudo</italic> [...]. <italic>Ent&#227;o a gente lida com muitos problemas de sa&#250;de, n&#233;?</italic> (P3D)</p>
            <p><italic>Porque no trabalho tem muito card&#237;aco. Conversava com todo mundo</italic> [...] <italic>mas por que voc&#234; apareceu com o seu problema? Ent&#227;o a gente fica conversando. At&#233; sobre rem&#233;dio, qual que &#233; o m&#233;dico que voc&#234; vai? Ent&#227;o voc&#234; vai ter muito conhecimento.</italic> (P5D)</p>
            <p><italic>Os meus colegas, conhe&#231;o bastante gente de diabetes, eles falam tanta coisa, a&#237; as coisas vai batendo, check mate, entendeu, as vistas, a perna cansada, o corpo cansado.</italic> (P8D)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Mesmo quando acompanhada da orienta&#231;&#227;o de um profissional de sa&#250;de, a constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento para o letramento em sa&#250;de &#233; facilitada quando o profissional &#233; um membro da fam&#237;lia ou um conhecido da mesma:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Os amigos do trabalho, da unidade b&#225;sica e familiar tamb&#233;m, t&#234;m familiar m&#233;dico na fam&#237;lia.</italic> (P7D)</p>
            <p><italic>Minha sobrinha &#233; secret&#225;ria. Ela &#233; agora enfermeira. Ela &#233; da recep&#231;&#227;o da Santa Casa. A minha irm&#227;, ela &#233; hoje assistente social. Ela me ensina tamb&#233;m muita coisa. Eu tenho d&#250;vida. Mas, ali em casa, eu tenho uma introdu&#231;&#227;o, &#233; o que eu falo? Um int&#233;rprete, que &#233; a Joana. Ela j&#225; fez enfermagem, trabalhou na &#225;rea de sa&#250;de</italic> [...]. (P4D)</p>
            <p><italic>Minha filha, ela &#233; t&#233;cnica de enfermagem, hoje ela t&#225; no laborat&#243;rio, mas trabalhou mais na parte administrativa. Ent&#227;o pe&#231;o pra ela perguntar pro m&#233;dico, tudo assim, tem sempre uma orienta&#231;&#227;o.</italic> (P3D)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Por vezes, essa constru&#231;&#227;o, atrav&#233;s das rela&#231;&#245;es familiares, gera d&#250;vidas e pode gerar certa descren&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es acerca das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A minha m&#227;e morreu com 94 anos s&#243; comendo gordura de porco. A &#250;nica coisa que fez foi que ela perdeu as vistas, n&#227;o enxergava mais. Ela era l&#250;cida, n&#227;o tinha diabetes. J&#225; minha irm&#227; teve, meu irm&#227;o teve e as filhas da minha irm&#227; j&#225; t&#234;m. Ent&#227;o, eu n&#227;o sei, &#233; sedent&#225;rio ou como que pode ser.</italic> (P3D)</p>
            <p><italic>A minha doen&#231;a, eu nem sei o que falar, porque minha m&#227;e nunca bebeu, nunca fumou, nunca nada, tem diabetes e tem at&#233; press&#227;o tamb&#233;m</italic> [...] <italic>ent&#227;o, n&#227;o sei.</italic> (P9D)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>A internet tamb&#233;m aparece como aliada na constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento para o letramento em sa&#250;de dos participantes:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Porque eu pesquiso muito no Google tamb&#233;m</italic> [...] <italic>no Google, porque voc&#234; tem que pesquisar. N&#227;o ficar t&#227;o leiga na parte da sa&#250;de, sua pr&#243;pria sa&#250;de, n&#233;?</italic> (P4D)</p>
            <p><italic>No Google ou no YouTube. Sempre tem relatos de pessoas explicando. Mas, assim, que mesmo a doen&#231;a se &#233; igual, &#233; que cada pessoa &#233; de um jeito.</italic> (P8I)</p>
            <p><italic>Na internet, eu vejo as les&#245;es que causa a diabetes e falo para a doutora. Eu fiquei meio assustado.</italic> (P11I)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>No entanto, os pacientes costumam confrontar as informa&#231;&#245;es da internet com as orienta&#231;&#245;es de profissionais de sa&#250;de:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Eu s&#243; sinto confi&#225;vel quando eu vejo um postinho ou alguma unidade de sa&#250;de, porque eu at&#233; busco informa&#231;&#227;o assim na internet. Outro dia apareceu que diabetes &#233; causada por um verme no p&#226;ncreas, a&#237; voc&#234; fica assim: &#8220;Meu Deus do c&#233;u&#8221;.</italic> (P1I)</p>
            <p><italic>Procuro porque eu n&#227;o gosto de fazer coisa por minha conta, eu procuro saber, porque tem coisas da internet que n&#227;o pode</italic> [...]. (P4I)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>A orienta&#231;&#227;o e o v&#237;nculo com profissionais de sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m aparecem como importantes na constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento para o letramento em sa&#250;de dos participantes:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Sem a ajuda de um m&#233;dico, sem a ajuda de um profissional nessa &#225;rea, voc&#234; n&#227;o faz nada, simplesmente vai ler, mas n&#227;o vai fazer nada, voc&#234; precisa ter algu&#233;m que auxilie, que d&#234; um caminho certo.</italic> (P3I)</p>
            <p><italic>Eu vou no farmac&#234;utico e sempre marco certinho o jeito de tomar, pregar um papelzinho, hor&#225;rio, como toma, se &#233; antes da refei&#231;&#227;o, se &#233; depois.</italic> (P3D)</p>
            <p><italic>Olha, doutora, eu n&#227;o sou de pesquisar internet, essas coisas, n&#227;o. Eu tenho as informa&#231;&#245;es que eu tenho, s&#227;o dos meus m&#233;dicos que me acompanham, n&#233;?</italic> (P4I)</p>
            <p><italic>Eu j&#225; acostumei tanto com a doutora que eu procuro vim no dia que ela t&#225; que &#233; pra resolver. Eu sinto assim: se eu tiver um problema, eu posso vir aqui amanh&#227; cedo que vai ser resolvido. Eu t&#244; muito feliz.</italic> (P6D)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Por fim, outra forma de construir o letramento em sa&#250;de &#233; atrav&#233;s da percep&#231;&#227;o do pr&#243;prio corpo:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A minha cabe&#231;a fica turva &#224;s vezes e a cabe&#231;a fica ruim, a&#237; eu sei que ela t&#225; um pouquinho alta.</italic> (P2D)</p>
            <p><italic>&#192;s vezes, um pouquinho de tontura., n&#225;usea, de falta de ar. &#192;s vezes, taquicardia</italic> [...] <italic>at&#233; que eu fui descobrindo que era da ansiedade.</italic> (P5I)</p>
            <p><italic>Porque ela subindo descontrolada te causa ruim, causa n&#225;useas. E ela baixa, ela me d&#225; uma fome desesperadora, como at&#233; coisa que eu n&#227;o gosto. E eu sinto muita fraqueza, &#224;s vezes d&#225; at&#233; uma impress&#227;o que eu vou desmaiar de tontura.</italic> (P8I)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>O di&#225;logo entre a constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em sa&#250;de e as a&#231;&#245;es de cuidado dos pacientes</title>
          <p>Quando a constru&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de se d&#225; principalmente atrav&#233;s das rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais, o cuidado em sa&#250;de &#233; atrelado a essas rela&#231;&#245;es:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Porque a minha vizinha, ela era assim. Eu n&#227;o t&#244; sentindo nada, n&#227;o vou tomar. Eu tamb&#233;m era desse jeito</italic> [...] <italic>mas a&#237;, ela deitou, deu um derrame facial. A&#237;, daqui pra c&#225;, ah, eu n&#227;o fico sem meu rem&#233;dio de jeito nenhum.</italic> (P6D)</p>
            <p><italic>Eu quero que eles tenham orgulho de mim, porque eles falam que ficam l&#225; pensando em mim aqui.</italic> [...] <italic>meu filho falou: &#8220;&#211;, vem aqui que a gente vai comprar os rem&#233;dios pra senhora&#8221;</italic> [...] <italic>eu peguei e falei: &#8220;Bom, eu n&#227;o vou decepcionar ele, n&#233;? Eu vou fazer certinho&#8221;.</italic> (P6D)</p>
            <p>[...] <italic>ela descobriu que ela estava com c&#226;ncer, n&#233;? J&#225; era tarde, entendeu? Ent&#227;o, at&#233; por ter acompanhado ela com tudo isso, eu procuro cuidar bem da minha sa&#250;de, assim, o tanto que eu posso, sabe?</italic> (P6I)</p>
            <p><italic>Porque a minha vizinha, ela foi fazer, porque eu n&#227;o tinha ningu&#233;m pra ir comigo, n&#233;? Ent&#227;o, a minha vizinha t&#225; fazendo, porque ela t&#225; pr&#233;-diab&#233;tica e precisa fazer e ela t&#225; me levando. Porque a&#237; eu sozinha, eu tenho medo, eu n&#227;o vou</italic> [...]. (P2D).</p>
            <p><italic>A&#237;, eu conversando com uma amiga minha, onde ela falou: &#8220;N&#227;o, Regina, n&#227;o tem perigo, elas n&#227;o deixam voc&#234; afogar&#8221;. Passou confian&#231;a</italic> [...] <italic>ela falou: &#8220;Voc&#234; pode ir comigo, a gente vem junto&#8221;</italic> [...]. (P2D)</p>
            <p><italic>A minha filha t&#225; fazendo medicina, ela pega muito no p&#233; da gente, ela vigia a gente de perto, n&#233;? Ela v&#234; como t&#225;, ela v&#234; todos os exames, entendeu? Ela v&#234; o que t&#225; comendo, o que n&#227;o t&#225; comendo, ela fica de olho. Ela vigia muito a gente tamb&#233;m.</italic> (P6I)</p>
            <p><italic>Eu escuto l&#225; no bar, n&#233;? Que tem um monte de gente que tem diabetes l&#225;, por isso que eu n&#227;o entendo o neg&#243;cio de diabetes. Eu n&#227;o posso comer doce, n&#227;o posso nada. J&#225; tem outros que vai l&#225;, que bebe pinga com coca e &#233; diab&#233;tico tamb&#233;m. Por que um &#233; diferente do outro?</italic> (P6D)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Apesar das m&#237;dias sociais aparecerem como colaboradoras para a constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em sa&#250;de, elas n&#227;o aparecem como auxiliadoras do processo de cuidado. J&#225; a rela&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento adquirido por profissionais de sa&#250;de aparece como importante colaborador, e &#233; permeada por fatores como v&#237;nculo, escuta, enxergar o profissional como figura de autoridade e pela linguagem corporal e verbal do profissional:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Ela pediu s&#243; os exames. Falou: &#8220;Tem que fazer tal coisa&#8221;. Eu fico realmente abatida, preocupada</italic> [...] <italic>causa o medo de fazer o exame e descobrir</italic> [...] <italic>ent&#227;o, eu falo assim: &#8220;Eu n&#227;o vou fazer esse exame&#8221;</italic> [...]. (P4D)</p>
            <p>[...] <italic>uma decis&#227;o que eu tomei em conjunto foi eu e minha psic&#243;loga, que a gente estava discutindo os pr&#243;ximos passos, e eu percebi que o lugar que eu estava morando n&#227;o estava bom. Fui l&#225; e me mudei de endere&#231;o, mudei as atividades do dia que eu estava fazendo. Com o tempo, voltei a acordar mais cedo, fazer caminhada, exerc&#237;cio.</italic> (P1I)</p>
            <p>[...] <italic>e eu tava trabalhando normalzinho de tudo, e chamaram pra eu fazer o exame peri&#243;dico</italic> [...] <italic>o m&#233;dico tirou a press&#227;o, ouviu o meu batimento card&#237;aco, a&#237; j&#225; falou pra mim que eu tinha que esperar, porque tinha dado uma altera&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o</italic> [...] <italic>atendeu uma outra pessoa l&#225; rapidinho e j&#225; mandou chamar a ambul&#226;ncia, falou que eu tinha que ir embora, direto pro pronto-socorro, a&#237; eu achei que eu tava at&#233; morrendo, paralisei</italic> [...]. (P5D)</p>
            <p><italic>Eu sinto bem, ele &#233; especialista, ele sabe, estudou, n&#233;? Ent&#227;o, ele me orientou a mudar, eu tenho que mudar, n&#233;?</italic> (P3D)</p>
            <p>[...] <italic>porque ele est&#225; ali se disponibilizando e vendo parte do processo que eu estou passando. Ent&#227;o, eu creio que est&#225; me receitando porque vai me fazer bem, n&#233;?</italic> [...]. (P11D)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, a rela&#231;&#227;o profissional-paciente muitas vezes d&#225; in&#237;cio &#224; motiva&#231;&#227;o ao cuidado em sa&#250;de, e as sensa&#231;&#245;es percebidas no corpo, assim como as rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais, funcionam como facilitadoras ou dificultadoras da manuten&#231;&#227;o desse cuidado:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Agora, eu t&#244; participando do grupo, n&#233;? Grupo de mulheres. &#201; uma coisa que t&#225; me ajudando muito a ter t&#233;cnicas, n&#233;? De medita&#231;&#227;o, de respira&#231;&#227;o, a gente conversa. Ent&#227;o, isso t&#225; me fazendo bem. T&#244; passando por consultas individuais com ela tamb&#233;m.</italic> (P11D)</p>
            <p><italic>Ah, eu procuro, aos finais de semana, lazer com a fam&#237;lia, dar uma aten&#231;&#227;o melhor para os filhos</italic> [...] <italic>porque eu percebo que a parte emocional, a ansiedade &#233; um fator que altera bastante</italic> [...] <italic>pelo menos, no final de semana, eu tento fazer algumas coisas diferente</italic> [...] <italic>fazer caminhada, sabendo o que a gente tem que fazer para sentir melhor.</italic> (P7D)</p>
            <p><italic>&#201;, eu estou fazendo caminhada e inclusive o meu m&#233;dico psiquiatra orientou que eu fosse para uma academia, porque eu estava muito quieta. Mas do contr&#225;rio, as terapias eu estou indo. Eu n&#227;o posso ficar sem. A gente tem grupos, um grupo maravilhoso de apoio, ent&#227;o eu n&#227;o deixo de ir. Se eu deixasse de ir, eu n&#227;o estaria mais aqui</italic> [...]. (P4I)</p>
            <p><italic>Porque se existe um tratamento, um cuidado para isso, por que n&#227;o fazer? Caminhar um pouco, comer mais fruta</italic> [...] <italic>e ter tranquilidade. Procurar manter a calma tamb&#233;m, que isso contribui muito para essas sensa&#231;&#245;es.</italic> (P7I)</p>
            <p><italic>Eu parei por minha conta, na hora que eu vejo que estou ficando muito ruim, eu choro, e a&#237; passa um pouquinho</italic> [...] <italic>e o rem&#233;dio ele melhora uma coisa, mas atrapalha a outra. A parte de namorar, eu n&#227;o tinha vontade nenhuma. Ent&#227;o, eu acho que o rem&#233;dio ajudou naquele momento que eu estava chorando demais, toda hora, mas eu acho que agora n&#227;o tem necessidade</italic> [...]. (P10I)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Ao contr&#225;rio das m&#237;dias sociais, que aparecem como colaboradoras para a constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em sa&#250;de, mas n&#227;o para o cuidado, a f&#233; e a religi&#227;o aparecem como fatores de aux&#237;lio no cuidado em sa&#250;de:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Eu posso dizer para voc&#234; que &#233; todo dia buscar a nossa f&#233;</italic> [...] <italic>porque a gente sem f&#233; n&#227;o chega a lugar nenhum</italic> [...] <italic>a gente l&#234; na B&#237;blia, l&#234; na palavra, buscando um lugar para ir. Acho que esse &#233; o ponto fundamental. N&#227;o s&#243; para isso, como para todas as quest&#245;es da nossa vida.</italic> (P7I)</p>
            <p><italic>Eu, gra&#231;as a Deus, me livrei de tudo isso, porque eu busquei na minha f&#233;</italic> [...] <italic>l&#243;gico que tem uma ajuda psicol&#243;gica e psiqui&#225;trica de doutores capacitados para isso. Mas fundamentalmente &#233; essa busca, &#233; um conjunto de coisas que voc&#234; tem que fazer.</italic> (P7I)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, percebe-se o alinhamento com o manual da OMS referente &#224;s dimens&#245;es de como os usu&#225;rios dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de adquirem conhecimento e os aplicam em pr&#225;ticas de autocuidado. Percebemos que a aquisi&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento se d&#225; predominantemente por meio das intera&#231;&#245;es sociais de maior proximidade, incluindo amigos e familiares, sobretudo se esses &#250;ltimos s&#227;o profissionais de sa&#250;de ou se esse aprendizado emerge da experi&#234;ncia do indiv&#237;duo como cuidador de algum familiar com uma condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de semelhante &#224; sua. O di&#225;logo permite que os indiv&#237;duos compartilhem suas experi&#234;ncias, anseios, busquem apoio emocional e aprendam a partir da experi&#234;ncia do outro, demonstrando, conforme os manuais da OMS, que o desenvolvimento do letramento em sa&#250;de &#233; uma pr&#225;tica social<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento para o letramento em sa&#250;de atrav&#233;s das rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais motivou a maioria dos entrevistados ao autocuidado. Ao observarem complica&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas em pessoas pr&#243;ximas, passaram a cuidar melhor da alimenta&#231;&#227;o ou praticar atividade f&#237;sica. No entanto, para alguns, essa rela&#231;&#227;o gerou ceticismo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas por profissionais de sa&#250;de, confrontando-as com a realidade vivida por seus familiares. Uma participante deste estudo mencionou um familiar com h&#225;bitos alimentares n&#227;o saud&#225;veis que teve uma longa vida, sem desenvolver diabetes, questionando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre h&#225;bitos saud&#225;veis e doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.</p>
        <p>Este resultado vai ao encontro dos estudos voltados a compreender o letramento em sa&#250;de de indiv&#237;duos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. O conceito de mediadores do letramento em sa&#250;de descreve pessoas que tornam o seu letramento em sa&#250;de dispon&#237;vel a outras, de maneira formal ou informal, e ressalta o suporte social como um dos mediadores mais importantes no letramento em sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>, evidenciando o que o manual da OMS em letramento em sa&#250;de alerta: o fato de o letramento em sa&#250;de n&#227;o ser uma tarefa individual e sobre os amigos e familiares se comunicarem com os profissionais de sa&#250;de em nome e em colabora&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes que estes atendem<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. A proximidade das rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais tamb&#233;m foi ao encontro daquelas encontradas neste estudo, sendo que a fam&#237;lia nuclear &#233; a principal mediadora da constru&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de, seguida de amigos e, por fim, colegas de trabalho e membros de grupos de suporte<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Esses achados destacam a import&#226;ncia de iniciativas como o Modelo de Cuidado Centrado no Paciente e na Fam&#237;lia (MCCPP)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>. No entanto, estudos recentes mostram a dificuldade dos profissionais de sa&#250;de em incluir pacientes e familiares nas decis&#245;es de cuidado. No Brasil, pesquisas indicam a dificuldade de integrar o MCCPP aos cuidados do paciente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>, al&#233;m de contar com um n&#250;mero de estudos insuficiente na &#225;rea. Outro ponto importante na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento em sa&#250;de e as rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais &#233; a import&#226;ncia de estrat&#233;gias dentro da comunidade do paciente. Pacientes que participaram de grupos de educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de aprenderam mais sobre suas condi&#231;&#245;es do que aqueles que n&#227;o participaram<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. As interven&#231;&#245;es que promovem suporte em grupos s&#227;o tamb&#233;m enfatizadas pelo manual de letramento em sa&#250;de da OMS<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo, como em outros sobre letramento em sa&#250;de, evidenciou que a tecnologia digital e as redes sociais s&#227;o ferramentas fundamentais na dissemina&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. Alguns pacientes entrevistados consideram as m&#237;dias uma das principais fontes de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#227;o, devido &#224; rapidez e acessibilidade dos conte&#250;dos. No entanto, h&#225; uma dualidade, uma vez que a popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo buscou confrontar as informa&#231;&#245;es digitais com aquelas fornecidas por profissionais de sa&#250;de de confian&#231;a, percebendo-as como confusas, contradit&#243;rias ou mesmo falsas.</p>
        <p>Sendo assim, os resultados deste estudo corroboram pesquisas anteriores, ao identificar as m&#237;dias sociais como fator importante no desenvolvimento do letramento em sa&#250;de. No entanto, neste estudo, as m&#237;dias s&#227;o vistas com desconfian&#231;a e aparecem como secund&#225;rias &#224;s rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais. No entanto, como o uso das m&#237;dias sociais aparece nas falas dos participantes, &#233; evidente a import&#226;ncia de utiliz&#225;-las como aliada ao cuidado em sa&#250;de. Estudos nacionais e internacionais mostram que as m&#237;dias sociais podem fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es confi&#225;veis, formar comunidades de suporte entre usu&#225;rios com as mesmas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, facilitar mudan&#231;as de comportamento necess&#225;rias para manejar condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas, treinar profissionais de sa&#250;de, acompanhar e monitorar h&#225;bitos dos pacientes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Em conson&#226;ncia com estudos sobre letramento em sa&#250;de, os participantes deste estudo destacam o papel do profissional de sa&#250;de como facilitador do processo de aprendizado, sendo crucial uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dico-paciente para que o indiv&#237;duo confie nas informa&#231;&#245;es recebidas. A qualidade da rela&#231;&#227;o profissional sa&#250;de-paciente se relaciona &#224; confian&#231;a, empatia, comunica&#231;&#227;o, escuta e compartilhamento de informa&#231;&#245;es. Contudo, estudos mostram que nem todos os profissionais apoiam o desenvolvimento do letramento em sa&#250;de ou incentivam os pacientes a interagir com a informa&#231;&#227;o antes de escolherem o tratamento. Alguns criam barreiras que impedem o desenvolvimento de compet&#234;ncias de autocuidado<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, pacientes destacaram que a observa&#231;&#227;o da linguagem corporal e verbal dos profissionais de sa&#250;de &#233; essencial para a tomada de decis&#227;o, gerando confian&#231;a ou descr&#233;dito. Pacientes com menor confian&#231;a e v&#237;nculo com profissionais de sa&#250;de apresentam maiores n&#237;veis de hemoglobina glicada e mais eventos cardiovasculares<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. As principais barreiras para o letramento em sa&#250;de s&#227;o a baixa habilidade de comunica&#231;&#227;o de profissionais de sa&#250;de, fazendo com que os pacientes sintam que n&#227;o receberam informa&#231;&#245;es o suficiente e n&#227;o foram ouvidos. Alguns pacientes mencionam que suas informa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o foram consideradas pelo profissional durante a consulta. Ao n&#227;o levar em considera&#231;&#227;o as necessidades dos pr&#243;prios pacientes, a mudan&#231;a de comportamento se torna mais dif&#237;cil.</p>
        <p>Esse fato aparece nos relatos dos participantes deste estudo. Percebe-se que os participantes s&#227;o mais propensos a mudar de comportamento quando percebem que as informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de s&#227;o constru&#237;das em conjunto, com base no v&#237;nculo e nas suas pr&#243;prias necessidades. Em contraste, quando veem o profissional apenas como uma figura de autoridade, os relatos de mudan&#231;a de comportamento n&#227;o acompanham o discurso. Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, estrat&#233;gias de comunica&#231;&#227;o, como a entrevista motivacional (EM), s&#227;o importantes aliadas para promover essas mudan&#231;as. No Brasil, a EM &#233; aplicada, em suma, no contexto do uso de subst&#226;ncias psicoativas, e ainda &#233; pouco utilizada no contexto da APS<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Outra forma de constru&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento para o letramento em sa&#250;de evidenciada neste estudo foram suas pr&#243;prias percep&#231;&#245;es corporais, que foram correlacionadas &#224; determinada condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. Cabe ao profissional de sa&#250;de estimular o paciente a desenvolver a autopercep&#231;&#227;o e orient&#225;-lo na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de tais sinais e sintomas, para que sejam diferenciados sintomas habituais de sintomas de gravidade. A OMS afirma que atividades que estimulem momentos de autopercep&#231;&#227;o favorecem a constru&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de e promo&#231;&#227;o do autocuidado, como <italic>Mindfulness</italic> e Ioga, que s&#227;o colocadas como ferramentas importantes na constru&#231;&#227;o do autocuidado<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Por fim, a f&#233;, alicer&#231;ada principalmente na religi&#227;o crist&#227;, aparece como um mediador da motiva&#231;&#227;o para o autocuidado em sa&#250;de, fato esse n&#227;o encontrado em demais estudos qualitativos sobre o letramento em sa&#250;de. Sabe-se que as pr&#225;ticas e grupos religiosos t&#234;m grande influ&#234;ncia na estrutura comunit&#225;ria e, por vezes, participam da promo&#231;&#227;o de programas preventivos, como centros de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, pr&#225;ticas de atividade f&#237;sica e educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>. Nesse sentido, os locais religiosos podem ser pensados para distribui&#231;&#227;o de panfletos educativos, divulga&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es em sa&#250;de e at&#233; mesmo palco para profissionais de sa&#250;de realizarem palestras educativas.</p>
        <p>O estudo atual destaca a necessidade de profissionais capacitados explorar e utilizar o conhecimento pr&#233;vio dos pacientes sobre suas condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas de sa&#250;de, especialmente suas viv&#234;ncias pessoais e interpessoais. &#201; crucial implementar a&#231;&#245;es de comunica&#231;&#227;o que alcancem comunidades e disseminem informa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, de forma ampla, para al&#233;m das consultas individuais. A educa&#231;&#227;o permanente em t&#233;cnicas de comunica&#231;&#227;o e motiva&#231;&#227;o para mudan&#231;a de comportamento pode ser uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz. As terapias complementares, especialmente as pr&#225;ticas mente e corpo, s&#227;o importantes aliadas, pois promovem o autoconhecimento corporal e podem ser aplicadas em grupo.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo identificou algumas dificuldades. Primeiro, a realiza&#231;&#227;o das entrevistas foi prejudicada pela limita&#231;&#227;o de espa&#231;o f&#237;sico, pois uma das unidades de sa&#250;de tinha infraestrutura inadequada e uma sala pequena, sem ventila&#231;&#227;o adequada, para realiza&#231;&#227;o das entrevistas. Por fim, o prazo de entrega do Trabalho de Conclus&#227;o de Resid&#234;ncia, combinado com a carga hor&#225;ria pr&#225;tica exigida pelo programa de resid&#234;ncia, impediu a explora&#231;&#227;o de outros aspectos do letramento em sa&#250;de, como comparar a constru&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de apontado pelos participantes com as opini&#245;es dos profissionais de sa&#250;de que atendem essa popula&#231;&#227;o, a fim de investigar discrep&#226;ncias e aproxima&#231;&#245;es dos discursos, assim como realizar uma an&#225;lise de conte&#250;do antes e ap&#243;s interven&#231;&#245;es de educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de nos mesmos participantes. Esses apontamentos podem se configurar futuros campos de pesquisa necess&#225;rios no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para as &#225;reas da enfermagem, sa&#250;de ou pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi pioneiro em investigar qualitativamente a aquisi&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento para o letramento em sa&#250;de em pacientes da aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de sa&#250;de do Brasil. Estudos com objetivos semelhantes foram realizados fora do Brasil, analisando popula&#231;&#245;es com diferentes h&#225;bitos culturais, etnia, economia, geografias e pr&#225;ticas sociais, sem considerar as especificidades brasileiras. Isso pode explicar porque este estudo foi o &#250;nico a relatar a contribui&#231;&#227;o da religi&#227;o para o letramento em sa&#250;de, destacando a necessidade de mais pesquisas brasileiras. Embora os estudos quantitativos sobre o tema sejam importantes, a pesquisa qualitativa &#233; crucial para captar as subjetividades dos discursos, essencial para entender fen&#244;menos sociais complexos, como o letramento em sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>Os resultados sinalizam que a an&#225;lise de como ocorre a constru&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de no manejo de condi&#231;&#245;es de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis &#233; um processo cont&#237;nuo de autoconhecimento e autogerenciamento da sua pr&#243;pria condi&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. Familiares, amigos e colegas de trabalho tamb&#233;m s&#227;o os principais agentes mediadores no desenvolvimento e na pr&#225;tica da alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, compartilhando conhecimento, experi&#234;ncias, habilidades e forma&#231;&#227;o de rede de apoio na tomada de decis&#227;o. Por isso, compreender a din&#226;mica familiar permite tamb&#233;m entender o construto da alfabetiza&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de. A rela&#231;&#227;o profissional sa&#250;de-paciente se constitui um importante pilar para que as informa&#231;&#245;es recebidas pelos pacientes se transformem em motiva&#231;&#227;o para o autocuidado. Nesse sentido, a APS, a partir da longitudinalidade e da abordagem centrada na pessoa (MCCPP), contribui para que a rela&#231;&#227;o profissional sa&#250;de-paciente n&#227;o seja uma barreira, mas sim um bin&#244;mio de alian&#231;a para a constru&#231;&#227;o do letramento em sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>AGRADECIMENTO</title>
        <p>A todos os integrantes da equipe t&#233;cnica das unidades de Estrat&#233;gia de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia Dr. Bartolomeu Maragliano Venere e Dr. Jo&#227;o Parassu Borges, por todo o apoio ao longo da forma&#231;&#227;o das autoras e execu&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
