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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sLZXrqwzXnQhs98yHHhXN7L</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672024000700171</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0374</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00171</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nurses&#8217; perspectives on nurses&#8217; work methods</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Mirada de los enfermeros sobre los m&#233;todos de trabajo en enfermer&#237;a</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8794-528X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ventura-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Miguel Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1527-9940</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Manuela Ferreira Pereira da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7119-0230</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trindade</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">IV</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5838-0080</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Ana da Concei&#231;&#227;o Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5065-7815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>S&#243;nia Cristina da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">V</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2396-9845</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">VI</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4870-2047</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Manuel da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">VII</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9982-9537</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Maria Pimenta Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical</role>
          <role>intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">III</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">VIII</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Porto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Superior de Sa&#250;de Norte</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Oliveira de Azem&#233;is</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Sa&#250;de Norte. Oliveira de Azem&#233;is, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CINTESIS@RISE</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CINTESIS@RISE. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>IV</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Chapec&#243;</city>
          <state>Santa Catarina</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Chapec&#243;, Santa Catarina, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>V</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>VI</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Santa Catarina</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Enfermagem. Santa Catarina, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>VII</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Enfermagem (UICISA: E)</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Viseu</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Enfermagem (UICISA: E). Viseu, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>VIII</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Jo&#227;o Miguel Almeida Ventura-Silva , E-mail: <email>joao.ventura@essnortecvp.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: M&#225;rcia Ferreira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>77</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20230374</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2023</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To analyze nurses&#8217; perspectives on nurses&#8217; work methods in the hospital context.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A descriptive study with a qualitative approach was conducted in a hospital in northern Portugal, involving 17 nurses. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Data collected between May and June 2023 underwent content analysis, supported by Atlas.ti software.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Three thematic areas emerged: &#8220;Nurses&#8217; work methods in a hospital context,&#8221; highlighting the conception and components of work methods and the methods in use; &#8220;Implementation of nurses&#8217; work methods,&#8221; emphasizing influencing factors and challenges to implementation; and &#8220;Impact of nurses&#8217; work methods on patients, nurses, and institutions.&#8221;</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Final Considerations:</title>
          <p>Nurses&#8217; work methods constitute the structure of nursing care. Some factors influence and some challenges arise in the implementation of these methods, producing impacts on patients, nurses, and institutions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analizar percepci&#243;n de enfermeros sobre m&#233;todos de trabajo en enfermer&#237;a en contexto hospitalario.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudio descriptivo con abordaje cualitativa, realizado en un hospital del norte de Portugal, con participaci&#243;n de 17 enfermeros. Como instrumento de recolecta de datos, recorrido a la entrevista semiestructurada. Datos recolectados entre mayo e junio de 2023, pasaron por an&#225;lisis de contenido, con suporte del software Atlas.ti.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Emergieron tres &#225;reas tem&#225;ticas: &#8220;M&#233;todos de trabajo de enfermeros en contexto hospitalario&#8221;, destac&#225;ndose la concepci&#243;n y componentes de m&#233;todos de trabajo y en uso; &#8220;Implementaci&#243;n de m&#233;todos de trabajo&#8221;, se&#241;al&#225;ndose factores influenciadores y desaf&#237;os a la implementaci&#243;n; e &#8220;Impacto de m&#233;todos de trabajo de enfermeros para los pacientes, enfermeros e instituciones&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones Finales:</title>
          <p>Los m&#233;todos de trabajo constituidos como la estructura de asistencia de enfermer&#237;a. Hay factores que influencian y desaf&#237;os que se quedan a la implementaci&#243;n de esos m&#233;todos, produciendo impacto en pacientes, enfermeros e instituciones.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Female and Male Nurses</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Work</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Safety</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality Assurance</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Care</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Enfermeros</kwd>
        <kwd>Atenci&#243;n de Enfermer&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Trabajo</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguridad del Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Garant&#237;a de la Calidad de Atenci&#243;n de Salud</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Since the end of the last century, with the publication of the &#8220;To Err is Human&#8221; report<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>, the importance of establishing a culture of safety in hospitals and ensuring that patients are not harmed by adverse events has been highlighted. The advancement of health technology and patients&#8217; demands regarding health care have brought forth concepts related to the quality of care and patient safety as essential principles and key components of care delivery<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Quality and safety of care have become a priority, a requirement, and a demand from health organizations aiming to provide sick people with a higher level of health and well-being<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>International and national organizations, such as the Ordem dos Enfermeiros de Portugal, emphasize the need for nursing practice to be guided by standards that ensure the quality and safety of care using methodologies for organizing nurses&#8217; work<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. Health institutions must define and implement a care delivery method that aligns with the organization&#8217;s vision and mission and incorporates all available human and material capital<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is important to highlight that the way nurses organize their work throughout their professional practice is one component linked to the work method. This allows for the assembly of the different ways each nursing professional conceives and implements nursing care to patients in different care contexts<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>. It also enables the outlining of the necessary infrastructure to support nursing practice, considering the set of competencies acquired by nurses and the expected outcomes for care<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. However, implementing new methods may require changes in the structure and practices of institutions, a fundamental topic for developing the profession and the qualification of practices.</p>
      <p>The educational path of the nurse and the skills acquired throughout their career are aspects that influence the recognition and choice of work methods<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>. Nursing management also influences the methods adopted by nurses, as it plays an important role in defining practices and promoting the adoption of effective methods<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>. The specific characteristics of health institutions also interfere in the configuration of work methods, such as resource availability, organizational culture, and patient profiles<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. Given these aspects, the question arises: What are nurses&#8217; perceptions about the work methods implemented in the hospital context?</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To analyze nurses&#8217; perspectives on nurses&#8217; work methods in the hospital context.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical Aspects</title>
        <p>The study received a favorable opinion from the Ethics Committee and complied with all ethical legal aspects for research involving human beings in Portugal. Participants were informed and clarified about the study&#8217;s objectives and purposes and signed informed consent. Confidentiality and anonymity of data were ensured, using the letter N for nurse and SN for specialist nurse followed by a number indicating the order of the interview (N1, N2, SN1, SN2).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Design and Study Location</title>
        <p>This is a descriptive, qualitative study conducted at a central hospital in northern Portugal. The choice of study setting was intentional, as it is a health organization that has developed training related to the methodologies of organizing nursing care, following the Nursing Care Quality Standards (OE 2012) recommended by the Ordem dos Enfermeiros de Portugal. The guidelines of the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) from the Equator Network<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup> were followed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population, Inclusion, and Exclusion Criteria</title>
        <p>The study participants were defined through non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. Inclusion criteria considered were: being a nurse or specialist nurse (i.e., those professionals who act in direct care) in Portugal; working in the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Intensive Medicine and Emergency; and having a service time equal to or greater than one year. Nurses away from work during the study period were excluded. Twenty-one potential participants who met the inclusion criteria were identified, of which 17 agreed to participate in the study, and the rest expressed unavailability.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Collection</title>
        <p>Data collection took place between May and June 2023 through interviews using a semi structured guide. The data collection instrument included six closed questions for sociodemographic and professional characterization of participants and six open-ended questions aimed at understanding the concept and components of the work method, facilitating or hindering aspects, and implications that may arise from the implementation of work methods in a hospital context. To assess the comprehension of the questions, the instrument was tested with nurses and specialist nurses working in the Departments of Medicine, Surgery, and Intensive Medicine and Emergency of another institution, i.e., not included in the sampling of this study.</p>
        <p>The meeting between the researcher (with the professional category of specialist nurse) and the participants was previously scheduled through a telephone contact provided by the nursing director of the institution where the study was conducted, after authorization from potential participants. Interviews were conducted in a reserved room of the hospital, in the exclusive presence of the participant and the researcher, lasted a minimum of 60 minutes and a maximum of 120 minutes, and were recorded in audio with the participant&#8217;s authorization. Given the saturation of data, it was not considered necessary to conduct new interviews or repeat them. The researcher transcribed all interviews in full and sent them by email for participants&#8217; validation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data Analysis</title>
        <p>The analysis of the discourses followed the operative proposal of Content Analysis in three phases: pre-analysis (the phase of organizing the data that constituted the research corpus); exploration of the material (the corpus was thoroughly studied to establish the units of registration and context units, from which three thematic axes emerged); and inference and interpretation (the three thematic axes were analyzed based on their constitutive elements by differentiation and by regrouping according to the statements and the study&#8217;s objective) (Bardin 2016). Atlas.ti Version 23 software was used, in which interviews were inserted in a Word text file and composed a project. Subsequently, the principal researcher selected the significant excerpts (quotations), to which identifier codes (codes) were attributed, being later organized into three thematic areas (Code groups).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>The majority of participants were women (76.5%), married/in a common-law marriage (82.4%), with an average age of 40.4 years. General care nurses predominated (58.8%) with an average professional experience of 15.2 years. Only 23.5% of the participants had training on the methodology of organizing nursing care.</p>
      <p>From the content of the interviews, three thematic areas emerged, with their respective categories and subcategories (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>), based on the Nursing Care Quality Standards<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup> recommended by the Ordem dos Enfermeiros de Portugal. In the thematic area &#8220;Nurses&#8217; work methods in a hospital context,&#8221; the discourse of nurses allowed for the identification of two categories: &#8220;Conception and components of work methods&#8221; and &#8220;Work methods in use by nurses,&#8221; as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Nurses&#8217; work methods in a hospital contexto. Porto, Portugal, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-77-03-e20230374-0374-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Implementation of work methods, Porto, Portugal, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-77-03-e20230374-0374-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Impact of nurses&#8217; work methods, Porto, Portugal, 2023</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-77-03-e20230374-0374-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the &#8220;Conception and components of work methods&#8221; category, participants understand that the work method, particularly its components, forms the structural basis of the organization of nurses&#8217; work, namely the infrastructures that allow for organizing nursing care, considering the expected outcomes of care for the patient:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>It forms the basis of professional existence and the way we organize and apply our knowledge and assist the client in the best way</italic> [...] <italic>with quality and safety.</italic> (N3)</p>
        <p><italic>The work method is extremely important for the team</italic> [...] <italic>it allows us to organize our work and our care, respond to our patients&#8217; needs by prioritizing care</italic> [...] <italic>we can make a supported decision and affirm ourselves among peers and other health professionals, valuing our profession.</italic> (SN6)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>The systematic nature of nursing care, supported by nursing theoretical frameworks to meet patients&#8217; needs, was evident in the nurses&#8217; discourse. The organization of care should prioritize a systematic method, with the nurse responsible for its development and documentation.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>The work methods that nurses use aim to organize nursing care</italic> [...] <italic>to provide systematic and targeted responses to the needs of the client requiring our intervention.</italic> (SN1)</p>
        <p><italic>The conceptual basis of our records in the hospital, for example, is framed within Meleis&#8217;s transition theory-even the admission notes and initial data collections, the preparation for discharges</italic> [...] <italic>colleagues need to be familiar with what is intended, what the goals and outcomes of our care are.</italic> (N10)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>From the participants&#8217; perspective, the outcome of the care provided is directly related to the work method used.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>The method we use allows us to end the shift with the certainty that we have carried out the activities that qualify our contribution to the patients&#8217; recovery.</italic> (N4)</p>
        <p><italic>Only by resorting to a work method is it possible to plan and implement our autonomous and interdependent intervention</italic> [...] <italic>otherwise, it is difficult to accomplish everything.</italic> (N9)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>In the &#8220;Work methods in use by nurses&#8221; category, it was understood these professionals favor the adoption of three of the four traditional work organization methods. Thus, participants highlighted the use of the individual method, the functional method, and the primary nurse method for organizing nursing care.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>The individual method allows us to have a group of patients during the shift, which will imply a more global assistance</italic> [...] <italic>the nurse assumes full responsibility for the delivery of those cares, thus being a more patient-centered delivery.</italic> (N4)</p>
        <p><italic>The task method is used; we know it&#8217;s true, even to be quicker in doing things. We use it a lot during night shifts and even on weekends. It helps us because we are working less and the complexity of care remains the same.</italic> (N9)</p>
        <p><italic>In the primary nurse method, studies indicate that there are health gains. This method also promotes professional satisfaction</italic> [...] <italic>it is possible to see that we had a preponderant role.</italic> (SN7)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Regarding the thematic area &#8220;Implementation of work methods,&#8221; two categories emerged: &#8220;Factors influencing the implementation of work methods&#8221; and &#8220;Challenges to the implementation of work methods,&#8221; illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>In the &#8220;Factors influencing the implementation of work methods&#8221; category, nurses consider knowledge about the philosophy and design of work methods as a facilitating factor for choosing a particular method. By recognizing the principles associated with each work organization methodology, nurses can fully respect them, achieving improvements in patient and professional satisfaction, as well as outcomes for the institution.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>There isn&#8217;t a perfect method; everything depends on the circumstances of our context, but if nurses are well-acquainted with work methods, what each one aims for, and the objectives, we can achieve positive results</italic> [...] <italic>there are private hospital entities and specific contexts where the primary nurse is emerging because it yields positive results and nurses are required to know the methodology to guide their performance toward health outcomes.</italic> (N4)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Team proficiency was also a highlighted aspect in the nurses&#8217; discourse, with an emphasis on the varying competence levels of professionals within the teams. Additionally, the downsizing of nurses to teams, including the deficit of professionals and those with little professional experience, could influence the implementation of more efficient work methods:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>Work methods should be suited to the competence stages of the team we have in the service</italic> [...] <italic>the academic and professional training and the professional experience of each member also interfere with the adequacy of methods.</italic> (SN5)</p>
        <p><italic>The adoption of a work method is related to the number of nurses and the nurses who are on the shift</italic> [...] <italic>we have a complex team, we have newly graduated colleagues, colleagues with vast professional experience</italic> [...] <italic>the number of nurses and the nurses who are on the shift are important aspects.</italic> (SN3)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Another factor highlighted refers to the workload, nurse and patient turnover, and complexity of care. For participants, the heavy workload, high turnover of nurses, as well as patients&#8217; level of dependence and their length of stay in the services influence work methods.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>There are difficulties in executing our work method because we have a high turnover of patients who stay for a short period. Another aspect that makes it difficult for us is related to the heavy workload we have in a shift, which is quite increased; human resources are few.</italic> (N10)</p>
        <p><italic>The workload and turnover are very high in hospitalization, and the pressure of being with less adequate ratios makes us leave something undone that could be relevant and is not covered due to lack of time and sometimes due to difficulty in managing the shift activities.</italic> (SN7)</p>
        <p><italic>Unfortunately, resources are increasingly scarce, and healthcare demands are more complex with an aging population</italic> [...] <italic>needs are increasingly greater. The choice of patient-centered methods is more beneficial to respond to this population and allows for a more substantiated decision-making.</italic> (N5)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>As an added value for implementing the work method and team development, nurses also identified management and leadership in the service, as well as an organizational culture that values nursing work and patient centrality.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>A neutral leadership is not a leadership that enhances decision-making, it is not a leadership that enhances progress</italic> [...] <italic>nor does it value work methods.</italic> (SN2)</p>
        <p><italic>People in management positions should understand which method values the work of nurses and what nurses do.</italic> (SN7)</p>
        <p><italic>The adoption of a particular work methodology depends on the organizational culture and on the reality of each service and institution. It is an added value that can promote the quality and safety of nursing care.</italic> (SN5)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>In the category &#8220;Challenges to the implementation of work methods,&#8221; it was possible to identify a set of aspects that may compromise the implementation of more suitable work methods for the needs of patients, professionals, and institutions. Nurses acknowledge that the lack of moments for reflection on practice makes it difficult to organize and perform their work.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>Reflection on practice would help us to better organize the care to be provided. Discussion about adverse events that occur or team difficulties is extremely important for all of us to grow.</italic> (SN2)</p>
        <p><italic>Debriefings also in more complex situations, emergency situations, differentiated intervention situations that we are still not accustomed to should also be contemplated for the professional development of the team and for how nurses can organize their work.</italic> (N2)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>On the other hand, they noted the need to create guiding documents for clinical practice that enable the standardization of nursing care. It is believed that directing the nurse&#8217;s work and how it is executed contributes to more positive health outcomes and aligns with the recommended work method.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>For example, in the patient&#8217;s discharge letter, there must be a standard so that everyone fills it out in the same way</italic> [...] <italic>involving nurses in this process.</italic> (N3)</p>
        <p><italic>It&#8217;s important to achieve health outcomes. We can only achieve this if there is a standard, a standardized way that allows activities to be carried out in the same way and thus we can ensure that there is no deviation from the recommended work method.</italic> (SN2)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Participants also highlighted that valuing the competencies developed by nurses and investments in the professional training process are challenges to the implementation of work methods. From this perspective, valuing the proactivity of these professionals has the potential to promote autonomy and evidence-based decision-making, as well as to broaden the social visibility of the nurse&#8217;s role.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>More and more, it is important within the team that there is an appreciation of professionals individually and that the professional competencies that each one acquires are recognized. If in the team I am an expert in a certain area, I have an added competence, it is good that it is taken advantage of.</italic> (N2)</p>
        <p><italic>When our peers recognize our value, our competencies, it is gratifying: in the end, we feel valued. Undoubtedly, this issue is an aspect that is increasingly posed in the organization of nurses&#8217; work.</italic> (SN6)</p>
        <p><italic>In our contexts, each nurse must have a proactive attitude, in the sense of looking for work methods that meet the enhancement of decision-making and professional autonomy.</italic> (N5)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>The leadership style adopted in the service can also be challenging to the implementation of work methods. For participants, transformational leadership presents itself as a viable alternative, considering it stimulates more positive practice environments.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>Nurses are professionals who seek out and stimulate each other, who are always undergoing training independently and unpaid, making personal investments, and often end up being restrained by leadership.</italic> (N8)</p>
        <p><italic>Leadership is also essential</italic> [...] <italic>the leadership style should encourage us</italic> [...] <italic>we manage to achieve professional satisfaction, develop our work with satisfaction, and promote a healthy work environment.</italic> (SN6)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>In the thematic area &#8220;Impact of nurses&#8217; work methods,&#8221; three categories were identified: &#8220;For patients,&#8221; &#8220;For nurses,&#8221; and &#8220;For institutions,&#8221; as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>According to the participants, the impact of nurses&#8217; work methods &#8220;for patients&#8221; is seen in safer, quality health care, with repercussions on patient satisfaction with the provided care.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>Nurses&#8217; work methods value and promote safety. It&#8217;s not doing for the sake of doing but doing sustainably</italic> [...] <italic>responding to the needs of the users, leading to satisfaction with the care.</italic> (SN6)</p>
        <p><italic>The methodology adopted in each service seeks to respond to pillars such as the quality and safety of care but also to worry about patient satisfaction because if the patients are satisfied, it means that the professionals have done a good job.</italic> (N1)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>The reduction of omitted care and the prevention of adverse events are related to the implementation of more efficient work methods, focused on the patient and committed to the safety of nursing care.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>The needs of the patient sometimes end up not being as satisfied as they should be, which is related to various factors. Not doing or doing too late is one of the major problems that are not always discussed and try to be addressed by the colleague who comes next.</italic> (SN4)</p>
        <p><italic>The way we assist patients can promote or hinder adverse events. The fact of being more or less involved with the patient influences our planning and implementation of care.</italic> (SN7)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>For the participants, the work methods also present positive impacts &#8220;for nurses&#8221; as they provide standardization of care practices and a positive perception of the quality of care provided, potentially enhancing the social visibility of the nurse&#8217;s role in various work contexts.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>The method</italic> [...] <italic>is important to standardize and provide better care to patients.</italic> (N6)</p>
        <p><italic>We also have our expectations about our workplace</italic> [...] <italic>we aim to provide quality care, to do our job better.</italic> (SN1)</p>
        <p><italic>The work methodology that nurses adopt will give us visibility</italic> [...] <italic>ensuring response to the best care with quality and safety.</italic> (SN5)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>Moreover, implementing appropriate work methods has repercussions on autonomy and professional satisfaction, as well as on the structure and organization of care.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>There are work methods that are enhancers of decision-making and autonomy</italic> [...] <italic>and others that are frankly more restricting</italic> [...] <italic>it should be allowed for the nurse to actively participate in the planning, execution, and evaluation of the provided care.</italic> (N7)</p>
        <p><italic>The way we provide and organize nursing care will influence not only the client&#8217;s satisfaction but also the professionals&#8217; satisfaction in their workplace, potentially influencing the outcome indicators and what we can achieve from our practice.</italic> (N8)</p>
        <p><italic>The adoption of a method has a significant influence on professionals&#8217; satisfaction. If professionals are not satisfied and are not directed, our performance may be compromised, reflecting dissatisfaction.</italic> (SN5)</p>
      </disp-quote>
      <p>In this thematic area, the testimonials of nurses also show positive effects &#8220;for institutions,&#8221; specifically in organizational effectiveness and efficiency, promoting more positive practice environments for nursing.</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p><italic>If the institution is directed toward quality indicators and if the nurse works toward these indicators, the way he organizes his work will be reflected in increased gains, satisfaction, safety, and quality.</italic> (SN4)</p>
        <p><italic>There are work methods more focused on care-sensitive indicators</italic> [...] <italic>those that aim at patient centrality and thus promote good organizational performance.</italic> (SN5)</p>
        <p><italic>The method influences positive environments as well as the opposite</italic> [...] <italic>what is often lacking for the team is the so-called emotional salary</italic> [...] <italic>managers cannot give a monetary reward</italic> [...] <italic>there are recognitions/attitudes that help.</italic> (N7)</p>
      </disp-quote>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>Regardless of where nursing care is provided to patients, the existence of a work method adopted by the nurse is fundamental to achieving outcomes and projecting the social visibility of this professional role. Since the beginning of the professionalization of nursing, issues related to the nurse&#8217;s work have been discussed. Imogene King already warned about the need for nurses to organize their work. The author highlighted that the way each professional cares for patients and the existence of a care documentation system would allow nursing to be distinguished from other health professions, particularly through the identification of the real needs of the patient and family caregivers, as well as through the implementation, evaluation, and continuity of care<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the hospital context, work methods constitute the structure of the nurse&#8217;s work, that is, the way each nurse, in their professional performance, responds to what is the social mandate of the nursing profession. It is understood that how each nursing professional identifies the needs of patients, formulates diagnoses, defines and implements interventions, as well as evaluates the results of these interventions, allows structuring the nurse&#8217;s work. A work method enables the organization and nursing care delivery to patients; it is guided by values and beliefs and is described as the independent or collaborative approach of nurses in the direct care of a group of patients<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>. An important point to highlight is that the conception and organization of the nurse&#8217;s work are based on management theories and essentially on nursing theories<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>-data corroborated in this investigation.</p>
      <p>It was found that the work method is central to defining interdependent and autonomous nursing interventions. Not only does it involve a list of activities to be performed, but it also focuses on how nurses choose what they want to do, with an orientation toward the real needs of the patient and family<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>, emphasizing on autonomous nursing interventions. It was identified that the work methods most adopted by nurses in the hospital context were the individual, functional, and primary nurse methods, all focused on patient centrality, with positive implications for satisfaction with the care provided. It is understood that the methodologies for organizing the nurse&#8217;s work should focus on the development of care, attending to its complexities, and that patient care should develop according to the care needs and responsibilities of each professional in the care environment<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A justification for the team-based work method not being mentioned by nurses as a work method in use was the realization of the study in departments where the organization of nursing care is centered on the person. Moreover, in this organization, assigning patients to nurses primarily considers continuity of care, which, whenever possible, should be provided by the same nurse.</p>
      <p>Some facilitators and obstacles to the implementation of work methods were found: the scarcity of nurses; the downsizing of professionals in services and the number of patients assigned to each nurse; the characteristics of practice environments, particularly the organizational culture; the knowledge held by nurses, reflecting on autonomy in decision-making; and teamwork. Some authors point out that reflection on practice, the recognition of nurses&#8217; competencies, and leadership style are challenges to the implementation of nursing care organization methodologies<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is highlighted that, in addition to what is mentioned in the literature, it was observed that the complexity of care, the workload, the turnover of nurses and patients in services, as well as management and leadership in the service, can influence the implementation of work methods. Research indicates that the leadership advocated by the nurse manager plays a decisive role in the quality of the care process and the team because the way a nurse provides care and the competencies inherent to the manager tend to enhance the quality of the service provided to patients and families<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding other challenges identified, nurses signal the importance of having guiding documents for clinical practice that allow for the standardization of care delivery. On the other hand, valuing professional competencies and the proactivity of nurses are shown to be crucial for implementing work methods aimed at satisfying patients and professionals, and ensuring quality and safety in nursing care.</p>
      <p>It was also perceived that the way nurses organize their work and provide care to patients and families affects the patients, nurses, and institutions. Literature reinforces that promoting patient satisfaction, reducing adverse events and omitted care, and ensuring safe care represent significant gains<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Moreover, it is important to emphasize that nursing care delivery, based on an organizational methodology, impacts the institution by reducing healthcare costs while simultaneously achieving success with the health care provided to patients in a context of increasing healthcare expenses, reforms, expectations, and consumer feedback<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>. It was evidenced that nurses&#8217; work methods influence nursing practice environments, which are expected to be positive, fostering adequate working conditions, satisfaction with the care provided, professional satisfaction, and greater involvement of professionals with institutional policies and strategies-findings in line with the literature<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reflecting on the extensive data related to the organization of nurses&#8217; work<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>, it becomes essential to consider that given the discussed aspects, there is not just one single work method capable of meeting the needs of patients and families but rather a hybridization of them according to the factors that cause this need. It becomes imperative to consider these factors, namely the beliefs, values, and perceptions of nurses about their professional practice, as well as other aspects related to care contexts and health organizations, to more effectively ensure health safety and quality.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study Limitations</title>
        <p>As for the limitations, it is highlighted that the study was conducted only in some departments of a hospital institution in the country, which may not fully reflect the reality of other hospitals in Portugal. Additionally, the number of participants could also be considered a limitation to the extent that it may have compromised the identification of other perspectives regarding the topic under study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to the field of Nursing</title>
        <p>Considering the demands related to the quality of health care, this study contributes to issues related to the organization of nurses&#8217; work in terms of the flexibility of nurses to appropriate the concept of hybridization of work methods aligned with organizational culture. The findings are important for nursing management and promoting quality and safety in care.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>The organization of nursing care, based on work methods, is presented as a necessary premise for the quality and safety of care. It is considered that a work method constitutes the structure of the nurses&#8217; work, which allows them to systematize the identification of needs, definition of problems, implementation of nursing interventions, and evaluation of the care provided.</p>
      <p>It is emphasized that the promoting factors influence the adoption of work methods more directed to person-centered care; however, the presence of challenges reflects on the work organization methodologies, with potential impact on patients, nurses, and institutions, affecting the quality of assistance. For this, it is suggested to study the work methods of nurses that best respond to the demands of each care context, with systematic dialogue and monitoring of advances for the quality of nursing care. It is also suggested to conduct studies related to this theme but aimed at nurse managers, as these professionals have significant potential to contribute to the management of nurses&#8217; work in favor of safe and quality care for patients.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0374pt</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Olhar dos enfermeiros sobre os m&#233;todos de trabalho em enfermagem</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8794-528X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ventura-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Miguel Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1527-9940</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Manuela Ferreira Pereira da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7119-0230</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Trindade</surname>
            <given-names>Let&#237;cia de Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">IV</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5838-0080</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Ana da Concei&#231;&#227;o Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5065-7815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>S&#243;nia Cristina da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">V</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2396-9845</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">VI</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4870-2047</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Manuel da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">VII</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9982-9537</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Olga Maria Pimenta Lopes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica</role>
          <role>intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">III</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">VIII</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biom&#233;dicas Abel Salazar. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Sa&#250;de Norte. Oliveira de Azem&#233;is, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="original">CINTESIS@RISE. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>IV</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Chapec&#243;, Santa Catarina, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>V</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Jo&#227;o. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>VI</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Enfermagem. Santa Catarina, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>VII</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Investiga&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Enfermagem (UICISA: E). Viseu, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>VIII</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto. Porto, Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> Jo&#227;o Miguel Almeida Ventura-Silva , E-mail: <email>joao.ventura@essnortecvp.pt</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR CHEFE: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR ASSOCIADO: M&#225;rcia Ferreira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Analisar a percep&#231;&#227;o dos enfermeiros sobre os m&#233;todos de trabalho em enfermagem no contexto hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado num hospital do norte de Portugal, com participa&#231;&#227;o de 17 enfermeiros. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, recorreu se &#224; entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados, recolhidos entre maio e junho de 2023, passaram por an&#225;lise de conte&#250;do, com suporte do software Atlas.ti.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Emergiram tr&#234;s &#225;reas tem&#225;ticas: &#8220;M&#233;todos de trabalho dos enfermeiros em contexto hospitalar&#8221;, destacando-se a concep&#231;&#227;o e componentes dos m&#233;todos de trabalho e os m&#233;todos em uso; &#8220;Implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho&#8221;, salientando-se fatores influenciadores e desafios &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o; e &#8220;Impacto dos m&#233;todos de trabalho dos enfermeiros para os pacientes, enfermeiros e institui&#231;&#245;es&#8221;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais:</title>
          <p>Os m&#233;todos de trabalho constituem-se como a estrutura da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem. Existem fatores que influenciam e desafios que se colocam &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o desses m&#233;todos, produzindo impacto nos pacientes, enfermeiros e institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Enfermeiros</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados de Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Trabalho</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Garantia da Qualidade dos Cuidados de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>Desde o final do s&#233;culo passado, pela divulga&#231;&#227;o do Relat&#243;rio &#8220;<italic>To Err is Human</italic>&#8221;, real&#231;ou-se a import&#226;ncia de estabelecer uma cultura de seguran&#231;a nos hospitais e garantir que os pacientes n&#227;o fossem prejudicados por eventos adversos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. O avan&#231;o da tecnologia em sa&#250;de e as exig&#234;ncias dos pacientes no tocante &#224; assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de fazem emergir conceitos relacionados com a qualidade dos cuidados e a seguran&#231;a do paciente, como sendo princ&#237;pios essenciais e componentes-chave da presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. A qualidade e seguran&#231;a dos cuidados passa a ser uma prioridade, um requisito e uma exig&#234;ncia das organiza&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, visando proporcionar &#224;s pessoas doentes um maior n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de e bem-estar<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Organiza&#231;&#245;es internacionais e nacionais, como a Ordem dos Enfermeiros de Portugal, salientam a necessidade de a pr&#225;tica de enfermagem ser orientada por padr&#245;es que garantam a qualidade e seguran&#231;a dos cuidados, com uso de metodologias de organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho do enfermeiro<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. As institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de devem definir e implementar um m&#233;todo de presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados, que se alinhe com a vis&#227;o e miss&#227;o da organiza&#231;&#227;o e incorpore todo o capital humano e material dispon&#237;vel<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Importa destacar que a forma como os enfermeiros organizam o trabalho ao longo do seu exerc&#237;cio profissional constitui-se como um dos componentes ligados ao m&#233;todo de trabalho. Este permite reunir as diferentes formas pelas quais cada profissional de enfermagem concebe e implementa os cuidados de enfermagem aos pacientes nos diferentes contextos de cuidados<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>. Tamb&#233;m possibilita delinear as infraestruturas necess&#225;rias &#224; sustenta&#231;&#227;o da pr&#225;tica de enfermagem, considerando o conjunto de compet&#234;ncias adquiridas pelos enfermeiros e os resultados esperados para a assist&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. Entretanto, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de novos m&#233;todos pode exigir mudan&#231;as na estrutura e nas pr&#225;ticas das institui&#231;&#245;es, que &#233; um tema fundamental para o desenvolvimento da profiss&#227;o e qualifica&#231;&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas.</p>
        <p>O percurso formativo do enfermeiro e as habilidades adquiridas ao longo da carreira s&#227;o aspectos que influenciam o reconhecimento e escolha dos m&#233;todos de trabalho<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>. A gest&#227;o em enfermagem tamb&#233;m tem influ&#234;ncia nos m&#233;todos adotados pelos enfermeiros, pois desempenha papel importante na defini&#231;&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas e na promo&#231;&#227;o da ado&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos eficazes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>. As caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas das institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m interferem na configura&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho, como a disponibilidade de recursos, a cultura organizacional e o perfil dos pacientes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. Diante desses aspectos, questiona-se: Quais as percep&#231;&#245;es dos enfermeiros acerca dos m&#233;todos de trabalho implementados no contexto hospitalar?</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Analisar a percep&#231;&#227;o dos enfermeiros sobre os m&#233;todos de trabalho em enfermagem em contexto hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo obteve parecer favor&#225;vel do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e atendeu a todos os aspectos &#233;tico-legais para pesquisas que envolvam seres humanos em Portugal. Os participantes foram informados e esclarecidos sobre os objetivos e finalidades do estudo e assinaram o consentimento informado. Garantiu se a confidencialidade e o anonimato dos dados, utilizando a letra E para enfermeiro e EE para enfermeiro especialista, seguida de n&#250;mero indicando a ordem da entrevista (E1, E2, EE1, EE2).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho e local do estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, realizado em um hospital central do norte de Portugal. A escolha do cen&#225;rio do estudo foi intencional, por se tratar de uma organiza&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de que tem desenvolvido forma&#231;&#227;o relativa &#224;s metodologias de organiza&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados de enfermagem aos enfermeiros, seguindo os Padr&#245;es de Qualidade dos Cuidados de Enfermagem (OE, 2012), preconizados pela Ordem dos Enfermeiros de Portugal.</p>
          <p>Seguiram-se as diretrizes do <italic>Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research</italic> (COREQ), da Rede Equator<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o, crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do estudo foi realizada por amostragem n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica e intencional. Como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, considerou-se: ser enfermeiro ou enfermeiro especialista (ou seja, aqueles profissionais que, em Portugal, atuam no cuidado direto); atuar nos Departamentos de Medicina, Cirurgia e Medicina Intensiva e Urg&#234;ncia; e possuir tempo de servi&#231;o superior ou igual a um ano. Exclu&#237;ram-se os enfermeiros afastados do trabalho durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. Foram identificados 21 potenciais participantes que cumpriam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, sendo que 17 aceitaram participar do estudo, e os demais manifestaram indisponibilidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta dos dados</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados decorreu entre maio e junho de 2023, mediante entrevista e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um roteiro semiestruturado. O instrumento de coleta de dados contava com seis quest&#245;es fechadas para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica e profissional dos participantes e seis quest&#245;es abertas direcionadas &#224; compreens&#227;o do conceito e componentes do m&#233;todo de trabalho, aspectos facilitadores ou dificultadores e implica&#231;&#245;es que possam surgir da implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho em contexto hospitalar. Para avaliar a compreens&#227;o das quest&#245;es, o instrumento foi testado com enfermeiros e enfermeiros especialistas, que atuavam em Departamentos de Medicina, Cirurgia e Medicina Intensiva e Urg&#234;ncia de outra institui&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, n&#227;o contemplados na amostragem deste estudo.</p>
          <p>O encontro entre o pesquisador (com categoria profissional de enfermeiro especialista) e os participantes foi previamente agendado mediante contato telef&#244;nico, fornecido pelo enfermeiro diretor da institui&#231;&#227;o onde decorreu o estudo, ap&#243;s autoriza&#231;&#227;o dos potenciais participantes. As entrevistas foram realizadas em uma sala reservada do hospital, na presen&#231;a exclusiva do participante e do pesquisador; tiveram dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 60 minutos e m&#225;xima de 120 minutos; e foram registradas por meio de grava&#231;&#227;o de &#225;udio, com autoriza&#231;&#227;o do participante. Dada a satura&#231;&#227;o dos dados, n&#227;o se considerou necess&#225;ria a realizar novas entrevistas e/ou repeti-las. O pesquisador transcreveu todas as entrevistas integralmente e as enviou por correio eletr&#244;nico para valida&#231;&#227;o dos participantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>A an&#225;lise dos discursos seguiu a proposta operativa da An&#225;lise de Conte&#250;do, em tr&#234;s fases: pr&#233; an&#225;lise (fase de organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados que constitu&#237;ram o corpus da pesquisa); explora&#231;&#227;o do material (o corpus foi estudado profundamente, com o objetivo de estabelecer as unidades de registro e unidades de contexto, emergindo tr&#234;s eixos tem&#225;ticos); e infer&#234;ncia e interpreta&#231;&#227;o (os tr&#234;s eixos tem&#225;ticos foram analisados com base nos seus elementos constitutivos, por diferencia&#231;&#227;o e por reagrupamento segundo as falas e o objetivo do estudo) (Bardin, 2016). Foi usado o software Atlas.ti Vers&#227;o 23, no qual as entrevistas foram inseridas em arquivo de texto Word e compuseram um <italic>project</italic>. Na sequ&#234;ncia, o pesquisador principal selecionou os trechos significativos (<italic>quotations</italic>), aos quais foram atribu&#237;dos c&#243;digos identificadores (<italic>codes</italic>), sendo posteriormente organizados em tr&#234;s &#225;reas tem&#225;ticas (<italic>Code groups</italic>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>A maioria dos participantes eram mulheres (76,5%), casadas/em uni&#227;o est&#225;vel (82,4%) e com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 40,4 anos. Predominaram os enfermeiros de cuidados gerais (58,8%), com tempo m&#233;dio de experi&#234;ncia profissional de 15,2 anos. Apenas 23,5% dos participantes tiveram forma&#231;&#227;o sobre metodologia de organiza&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados de enfermagem.</p>
        <p>Do conte&#250;do das entrevistas, emergiram tr&#234;s &#225;reas tem&#225;ticas, com suas respectivas categorias e subcategorias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>), baseando-se nos Padr&#245;es de Qualidade dos Cuidados de Enfermagem<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>, da Ordem dos Enfermeiros de Portugal.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>M&#233;todos de trabalho dos enfermeiros em contexto hospitalar. Porto, Portugal, 2023</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-77-03-e20230374-0374-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho, Porto, Portugal, 2023</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-77-03-e20230374-0374-gf02-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Impacto dos m&#233;todos de trabalho dos enfermeiros, Porto, Portugal, 2023</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-77-03-e20230374-0374-gf03-pt.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na &#225;rea tem&#225;tica &#8220;M&#233;todos de trabalho dos enfermeiros em contexto hospitalar&#8221;, o discurso dos enfermeiros permitiu identificar duas categorias &#8220;Concep&#231;&#227;o e componentes dos m&#233;todos de trabalho&#8221; e &#8220;M&#233;todos de trabalho em uso pelos enfermeiros&#8221;, conforme ilustra a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na categoria &#8220;Concep&#231;&#227;o e componentes dos m&#233;todos de trabalho&#8221;, os participantes entendem que o m&#233;todo de trabalho, em particular os seus componentes, s&#227;o a base estrutural da organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho do enfermeiro, nomeadamente as infraestruturas que permitem a organiza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem, considerando os resultados esperados da presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados para o paciente:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>&#201; base da exist&#234;ncia profissional e a forma como n&#243;s organizamos e aplicamos os nossos conhecimentos e ajudamos o cliente da melhor forma</italic> [...] <italic>com qualidade e seguran&#231;a.</italic> (E3)</p>
          <p><italic>O m&#233;todo de trabalho &#233; extremamente importante para a equipa</italic> [...] <italic>permite organizar o nosso trabalho e os nossos cuidados, responder &#224;s necessidades dos nossos doentes priorizando os cuidados</italic> [...] <italic>conseguimos uma tomada de decis&#227;o sustentada e afirmarmo-nos entre os pares e os outros profissionais de sa&#250;de, valorizando a nossa profiss&#227;o.</italic> (EE6)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>A sistematiza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem, sustentada nos referenciais te&#243;ricos de enfermagem, para responder &#224;s necessidades dos pacientes, ficou evidente no discurso dos enfermeiros. A forma como &#233; feita a organiza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado deve privilegiar um m&#233;todo sistem&#225;tico, sendo o enfermeiro o respons&#225;vel pelo seu desenvolvimento e documenta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Os m&#233;todos de trabalho que os enfermeiros usam t&#234;m o intuito de organizar os cuidados de enfermagem</italic> [...] <italic>dar respostas sistem&#225;ticas e direcionadas &#224;s necessidades do cliente que necessita da nossa interven&#231;&#227;o.</italic> (EE1)</p>
          <p><italic>A base conceptual dos nossos registos no hospital, por exemplo, est&#225; enquadrada na teoria de transi&#231;&#245;es da Meleis - mesmo as notas de admiss&#227;o e as coletas de dados iniciais, a prepara&#231;&#227;o para as altas</italic> [...] <italic>os colegas t&#234;m que estar familiarizados com o que se pretende, quais s&#227;o os objetivos e os resultados dos nossos cuidados.</italic> (E10)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Na perspectiva dos participantes, o produto dos cuidados prestados est&#225; diretamente relacionado com o m&#233;todo de trabalho usado.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>O m&#233;todo que usamos permite-nos terminar o turno com a certeza que realizamos as atividades que qualificam a nossa contribui&#231;&#227;o para a recupera&#231;&#227;o dos doentes.</italic> (E4)</p>
          <p><italic>S&#243; com recurso a um m&#233;todo de trabalho &#233; que se torna poss&#237;vel planear e implementar a nossa interven&#231;&#227;o aut&#243;noma e interdependente</italic> [...] <italic>caso contr&#225;rio, &#233; dif&#237;cil ter tempo para concretizar tudo.</italic> (E9)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Na categoria &#8220;M&#233;todos de trabalho em uso pelos enfermeiros&#8221;, percebeu-se que esses profissionais privilegiam a ado&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s dos quatro m&#233;todos tradicionais de organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho. Assim, os participantes destacaram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo individual, do m&#233;todo funcional e do m&#233;todo por enfermeiro de refer&#234;ncia, para a organiza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>O m&#233;todo individual permite que tenhamos um grupo de doentes no turno, o que implicar&#225; uma assist&#234;ncia mais global</italic> [...] <italic>o enfermeiro assume total responsabilidade pela presta&#231;&#227;o desses cuidados, sendo portanto uma presta&#231;&#227;o mais centrada no doente.</italic> (E4)</p>
          <p><italic>O m&#233;todo &#224; tarefa &#233; usado, sabemos que &#233; verdade, at&#233; para sermos mais r&#225;pidos a fazer as coisas. Usamos muito nos turnos da noite e at&#233; aos fins de semana. Isso ajuda-nos porque estamos menos a trabalhar e a complexidade de cuidados mant&#233;m-se a mesma.</italic> (E9)</p>
          <p><italic>No m&#233;todo de enfermeiro de refer&#234;ncia, os estudos apontam que existe ganhos em sa&#250;de. Este m&#233;todo promove tamb&#233;m a satisfa&#231;&#227;o profissional</italic> [...] <italic>consegue-se perceber que tivemos um papel preponderante.</italic> (EE7)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; &#225;rea tem&#225;tica &#8220;Implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho&#8221;, emergiram duas categorias: &#8220;Fatores influenciadores da implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho&#8221; e &#8220;Desafios &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho&#8221;, ilustradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>Na categoria &#8220;Fatores influenciadores da implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho&#8221;, os enfermeiros consideram que ter conhecimento sobre a filosofia e concep&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho era um fator facilitador da op&#231;&#227;o por determinado m&#233;todo. Ao reconhecer os princ&#237;pios associados a cada metodologia de organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho, os enfermeiros podem respeit&#225;-los na sua integridade, obtendo melhorias na satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e dos profissionais, bem como nos resultados para a institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>N&#227;o h&#225; um m&#233;todo perfeito, tudo depende das circunst&#226;ncias do nosso contexto, mas se os enfermeiros conhecerem bem os m&#233;todos de trabalho, o que pretende cada um, os objetivos, conseguimos obter resultados positivos</italic> [...] <italic>h&#225; entidades hospitalares privadas e em contextos espec&#237;ficos, em que est&#225; a surgir o enfermeiro de refer&#234;ncia, porque permite resultados positivos, e os enfermeiros s&#227;o obrigados a conhecer a metodologia, para orientar o seu desempenho para os resultados em sa&#250;de.</italic> (E4)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>A profici&#234;ncia da equipe tamb&#233;m foi um aspecto ressaltado no discurso dos enfermeiros, com &#234;nfase nos diferentes n&#237;veis de compet&#234;ncia dos profissionais que comp&#245;em as equipes. Soma-se a isso ao dimensionamento de enfermeiros nas equipes, incluindo o d&#233;ficit de profissionais e os que t&#234;m pouca experi&#234;ncia profissional, que poder&#225; constituir-se como um fator influenciador da implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho mais eficientes:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Os m&#233;todos de trabalho devem ser adequados aos est&#225;dios de compet&#234;ncias da equipa que n&#243;s temos no servi&#231;o</italic> [...] <italic>a forma&#231;&#227;o acad&#233;mica e profissional e a experi&#234;ncia profissional de cada elemento tamb&#233;m interferem com a adequa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos.</italic> (EE5)</p>
          <p><italic>A ado&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de trabalho relaciona-se com o n&#250;mero de enfermeiros e com os enfermeiros que est&#227;o no turno</italic> [...] <italic>temos uma equipa complexa, temos gente rec&#233;m-formada, colegas j&#225; com uma vasta experi&#234;ncia profissional</italic> [...] <italic>o n&#250;mero de enfermeiros e os enfermeiros que est&#227;o no turno s&#227;o aspetos importantes.</italic> (EE3)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Outro fator destacado refere-se &#224; carga de trabalho, ao <italic>turnover</italic> de enfermeiros e pacientes e complexidade dos cuidados. Para os participantes, a sobrecarga de atividades, a rotatividade dos enfermeiros, bem como o n&#237;vel de depend&#234;ncia e o tempo de perman&#234;ncia dos pacientes nos servi&#231;os acabam por influenciar os m&#233;todos de trabalho.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Existem dificuldades na execu&#231;&#227;o do nosso m&#233;todo de trabalho, porque temos uma grande rota&#231;&#227;o de doentes, que est&#227;o pouco tempo internados. Tamb&#233;m outro aspeto que nos dificulta prende-se com a grande carga de trabalho que temos num turno, que &#233; bastante acrescida; os recursos humanos s&#227;o poucos.</italic> (E10)</p>
          <p><italic>A sobrecarga de trabalho e o</italic> turnover <italic>&#233; muito aumentado no internamento, a press&#227;o de estarmos com r&#225;cios menos adequados faz com que se deixe alguma coisa por fazer que poderia ser relevante e n&#227;o &#233; contemplada pela falta de tempo e &#224;s vezes por dificuldade em gerir as atividades do turno.</italic> (EE7)</p>
          <p><italic>Infelizmente os recursos s&#227;o cada vez menos e os cuidados de sa&#250;de mais exigentes e complexos, com uma popula&#231;&#227;o mais envelhecida</italic> [...] <italic>as necessidades s&#227;o cada vez mais. A op&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos mais centrados no cliente s&#227;o mais ben&#233;ficos para responder a esta popula&#231;&#227;o e permitir uma tomada de decis&#227;o mais fundamentada.</italic> (E5)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Como uma mais-valia para a implementa&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo de trabalho e desenvolvimento da equipe, os enfermeiros tamb&#233;m identificaram a gest&#227;o e a lideran&#231;a no servi&#231;o, assim como uma cultura organizacional que valoriza o trabalho do enfermeiro e a centralidade no paciente.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Uma lideran&#231;a neutra n&#227;o &#233; uma lideran&#231;a que potencia as tomadas de decis&#227;o, n&#227;o &#233; uma lideran&#231;a que potencia o progresso</italic> [...] <italic>nem valoriza os m&#233;todos de trabalho.</italic> (EE2)</p>
          <p><italic>As pessoas que est&#227;o em posi&#231;&#245;es de gest&#227;o deveriam perceber qual o m&#233;todo que valoriza o trabalho dos enfermeiros e aquilo que os enfermeiros fazem.</italic> (EE7)</p>
          <p><italic>A ado&#231;&#227;o de uma determinada metodologia de trabalho depende da cultura organizacional e tamb&#233;m da realidade de cada servi&#231;o e de cada institui&#231;&#227;o. &#201; uma mais-valia que pode promover a qualidade e seguran&#231;a dos cuidados do enfermeiro.</italic> (EE5)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Na categoria &#8220;Desafios &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho&#8221;, foi poss&#237;vel determinar um conjunto de aspectos que pode comprometer a implementa&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de trabalho mais adequados &#224;s necessidades dos pacientes, profissionais e institui&#231;&#245;es. Os enfermeiros reconhecem que a falta de momentos para reflex&#227;o sobre a pr&#225;tica dificulta a organiza&#231;&#227;o e realiza&#231;&#227;o do seu trabalho.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>A reflex&#227;o sobre a pr&#225;tica ajudava-nos a organizar melhor os cuidados a prestar. A discuss&#227;o sobre os eventos adversos que ocorrem ou as dificuldades de equipa &#233; extremamente importante para todos crescermos.</italic> (EE2)</p>
          <p><italic>Os</italic> debriefings <italic>tamb&#233;m nas situa&#231;&#245;es mais complexas, as situa&#231;&#245;es de emerg&#234;ncia, as situa&#231;&#245;es de interven&#231;&#227;o diferenciadas que a gente ainda n&#227;o esteja habituado tamb&#233;m devem ser contemplados para o desenvolvimento profissional da equipa e para a forma como os enfermeiros poder&#227;o organizar o seu trabalho.</italic> (E2)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Por outro lado, notaram a necessidade da cria&#231;&#227;o de documentos orientadores da pr&#225;tica assistencial e que viabilizem a padroniza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem. Acredita-se que direcionar o trabalho do enfermeiro e a forma como &#233; executado contribui para resultados em sa&#250;de mais positivos e alinhados com o m&#233;todo de trabalho preconizado.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Por exemplo, na carta de alta do doente, &#233; importante que haja uma norma, para que todos preencham da mesma forma</italic> [...] <italic>envolver os enfermeiros nesse processo.</italic> (E3)</p>
          <p><italic>&#201; importante a obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados em sa&#250;de. S&#243; o conseguimos se existir um padr&#227;o, uma forma padronizada que permita a realiza&#231;&#227;o das atividades da mesma forma e assim conseguimos que n&#227;o haja enviesamento do m&#233;todo de trabalho preconizado.</italic> (EE2)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Os participantes tamb&#233;m destacaram que a valoriza&#231;&#227;o das compet&#234;ncias desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros e os investimentos no processo formativo profissional s&#227;o desafios &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho. Sob tal perspectiva, valorizar a proatividade desses profissionais tem potencial para promover a autonomia e a tomada de decis&#227;o sustentada, al&#233;m de ampliar a visibilidade social do papel do enfermeiro.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Cada vez mais &#233; importante dentro da equipa que haja uma valoriza&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de forma individual, que sejam reconhecidas as compet&#234;ncias profissionais que cada um adquire. Se na equipa eu sou expert em determinada &#225;rea, tenho uma compet&#234;ncia acrescida, &#233; bom que seja aproveitada.</italic> (E2)</p>
          <p><italic>Quando os nossos pares reconhecem o nosso valor, as nossas compet&#234;ncias s&#227;o gratificantes: no fundo, sentimo-nos valorizados. Sem d&#250;vida que esta quest&#227;o &#233; um aspeto que se coloca cada vez mais na organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho do enfermeiro</italic>. (EE6)</p>
          <p><italic>Nos nossos contextos, cada enfermeiro deve ter uma atitude proactiva, no sentido de procurarmos m&#233;todos de trabalho que v&#227;o ao encontro da potencia&#231;&#227;o da tomada de decis&#227;o e da autonomia profissional.</italic> (E5)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>O estilo de lideran&#231;a adotado no servi&#231;o tamb&#233;m pode ser desafiador &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho. Para os participantes, a lideran&#231;a transformacional apresenta-se como alternativa vi&#225;vel, considerando que estimula ambientes de pr&#225;tica mais positivos.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Os enfermeiros s&#227;o profissionais que procuram, que se estimulam, que est&#227;o sempre a fazer forma&#231;&#227;o independente e n&#227;o remunerada, fazem investimento pessoal e muitas vezes acabam por ser castrados pela lideran&#231;a.</italic> (E8)</p>
          <p><italic>A lideran&#231;a tamb&#233;m &#233; essencial</italic> [...] <italic>o estilo de lideran&#231;a deve-nos incentivar</italic> [...] <italic>conseguimos atingir a satisfa&#231;&#227;o profissional, a desenvolvermos o nosso trabalho com satisfa&#231;&#227;o e potenciar um ambiente de trabalho saud&#225;vel.</italic> (EE6)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Na &#225;rea tem&#225;tica &#8220;Impacto dos m&#233;todos de trabalho dos enfermeiros&#8221;, identificaram-se tr&#234;s categorias: &#8220;Para os pacientes&#8221;, &#8220;Para os enfermeiros&#8221; e &#8220;Para as institui&#231;&#245;es&#8221;, ilustradas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>Segundo os participantes, o impacto dos m&#233;todos de trabalho &#8220;para os pacientes&#8221; &#233; visto em uma assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de mais segura, de qualidade, com repercuss&#245;es na satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com os cuidados prestados.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Os m&#233;todos de trabalho valorizam e promovem a seguran&#231;a. N&#227;o &#233; um fazer por fazer, mas um fazer sustentado</italic> [...] <italic>dar resposta &#224;s necessidades dos utentes, levando &#224; satisfa&#231;&#227;o com os cuidados.</italic> (EE6)</p>
          <p><italic>A metodologia adotada em cada servi&#231;o procura dar resposta a pilares como a qualidade e seguran&#231;a dos cuidados, mas tamb&#233;m preocupar-se com a satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos doentes, isto porque, se os doentes ficam satisfeitos, significa que os profissionais fizeram um bom trabalho.</italic> (E1)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>A diminui&#231;&#227;o de cuidados omissos e a preven&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos est&#227;o relacionadas com a implementa&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de trabalho mais eficientes, centrados no paciente e comprometidos com a seguran&#231;a da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>As necessidades do doente, por vezes, acabam por n&#227;o ser satisfeitas como deveriam ser, o que est&#225; relacionado com diversos fatores. O n&#227;o fazer ou fazer tardiamente &#233; um dos grandes problemas que nem sempre s&#227;o discutidos e tenta-se colmatar com o colega que vem a seguir.</italic> (EE4)</p>
          <p><italic>A forma como assistimos os doentes poder&#225; ser promotora ou dificultadora de eventos adversos. O facto de nos envolvermos mais ou menos com o doente influencia o nosso planeamento e implementa&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados.</italic> (EE7)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Para os participantes, os m&#233;todos de trabalho tamb&#233;m apresentam impactos positivos &#8220;para os enfermeiros&#8221;, pois proporcionam a uniformiza&#231;&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas assistenciais e a percep&#231;&#227;o positiva sobre a qualidade dos cuidados prestados, com potencial para ampliar a visibilidade social do papel do enfermeiro nos diversos contextos de trabalho.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>O m&#233;todo</italic> [...] <italic>&#233; importante para uniformizar e prestar melhores cuidados aos doentes.</italic> (E6)</p>
          <p><italic>N&#243;s tamb&#233;m temos a nossa expectativa com o nosso local de trabalho</italic> [...] <italic>pretendemos prestar os cuidados com qualidade, fazer o nosso trabalho melhor.</italic> (EE1)</p>
          <p><italic>A metodologia de trabalho que os enfermeiros adotam vai-nos dar visibilidade</italic> [...] <italic>garantir resposta aos melhores cuidados com qualidade e seguran&#231;a.</italic> (EE5)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de trabalho adequados tem repercuss&#245;es na autonomia e satisfa&#231;&#227;o profissional, assim como na estrutura e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Existem m&#233;todos de trabalho que s&#227;o potenciadores da tomada de decis&#227;o e de autonomia</italic> [...] <italic>outros que s&#227;o francamente mais castradores</italic> [...] <italic>deve-se permitir que o enfermeiro participe ativamente do planeamento, execu&#231;&#227;o e avalia&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados prestados.</italic> (E7)</p>
          <p><italic>A forma como prestamos e organizamos os cuidados de enfermagem vai influenciar n&#227;o s&#243; a satisfa&#231;&#227;o do cliente, mas tamb&#233;m a satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais no seu local de trabalho, podendo influenciar os indicadores de resultado, aquilo que podemos obter da nossa pr&#225;tica.</italic> (E8)</p>
          <p><italic>A ado&#231;&#227;o de um m&#233;todo tem uma influ&#234;ncia significativa na satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais. Se os profissionais n&#227;o estiverem satisfeitos e n&#227;o estiverem direcionados, o nosso desempenho poder&#225; ficar comprometido, refletindo-se em insatisfa&#231;&#227;o.</italic> (EE5)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Ainda nessa &#225;rea tem&#225;tica, os depoimentos dos enfermeiros evidenciam efeitos positivos tamb&#233;m &#8220;para as institui&#231;&#245;es&#8221;, especificamente na efic&#225;cia e efici&#234;ncia organizacionais, promovendo ambientes de pr&#225;tica mais positivos para a enfermagem.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Se a institui&#231;&#227;o est&#225; direcionada para indicadores de qualidade e se o enfermeiro trabalha para esses indicadores, a forma como organiza o seu trabalho ir&#225; refletir-se no aumento de ganhos, satisfa&#231;&#227;o, seguran&#231;a e qualidade.</italic> (EE4)</p>
          <p><italic>H&#225; m&#233;todos de trabalho mais voltados para os indicadores sens&#237;veis aos cuidados de enfermagem</italic> [...] <italic>aqueles que se direcionam para a centralidade no cliente e assim promovem um bom desempenho organizacional.</italic> (EE5)</p>
          <p><italic>O m&#233;todo influencia os ambientes positivos assim como o seu contr&#225;rio</italic> [...] <italic>o que faz falta muitas vezes &#224; equipa &#233; o chamado sal&#225;rio emocional</italic> [...] <italic>os gestores n&#227;o conseguem dar uma recompensa monet&#225;ria</italic> [...] <italic>h&#225; reconhecimentos/atitudes que ajudam.</italic> (E7)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Independentemente do local onde se desenvolve a assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem aos pacientes, a exist&#234;ncia de um m&#233;todo de trabalho adotado pelo enfermeiro &#233; fundamental para obter resultados e projetar a visibilidade do papel social desse profissional.</p>
        <p>Desde o in&#237;cio da profissionaliza&#231;&#227;o da enfermagem, as quest&#245;es relacionadas com o trabalho do enfermeiro s&#227;o discutidas. J&#225; Imogene King alertava para a necessidade de o enfermeiro organizar o seu trabalho. Destacava que a forma como cada profissional assistia os pacientes e a exist&#234;ncia de um sistema de documenta&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados permitiriam a distin&#231;&#227;o da enfermagem das outras profiss&#245;es da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, nomeadamente pela identifica&#231;&#227;o das reais necessidades do paciente e familiares cuidadores, bem como pela implementa&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o e continuidade dos cuidados<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>No contexto hospitalar, os m&#233;todos de trabalho consistem na estrutura do trabalho do enfermeiro, ou seja, a forma pela qual cada enfermeiro, perante o seu desempenho profissional, d&#225; resposta &#224;quilo que &#233; o mandato social da profiss&#227;o de enfermagem. Percebe-se que o modo como cada profissional de enfermagem identifica as necessidades dos pacientes, formula os diagn&#243;sticos, define e implementa as interven&#231;&#245;es, assim como avalia os resultados dessas interven&#231;&#245;es, possibilita estruturar o trabalho do enfermeiro. Um m&#233;todo de trabalho viabiliza a organiza&#231;&#227;o e presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de enfermagem aos pacientes; orienta-se por valores e cren&#231;as, sendo descrito como a abordagem independente ou colaborativa dos enfermeiros na presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados diretos a um grupo de pacientes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>. Importa ainda destacar que a concep&#231;&#227;o e a organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho do enfermeiro assentam-se em teorias de administra&#231;&#227;o e essencialmente nas teorias de enfermagem<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>, dados corroborados nesta investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Constatou-se que o m&#233;todo de trabalho &#233; central para a defini&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es de enfermagem interdependentes e aut&#244;nomas. O m&#233;todo de trabalho n&#227;o envolve apenas uma lista de atividades a cumprir, mas tamb&#233;m a maneira de os enfermeiros escolherem o que querem fazer, orientados para as reais necessidades do paciente e fam&#237;lia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>, com &#234;nfase nas interven&#231;&#245;es aut&#244;nomas de enfermagem. Identificou-se que os m&#233;todos de trabalho mais adotados pelos enfermeiros no contexto hospitalar reca&#237;ram nos m&#233;todos individual, funcional e por enfermeiro de refer&#234;ncia, todos voltados para a centralidade do paciente, com implica&#231;&#245;es positivas na satisfa&#231;&#227;o com os cuidados prestados. Entende se que as metodologias de organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho do enfermeiro dever&#227;o incidir no desenvolvimento do cuidado, atendendo &#224;s suas complexidades, assim como o atendimento ao paciente desenvolver-se-&#225; de acordo com as necessidades de atendimento e responsabilidades de cada profissional no ambiente de cuidado<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Uma justificativa para o fato de o m&#233;todo de trabalho em equipe n&#227;o ter sido referido pelos enfermeiros como sendo um m&#233;todo de trabalho em uso foi a concretiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo em departamentos, cuja organiza&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados de enfermagem se centraliza na pessoa. Al&#233;m disso, nessa organiza&#231;&#227;o, a atribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes aos enfermeiros tem como principal crit&#233;rio a continuidade de cuidados, os quais, sempre que poss&#237;vel, devem ser prestados pelo mesmo enfermeiro.</p>
        <p>Foram encontrados alguns facilitadores e dificultadores da implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho: a escassez de enfermeiros; o dimensionamento de profissionais nos servi&#231;os e o n&#250;mero de pacientes atribu&#237;dos a cada enfermeiro; as caracter&#237;sticas dos ambientes da pr&#225;tica, nomeadamente a cultura organizacional; o conhecimento detido pelos enfermeiros com reflexo na autonomia na tomada de decis&#245;es; e o trabalho em equipe. Autores apontam que a reflex&#227;o sobre a pr&#225;tica, o reconhecimento das compet&#234;ncias dos enfermeiros e o estilo de lideran&#231;a s&#227;o desafios &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o das metodologias de organiza&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados de enfermagem<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Ressalta-se que, al&#233;m do referido na literatura, observou-se que a complexidade de cuidados, a carga de trabalho, o <italic>turnover</italic> de enfermeiros e pacientes nos servi&#231;os, assim como a gest&#227;o e lideran&#231;a no servi&#231;o podem influenciar a implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho. Investiga&#231;&#245;es destacam que a lideran&#231;a preconizada pelo enfermeiro gestor exerce um papel determinante na qualidade do processo do cuidado e da equipe, porque a forma como um enfermeiro presta cuidados e as compet&#234;ncias pr&#243;prias do gestor tendem a alavancar a qualidade do servi&#231;o prestado aos pacientes e fam&#237;lia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Relativamente a outros desafios identificados, os enfermeiros sinalizam para a import&#226;ncia de existir documentos orientadores para a pr&#225;tica assistencial, que permitam uniformizar a presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados. Por outro lado, a valoriza&#231;&#227;o das compet&#234;ncias profissionais e a proatividade dos enfermeiros mostram-se determinantes &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de trabalho, com vistas &#224; satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e profissionais e &#224; qualidade e seguran&#231;a da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem.</p>
        <p>Ainda percebeu-se que a forma como os enfermeiros organizam o seu trabalho e prestam assist&#234;ncia ao paciente e fam&#237;lia ter&#225; efeito sobre o paciente, enfermeiros e institui&#231;&#245;es. A literatura refor&#231;a que promover a satisfa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, a redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos e de cuidados omissos e uma assist&#234;ncia segura representa ganhos significativos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Importa tamb&#233;m destacar que a presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de enfermagem sustentada numa metodologia de organiza&#231;&#227;o repercute na institui&#231;&#227;o, pela diminui&#231;&#227;o dos custos com os cuidados de sa&#250;de e, paralelamente, sucesso com a assist&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de prestada aos pacientes, num contexto de aumento das despesas com cuidados de sa&#250;de, reformas, expectativas e feedback dos consumidores<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>. Evidenciou-se que os m&#233;todos de trabalho dos enfermeiros influenciam os ambientes de pr&#225;tica de enfermagem, que se esperam positivos, com a constru&#231;&#227;o de condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho adequadas, satisfa&#231;&#227;o profissional e com os cuidados prestados e um maior envolvimento dos profissionais com as pol&#237;ticas e estrat&#233;gias institucionais - achados em linha com a literatura<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Considerando o vasto conjunto de dados relacionado com a organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho do enfermeiro<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>, torna-se fundamental refletir que, diante dos aspectos discutidos, n&#227;o h&#225; apenas um &#250;nico m&#233;todo de trabalho capaz de atender &#224;s necessidades do paciente e fam&#237;lia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>, e sim uma hibridiza&#231;&#227;o deles, conforme os fatores que causam essa necessidade. Torna-se premente olhar para esses fatores, nomeadamente, as cren&#231;as, valores e percep&#231;&#245;es dos enfermeiros sobre a sua pr&#225;tica profissional, assim como outros aspectos relacionados com o contexto de cuidados e organiza&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, no sentido de garantir, mais eficazmente, a seguran&#231;a e qualidade em sa&#250;de.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Quanto &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es, destaca-se o fato de o estudo ter sido realizado somente em alguns departamentos de uma institui&#231;&#227;o hospitalar do pa&#237;s, o que poder&#225; n&#227;o traduzir, em sua totalidade, a realidade de outros hospitais de Portugal. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#250;mero de participantes tamb&#233;m pode ser considerado uma limita&#231;&#227;o, na medida em que pode ter comprometido a identifica&#231;&#227;o de outras perspectivas, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; tem&#225;tica em estudo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a enfermagem</title>
          <p>Considerando as exig&#234;ncias ligadas &#224; qualidade da assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de, este estudo contribui com as quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho do enfermeiro, na quest&#227;o da flexibilidade dos enfermeiros para a apropria&#231;&#227;o do conceito de hibridiza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos de trabalho alinhados com a cultura organizacional. Os achados mostram-se importantes para a gest&#227;o em enfermagem e promo&#231;&#227;o da qualidade e seguran&#231;a dos cuidados.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>A organiza&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados de enfermagem sustentada em m&#233;todos de trabalho apresenta-se como uma premissa necess&#225;ria para qualidade e seguran&#231;a dos cuidados. Considera-se que um m&#233;todo de trabalho constitui-se como a estrutura do trabalho do enfermeiro, a qual lhe permite sistematizar a identifica&#231;&#227;o das necessidades, defini&#231;&#227;o dos problemas, implementa&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es de enfermagem e avalia&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados prestados.</p>
        <p>Destaca-se que os fatores promotores influenciam a ado&#231;&#227;o por m&#233;todos de trabalho mais direcionados ao cuidado centrado na pessoa, entretanto a presen&#231;a de desafios reflete-se nas metodologias de organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho, com potencial impacto nos pacientes, nos enfermeiros e nas institui&#231;&#245;es, repercutindo na qualidade da assist&#234;ncia. Para isso, sugere-se o estudo dos m&#233;todos de trabalho dos enfermeiros que melhor respondem &#224;s demandas de cada contexto de cuidados, com sistem&#225;tico di&#225;logo e acompanhamento dos avan&#231;os para qualidade dos cuidados de enfermagem. Importa tamb&#233;m sugerir a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos ligados a essa tem&#225;tica, mas voltados para os enfermeiros gestores, por esses profissionais terem potencial de contribuir significativamente para a gest&#227;o do trabalho dos enfermeiros em prol de uma assist&#234;ncia segura e de qualidade aos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
