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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SfSqznjGTqQpt6Hpp8mk99D</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672023000300160</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0498</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00160</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effectiveness of the self-regulation educational program in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in Peruvian soldiers</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="pt">
          <trans-title>Efetividade do Programa Educacional de Autorregula&#231;&#227;o no Aumento do Conhecimento da COVID-19 em Militares Peruanos</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1638-8252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abarca-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Denices Soledad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5419-5793</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zeladita-Huaman</surname>
            <given-names>Jhon Alex</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6883-8422</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arriaga</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a Belen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">III</xref>
          <role>contributed to the conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0471-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zegarra-Chapo&#241;&#225;n</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">IV</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>contributed to the analysis and/or interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>contributed to the final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional del Altiplano</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Puno</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PE">Peru</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional del Altiplano. Puno, Peru</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lima</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PE">Peru</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Peru</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Salvador</city>
          <state>Bahia</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>IV</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Mar&#237;a Auxiliadora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>San Juan de Lurigancho</city>
          <state>Lima</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PE">Peru</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Mar&#237;a Auxiliadora. San Juan de Lurigancho, Lima, Peru</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Roberto Zegarra Chapo&#241;an E-mail: <email>rob.zegarra@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: &#193;lvaro Sousa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Ana F&#225;tima Fernandes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>76</volume>
      <issue>Suppl 1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220498</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To determine the effectiveness of the educational program based on self-regulation of learning in the level of knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Pre-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a single group, carried out in 2020. 179 soldiers from Puno, Peru participated. Two expository-participatory sessions and a demonstrative workshop were developed. A valid (Aiken&#8217;s V = 0.69) and reliable (McDonald&#8217;s Omega = 0.81) questionnaire was used. The Friedman&#8217;s test was used to compare the results pre and post-test.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The level of knowledge about COVID-19 and in two of its dimensions changed from poor (pre-test) to regular (post-test). However, in the preventive measures dimension, it changed from poor (pre-test) to excellent (post-test).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The proposed educational intervention was effective in increasing knowledge about COVID-19 in the soldiers, mainly in terms of preventive measures.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="pt">
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>determinar a efetividade do programa educacional baseado na autorregula&#231;&#227;o da aprendizagem a respeito do n&#237;vel de conhecimento da COVID-19 em militares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudo pr&#233;-experimental de desenho pr&#233;-teste e p&#243;s-teste com um grupo s&#243;, realizado em 2020. Participaram 179 militares de Puno, Peru. Duas sess&#245;es expositivo-participativas e uma oficina demonstrativa foram desenvolvidas. Foi utilizado um question&#225;rio v&#225;lido (V de Aiken = 0,69) e fi&#225;vel (&#212;mega de McDonald = 0,81). O teste de Friedman foi empregado para comparar os resultados em pr&#233; e p&#243;s-teste.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>o n&#237;vel de conhecimento sobre a COVID-19 em duas das dimens&#245;es mudou de deficiente (pr&#233;-teste) para regular (p&#243;s-teste). Contudo, na dimens&#227;o de medidas preventivas, passou de deficiente (pr&#233;-teste) para excelente (p&#243;s-teste).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>a interven&#231;&#227;o educacional proposta foi eficaz no aumento do conhecimento da COVID-19 entre os militares, principalmente em termos de medidas preventivas.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Knowledge</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Military Personnel</kwd>
        <kwd>Effectiveness</kwd>
        <kwd>Disease Prevention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Conhecimento</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Militares</kwd>
        <kwd>Efetividade</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>From the start of the pandemic to June 2022, approximately 6.3 million deaths from COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup> were reported worldwide. More than 213,000 died from this viral disease in Peru<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>, country in which the number of deceased police officers exceeds that of any other occupational group<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. From the beginning of this pandemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended measures that contributed to reducing the mortality rate from this disease, such as mass testing, contact monitoring, isolation of cases, and social mobility restriction measures.</p>
      <p>In this scenario, in Peru, military personnel were in charge of ensuring quarantine; in regions with scarce health personnel, such as the Puno region, they were in charge of verifying the use of masks, social distancing, and promoting the adoption of other COVID-19 prevention measures. However, recent research shows the negligent role of the armed forces, both government officials and military personnel, because they could have been vectors of the transmission of COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>. Therefore, it is necessary to develop health interventions to promote the adoption of preventive measures in the among them.</p>
      <p>Systematic reviews agree that the population has an adequate level of knowledge about COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. In the same line, two studies carried out in India agree that military personnel also have an adequate level of knowledge<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>. However, a study carried out in the Peruvian population indicates that more than half of those surveyed had little knowledge about the signs and symptoms of COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, it has been reported that interventions that provide information lead to knowledge increment, adherence promotion and favors preventive measures against COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. In this regard, a study conducted in Israel reported that, through an educational intervention (short video), they were able to increase the knowledge score on COVID-19, the safety perception, and personal resilience<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. In addition, it has been described that the mass media and the type of message the population receive influence the level of knowledge of public health and social change of behavior against the COVID-19 pandemic<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Due to the impact of the pandemic on physical and psycho-emotional health, there is interest from the scientific community in improving knowledge, attitudes and practices about this disease through interventions that provide information and address concepts based on scientific evidence<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>, including strategies to raise awareness and use of education and communication technologies<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>. However, some interventions that include training only improve attitudes and practices, but not knowledge<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>From the sociocognitive perspective, the self-regulation based learning strategy consists of the deliberate organization of cognitive, behavioral, and environmental activities in which students establish goals that direct their learning and regulate their cognitions, motivations, and behaviors with the intention of achieving success in learning<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. This model is widely used to improve knowledge and academic performance<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>; however, during the review of the literature on the subject, no programs based on self-regulation learning in the context of COVID-19 have been found.</p>
      <p>As self-regulated learning models reinforces cognition by incorporating elements of the environment and context so that they can be incorporated into practice mainly through demonstration sessions or reinforcement workshops<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup> and complying with prevention measures for COVID-19 decreed by the Peruvian government, in coordination with the police authorities who provided ventilated spaces, a face-to-face educational intervention was carried out based on this model with the military forces in charge of guaranteeing compliance with preventive measures in the city of Puno during the health emergency.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To determine the effectiveness of the educational program based on self-regulated learning in the level of knowledge about COVID-19 among military forces.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Mar&#237;a Auxiliadora University. Likewise, the authorization of the Office of the Vice-rectorate for Research of the National University of the Altiplano of Puno and the General Commander of the IV Mountain Brigade was obtained. In compliance with Peruvian regulations, informed consent was given in person to military personnel, and the objective of the study, that participation is voluntary, and that answers will be stored anonymously, confidentially and only for research purposes was explained.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Type of study</title>
        <p>The study was pre-experimental, cross-sectional, with a preand post-test design for a Peruvian military personnel single group. For the report of this study, guidelines of the STROBE tool were followed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Setting and study period</title>
        <p>This study was carried out between October and December 2020, when Peru was undergoing the first wave of COVID-19 infections<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. Headquarters of the study were in the Manco C&#225;pac barracks, located in the city of Puno. This department reports one of the highest rates of monetary poverty in Peru<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. Regarding education, the illiteracy rate for people over 15 years of age is 8.7% and only 27.7% access higher education<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population and sample: inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>The population consisted of 415 soldiers. The inclusion criteria were being a soldier in service and having the availability to participate in the educational sessions. Those who were on secondment, on study leave or had health problems that make it difficult for them to attend the sessions were excluded.</p>
        <p>The sample consisted of 197 military personnel, calculated considering a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%. The selection of the participants was non-probabilistic but for convenience.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Technique and instrument</title>
        <p>A survey technique was used for data collection and a questionnaire as an instrument. The first section of the instrument inquired about demographic data such as age, sex, mother tongue and educational level; the second section evaluated the dependent variable of the study through questions with multiple alternatives about knowledge of COVID-19 such as: definition, transmission routes, incubation period, symptoms, preventive measures, and risk factors. These questions were prepared in accordance with the regulations issued by the Peruvian Ministry of Health and the recommendations of the WHO. It should be noted that some questions were adapted from previous research conducted in the Peruvian population<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>To determine the validity of the content, an expert assessment was carried out by a doctor and four nurses who are members of the multidisciplinary team of the COVID-19 in health establishments in Puno and who have extensive experience in the prevention of infectious diseases; they evaluated under three criteria: clarity, coherence and relevance. The scores obtained were quantified using Aiken&#8217;s V coefficient, which was 0.69, showing a positive evaluation of the scale.</p>
        <p>Likewise, a pilot test was carried out in 18 (10% of the sample) soldiers from the Bolognesi barracks in the city of Juliaca. This police post presents similar socio-cultural and economic characteristics as the study headquarters. Through this activity, a question was modified, it was determined that participants take between 10 to 15 minutes to answer the survey, obtaining as a result a Kuder and Richardson coefficient of 0.839, indicating an adequate reliability.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of construct validity and reliability of the instrument</title>
        <p>The validity of the construct was evaluated through the exploratory factor analysis technique<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>, to analyze the representativeness of the items of the instrument. Following this, an average of 0.43 was obtained in the correlation matrix of the items that make up the instrument (with a value of p&lt;0.05) and a value of 0.6 in the Kaiser Meyer Olkin Index (KMO). Finally, the Bartlett sphericity test was statistically significant (Chi2: 400.8; gl: 21; p&lt;0.001)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>, which demonstrates the susceptibility of the data through exploratory factor analysis. In addition, the same analysis showed that in its first matrix (communalities), representativeness of all the items within the factorial model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>) and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref> factors showed an eigenvalue greater than 1, which explained more than 54% of the variance. The analysis of the factorial matrix revealed the representation of the items with a significant load to the found factor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Communalities and Factorial Load of the items of the scale of knowledge about COVID-19 obtained in the exploratory factor analysis, 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">&#205;tems </th>
                <th align="center">Communality </th>
                <th align="center">Factorial Load</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P1</td>
                <td align="center">0.40</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P2</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
                <td align="center">0.73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P3</td>
                <td align="center">0.32</td>
                <td align="center">0.72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P4</td>
                <td align="center">0.37</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P5</td>
                <td align="center">0.44</td>
                <td align="center">0.61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P6</td>
                <td align="center">0.48</td>
                <td align="center">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P7</td>
                <td align="center">0.36</td>
                <td align="center">0.53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P8</td>
                <td align="center">0.34</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P9</td>
                <td align="center">0.41</td>
                <td align="center">0.54</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P10</td>
                <td align="center">0.37</td>
                <td align="center">0.75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P11</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
                <td align="center">0.68</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P12</td>
                <td align="center">0.28</td>
                <td align="center">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P13</td>
                <td align="center">0.24</td>
                <td align="center">0.70</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P14</td>
                <td align="center">0.31</td>
                <td align="center">0.69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P15</td>
                <td align="center">0.49</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P16</td>
                <td align="center">0.46</td>
                <td align="center">0.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P17</td>
                <td align="center">0.44</td>
                <td align="center">0.65</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P18</td>
                <td align="center">0.35</td>
                <td align="center">0.74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P19</td>
                <td align="center">0.47</td>
                <td align="center">0.58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">P20</td>
                <td align="center">0.38</td>
                <td align="center">0.69</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Characteristics of the study&#8217;s population, 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">15-20</td>
                <td align="center">85 (47.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">21-25</td>
                <td align="center">86 (48.0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">26-30</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">35-40</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&gt;40</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Language</td>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spanish</td>
                <td align="center">152 (84.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Quechua</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Spanish and Quechua</td>
                <td align="center">23 (12.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sex</td>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Male</td>
                <td align="center">161 (89.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female</td>
                <td align="center">18 (10.1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Degree of education</td>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Primary</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Secondary</td>
                <td align="center">131 (73.2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Technic</td>
                <td align="center">39 (21.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Higher</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4.5)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Additionally, with the data collected, the reliability coefficient was calculated (McDonald&#8217;s Omega index 0.71), indicating that the scale presents adequate internal consistency.</p>
        <p>The knowledge scale consisted of 20 questions and 1 point was considered when the answer was correct and 0 when the answer was incorrect. A poor level of knowledge was considered when it had a score equal to or less than 10, a fair level from 11 to 15 points, a good level from 16 to 18, and an excellent level when it obtained a score greater than 18.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>The sequence of educational moments was fulfilled according to the stages of self-regulation of learning: planning, execution and self-reflection<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>; assumptions raised in self-regulated learning raised from the socio-cognitive approach to learning.</p>
        <p>Regarding planning, the educational program was developed in the courtyard of the barracks, complying with the corresponding physical distancing and the proper use of personal protective equipment. A doctor with experience in managing COVID-19 patients, three nurses, and a head of military personnel participated. Three basic themes were programmed in nine different subgroups, at different times, with a duration of 60 to 100 minutes for each subgroup, the time being designated according to the theme and depending on the temporary availability of the soldiers.</p>
        <p>Regarding the execution, the objectives of the investigation were explained to the participants in the first meeting and after having obtained the informed consent of each of them; in a following meeting, the pre-test was applied in order to assess the level of knowledge. Before developing each thematic area, they were assigned tasks such as a bibliographic review of the subject, exegetical technique with selected readings and questions that build the educational session.</p>
        <p>The content of the program was as follows: Theme I: COVID 19, epidemiology, etiological agent, basic pathophysiology, transmission mechanisms, clinical picture and mention of the treatment delivered by the doctors. Theme II: Theoretic-practical workshop. Practical demonstrations and redemonstrations on the proper use of personal protective equipment, cough diagnosis, hand washing and antisepsis with alcohol gel were carried out, based on the recommendations of the Peruvian Ministry of Health. Theme III: Risk factors and complications derived from COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Self-reflection was done after each learning session. This allowed military personnel to reinforce their knowledge and reflect on their mistakes. It should be noted that, to evaluate the effect of the educational program, the post-test was applied 20 days after the last educational session, using the same instrument. Finally, a triptych with a summary of the educational sessions was systematized in a participatory manner; this material was facilitated to the institution to be extended to other military headquarters in its jurisdiction.</p>
        <p>Because the educational intervention was carried out with military troops which mostly come from marginal urban areas; difficulties in understanding the educational messages were manifested, requiring additional feedback sessions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of the results and statistics</title>
        <p>Categorical variables were expressed in proportions. The results of the questionnaire were categorized as excellent, good, fair and deficient for each dimension and in the questionnaire in general. Categories were assigned according to the percentiles of the scores: &#8220;poor&#8221; (&#8804; 25th percentile), &#8220;fair&#8221; (&gt; 25th percentile - 50th percentile), &#8220;good&#8221; (&#8805; 50th percentile-75th percentile) and &#8220;excellent&#8221;(&gt; 75th percentile). The validation of the questionnaire was carried out with the McDonald Omega coefficient. The comparisons of the pre-test and post-test results by categories, in each dimension and in general, were made with the Friedman test. Values of p&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. To perform the statistical analyses, the SPSS software, version 25.0 (IBM statistics), and Graphpad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA) were used.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Population characteristics</title>
        <p>A total of 197 military service members were invited to participate and began the training; of which, only 179 attended all the educational sessions carried out (90.8% attendance). Characteristics of participants are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>. When stratified by age, the range that groups the largest number of participants is 21-25 years (48%); most of the study participants spoke Spanish (84.9%), only 12.8% were bilingual (they speak Spanish and Quechua); in addition, the majority were males (89.9%) and 73% had secondary education.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Evaluation of the effectiveness of the educational program by dimensions</title>
        <p>The 179 study participants performed preand post-tests. The results of the three dimensions of the instrument used are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. In the results, in the first dimension, in General aspects, it can be observed that, in the pre-test, there was a higher frequency in the deficient category (87.7 %); After the intervention, the excellent (36.3%) and good (49.7%) categories resulted to appear more frequently in post-test, with a statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1A</xref>). Then, in the dimension of Preventive measures, during the pre-test, the deficient category was obtained more frequently (60.9%); Meanwhile, when performing the post-test, the most frequent category was excellent; However, it was still possible to visualize that 26.3% obtained a poor result; these results were also significant (p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1B</xref>). Finally, the evaluation of the dimension of <italic>clinical presentation and risk factors</italic> resulted in the same trend as the previous dimensions, being observed more a result in the poor category (74.3 %) in the pre-test; meanwhile, in the post-test, results between the categories excellent (35.2%) and good (62.6%), these results being also significant (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Evaluation of the effectiveness of the educational program by dimensions, 2020</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Note: Figure shows the results in the pre (before) and post (after) test. They were categorized as excellent, good, fair, and poor for each dimension. For the preand post-test comparisons, the Friedman test was used.</italic>
            </attrib>
            <attrib>
              <italic>Note: Figure shows the results of the pre (before) and post (after) test. The results were categorized as excellent, good, fair, and poor. *For the pre and post-test comparisons, Friedman test was used.</italic>
            </attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-76-suppl1-e20220498-0498-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>General evaluation of the effectiveness of the educational program</title>
        <p>After evaluating the results by dimensions, shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 2</xref>, the overall results of the effectiveness of the educational program are as follows. Alarmingly, during the pre-test, 99.4% of participants scored in the poor category; after applying the educational program, post-test results were between fair (53.1%) and good (44.1%). Only 0.3% obtained a result in the poor category. As expected, these results were also significant (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>General evaluation of the effectiveness of the educational program, 2020</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-76-suppl1-e20220498-0498-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The main finding of this research was that the educational program based on the self-regulated learning model was effective, which was reflected in the military personnel&#8217;s increase in knowledge about COVID-19, from poor to fair and good levels. Moreover, regarding the analysis by dimensions, after the educational intervention, an excellent level of knowledge is reported in the Preventive Measures dimension, more than in the other dimensions evaluated.</p>
      <p>This is attributed to the application of the self-regulated learning model, which involves cognitive and behavioral environmental activities<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Regarding cognitive activities, the military troops carried out focus and attention activities, and assigned tasks (bibliographic review of preventive measures for COVID-19), before the educational program. The most important explanation is that they took the responsibility of learning; additionally, this result is due to the demonstrations and redemonstrations of the practices of hand washing and correct use of the mask, with the message &#8220;by doing you learn&#8221;, a phrase that relates learning to doing, the environment and behaviors<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>. Another relevant aspect that has influenced the improvement of the knowledge of military personnel is that the self-assessment, which they carried out with a checklist, strengthened their knowledge; causing doctors and nurses, learning facilitators, to develop attitudes that correspond to metacognition and self-regulation.</p>
      <p>Similar results were reported by interventions carried out in populations from different jurisdictions, in which education was used as a fundamental pillar. In this regard, in Israel, through an educational intervention, knowledge about COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup> increased; in Cuba, approximately half of older adults, before the intervention, presented an inadequate level of general knowledge about COVID-19; while, after it, most presented adequate levels<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>. The similarity is attributed to the fact that both interventions were previously structured; while in Cuba the educational intervention was developed in three periods: a first moment to identify the learning needs, a second dedicated to the intervention and the last one aimed at evaluating the impact of the intervention on the study; the three moments were applied according to the phases of self-regulation of learning. When planning, the diagnosis was considered; during the execution, the development of face-to-face theoretical-practical sessions was considered; and during self-reflection, so it was the measurement of impact.</p>
      <p>It should be noted that self-regulation of learning implied forecasting and delineation of an action plan; this was followed by the execution of the activation phase; finally, the self-reflection phase was rolled out, when the individual learns how to act. Currently, there are other conceptualizations that differ from the cyclical process of the three phases, but converge in that behavior associated with learning is goal-directed and controlled by feedback processes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Likewise, a study in Jordan, through messages, disseminated in the media, manages to promote behavior change against the virus disease with different methodologies; public media channels were important to increase awareness and social behavior change against the pandemic<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. However, the learning sessions in the present study were theoretical-practical, applying self-regulation of learning. It is confirmed that, in order to structure the planning phase of an educational program, it is a priority to identify the strengths of the population as an active social actor, who not only receives knowledge, but also adds to the construction of learning as a self-regulating entity.</p>
      <p>The deficient level of knowledge presented by the military personnel of Puno before the educational intervention could be due to gaps in access to education and health inequities as this department reports the highest poverty rates in Peru<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. This finding is consistent with a study that reports a low level of knowledge about the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 in residents of Lima, Peru<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>. However, it disagrees with a research carried out in Jordan, in which they show that officers, superintendents and soldiers in service had a good level of knowledge about COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>; also, with another study carried out in India, which highlights that the majority of soldiers have a high level of knowledge<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. These differences could be attributed to several factors: the application of the instrument was face-to-face, where the young people responded without the option of accessing any information source; Added to this is the scant information regarding the prevention of COVID and that the majority of military personnel come from educational institutions with various limitations; reinforced, according to UNICEF, with the fact that there is inequity and inequality in the Peruvian educational system<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the clinical picture and risk factors before the educational intervention, the results in the present were deficient in three quarters of the population. This result differs from a study in China, in which most of the participants correctly answered the most common clinical symptoms of COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>. Meanwhile, in Lima, pregnant and women who had recently given birth from two Peruvian communities reveal a good level of knowledge about the prevention of COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>)</sup>. An explanation of these differences could be attributed to the fact that the patients received information from the health establishment, a different situation from the present study. It is reaffirmed that, in this part of the country, continuous educational programs for health promotion and disease prevention are lacking; likewise, epidemiological information from health professionals and those responsible for the situation of COVID 19 and its variants.</p>
      <p>The implication of the study is that the findings show the effect of incorporating the model of self-regulation of learning in health education to increase knowledge of preventive measures against COVID-19, a key aspect at the beginning of the pandemic and which is becoming relevant at the end of the pandemic due to the appearance of variants of the SARS-COV2 virus due to vaccination requiring complementing these preventive measures<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>)</sup>. In addition, through educational interventions, not only is compliance with prevention measures to prevent the transmission of diseases promoted in the population, but also an adequate scientific literacy is ensured<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>)</sup> giving instruments to the population to avoid other infectious diseases.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The study has some limitations. Due to the type of study design, there is no way to fully attribute whether the pre-testing process actually influenced the results, thus external validity could be affected. Despite this, the instrument complies with all the assumptions of the construct, which could weigh the reliability of the results obtained in this study with its design. On the other hand, the participants who did not complete all the sessions due to duty responsibilities could present a different level of knowledge than the one reported. The type of non-probabilistic sampling used does not allow the results to be generalized to other populations; however, it could serve as a comparison with populations with similar characteristics. Finally, the pandemic context limited the development of a greater number of active dynamics in the educational sessions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contribution of the study to the science of Nursing</title>
        <p>The findings of the study reaffirm that, in the design of educational interventions aimed at young people, the use of participatory methodologies that emphasize the self-regulation of learning that uses the assumptions of the sociocognitive approach is effective in addressing cognitive, behavioral (being and doing) and socio-environmental processes. Aspect that is useful for Nursing professionals and students who during their preventive-promotional work develop training and training.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
      <p>The educational intervention based on self-regulation of learning developed with military troops was effective because the poor level of knowledge about COVID-19 that they presented in the pre-test changed to fair and good level of knowledge. However, in the dimension of Preventive measures, a greater change is reported, since it went from poor level (pre-test) to excellent level (post-test). Finally, it is recommended that, in educational sessions, the student is the protagonist of learning.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>ACKNOWLEDGMENT</title>
      <p>To Dr. Jos&#233; Antonio Ruelas Llerena, professor of the Faculty of Human Medicine and the students of the Faculty of Nursing of the National University of the Altiplano of Puno for their support in coordinating the execution of the educational program.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0498es</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efectividad del Programa educativo de autorregulaci&#243;n en incrementar conocimientos sobre COVID-19 en militares peruanos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1638-8252</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Abarca-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
            <given-names>Denices Soledad</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">I</xref>
          <role>participaron en el an&#225;lisis y/o interpretaci&#243;n de los datos</role>
          <role>participaron en la revisi&#243;n final con participaci&#243;n cr&#237;tica e intelectual en el manuscrito</role>
          <role>participaron en la concepci&#243;n o dise&#241;o del estudio/investigaci&#243;n</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5419-5793</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zeladita-Huaman</surname>
            <given-names>Jhon Alex</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">II</xref>
          <role>participaron en el an&#225;lisis y/o interpretaci&#243;n de los datos</role>
          <role>participaron en la revisi&#243;n final con participaci&#243;n cr&#237;tica e intelectual en el manuscrito</role>
          <role>participaron en la concepci&#243;n o dise&#241;o del estudio/investigaci&#243;n</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6883-8422</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arriaga</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;a Belen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">III</xref>
          <role>participaron en el an&#225;lisis y/o interpretaci&#243;n de los datos</role>
          <role>participaron en la revisi&#243;n final con participaci&#243;n cr&#237;tica e intelectual en el manuscrito</role>
          <role>participaron en la concepci&#243;n o dise&#241;o del estudio/investigaci&#243;n</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0471-9413</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zegarra-Chapo&#241;&#225;n</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">IV</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>participaron en el an&#225;lisis y/o interpretaci&#243;n de los datos</role>
          <role>participaron en la revisi&#243;n final con participaci&#243;n cr&#237;tica e intelectual en el manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional del Altiplano. Puno, Per&#250;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima, Per&#250;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia. Salvador, Bahia, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>IV</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Mar&#237;a Auxiliadora. San Juan de Lurigancho, Lima, Per&#250;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor correspondiente:</bold> Roberto Zegarra Chapo&#241;an E-mail: <email>rob.zegarra@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR-JEFE: &#193;lvaro Sousa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR ASOCIADO: Ana F&#225;tima Fernandes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Determinar la efectividad del Programa educativo basado en autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje en el nivel de conocimiento sobre COVID-19 en militares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Estudio preexperimental de dise&#241;o pretest y postest con un solo grupo, realizado en 2020. Participaron 179 militares de Puno, Per&#250;. Se desarrollaron dos sesiones expositivo-participativas y un taller demostrativo. Se emple&#243; un cuestionario v&#225;lido (V de Aiken = 0,69) y confiable (Omega de McDonald = 0,81). Se utiliz&#243; el test de Friedman para comparar los resultados en pre y postest.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>El nivel de conocimientos sobre COVID-19 y en dos de sus dimensiones cambi&#243; de deficiente (pretest) a regular (postest). Sin embargo, en la dimensi&#243;n medidas preventivas, cambi&#243; de deficiente (pretest) a excelente (postest).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusi&#243;n:</title>
          <p>La intervenci&#243;n educativa propuesta fue efectiva al incrementar los conocimientos sobre COVID-19 en militares, principalmente en cuanto a medidas preventivas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Conocimiento</kwd>
        <kwd>Infecciones por Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Personal Militar</kwd>
        <kwd>Efectividad</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevenci&#243;n de Enfermedades</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODUCCI&#211;N</title>
        <p>A nivel mundial, desde el inicio de la pandemia hasta junio de 2022, se report&#243; la defunci&#243;n de aproximadamente 6,3 millones de personas por COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup> y m&#225;s de 213 mil fallecidos por esta enfermedad viral en Per&#250;<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>; pa&#237;s en el cual el n&#250;mero de polic&#237;as fallecidos supera a cualquier otro grupo ocupacional<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. A partir del inicio de esta pandemia, la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial de la Salud (OMS) recomend&#243; medidas que contribuyeron a disminuir la tasa de mortalidad por esta enfermedad, como la realizaci&#243;n de pruebas masivas, seguimiento de contactos, aislamiento de los casos y medidas de restricci&#243;n de la movilidad social.</p>
        <p>En este escenario, en Per&#250;, el personal militar fue el encargado en garantizar la cuarentena; en las regiones que contaban con escaso personal de salud, como la regi&#243;n Puno, se encarg&#243; en verificar el uso de mascarillas, el distanciamiento f&#237;sico y promover la adopci&#243;n de otras medidas de prevenci&#243;n de la COVID-19. Sin embargo, investigaciones recientes evidencian el negligente rol de las fuerzas armadas, tanto de funcionarios gubernamentales como del personal militar, debido a que podr&#237;an haber sido vectores de la trasmisi&#243;n de la COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>. Por ello, se requiere desarrollar intervenciones sanitarias para promover la adopci&#243;n de medidas preventivas en los militares.</p>
        <p>Revisiones sistem&#225;ticas coinciden en se&#241;alar que la poblaci&#243;n tiene adecuado nivel de conocimiento sobre la COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. En esta misma l&#237;nea, dos estudios realizados en la India coinciden en se&#241;alar que el personal militar tambi&#233;n presenta un adecuado nivel de conocimiento<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>. Sin embargo, un estudio realizado en poblaci&#243;n peruana se&#241;ala que m&#225;s de la mitad de los encuestados ten&#237;a un escaso conocimiento sobre los signos y s&#237;ntomas de la COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Por otra parte, se ha reportado que las intervenciones que proporcionan informaci&#243;n permiten incrementar conocimientos, promover la adherencia y favorecer medidas preventivas ante la COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. Al respecto, un estudio realizado en Israel report&#243; que, mediante una intervenci&#243;n educativa (video breve), lograron incrementar el puntaje de conocimientos sobre la COVID-19, la percepci&#243;n de la seguridad y la resiliencia personal<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. Adem&#225;s, se ha descrito que los medios de comunicaci&#243;n masiva y el tipo de mensaje que recibe la poblaci&#243;n influyen en el nivel de conocimiento de salud p&#250;blica y cambio social de comportamiento contra la pandemia por COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Debido al impacto que tiene la pandemia en la salud f&#237;sica y psicoemocional, existe inter&#233;s de la comunidad cient&#237;fica en mejorar el conocimiento, actitudes y pr&#225;cticas sobre esta enfermedad mediante intervenciones que brinden informaci&#243;n y abordan conceptos basados en evidencia cient&#237;fica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>, que incluyan estrategias de concientizaci&#243;n y empleo de tecnolog&#237;as de educaci&#243;n y comunicaci&#243;n<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>. Sin embargo, algunas intervenciones que incluyen entrenamientos solo mejoran las actitudes y pr&#225;cticas, pero no los conocimientos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Desde la perspectiva sociocognitiva, la estrategia de aprendizaje basado en la autorregulaci&#243;n consiste en la organizaci&#243;n deliberada de actividades cognitivas, conductuales y ambientales en la cual los estudiantes establecen los objetivos que dirigen su aprendizaje y regulan sus cogniciones, motivaciones y comportamientos con la intenci&#243;n de alcanzar &#233;xito en el aprendizaje<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. Este modelo es ampliamente empleado en mejorar conocimientos y desempe&#241;o acad&#233;mico<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>; sin embargo, durante la revisi&#243;n de la literatura sobre el asunto, no se han encontrado programas basados en autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje desarrollados en el contexto de la COVID-19.</p>
        <p>Debido a que el modelo de autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje refuerza la cognici&#243;n mediante la incorporaci&#243;n de los elementos del ambiente y el contexto para que puedan ser incorporados a la pr&#225;ctica principalmente mediante sesiones demostrativas o talleres de reforzamiento<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup> y cumpliendo las medidas de prevenci&#243;n de la COVID-19 decretadas por el gobiernos peruano, en coordinaci&#243;n con las autoridades del fuero policial quienes proporcionaron espacios ventilados, se realiz&#243; una intervenci&#243;n educativa presencial basado en este modelo en militares encargados de garantizar el cumplimiento de las medidas preventivas en la cuidad de Puno durante la emergencia sanitaria.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Determinar la efectividad del Programa educativo basado en autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje en el nivel de conocimiento sobre COVID-19 en militares.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>El estudio fue aprobado por el Comit&#233; de &#201;tica e Investigaci&#243;n de la Universidad Mar&#237;a Auxiliadora. Asimismo, se cont&#243; con la autorizaci&#243;n del Vicerrectorado de Investigaci&#243;n de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno y del Comandante General de la IV Brigada de Monta&#241;a. En cumplimiento de la regulaci&#243;n peruana, se realiz&#243; el consentimiento informado presencial a los efectivos militares; proceso en el cual se explic&#243; el objetivo del estudio, que la participaci&#243;n es voluntaria, que sus respuestas ser&#225;n almacenadas en forma an&#243;nima, confidencial y solo para fines de investigaci&#243;n.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudio</title>
          <p>El estudio fue de tipo preexperimental, de corte transversal, con dise&#241;o pre y postest de un solo grupo conformado por efectivos militares peruanos. Para el reporte de este estudio se sigui&#243; las directrices de la herramienta STROBE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sede y periodo del estudio</title>
          <p>Este estudio fue realizado entre octubre a diciembre del 2020, periodo en el cual Per&#250; se encontraba cursando la primera ola de contagios de COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. La sede del estudio fue el cuartel Manco C&#225;pac, ubicado en la ciudad de Puno. Este departamento reporta una de las m&#225;s altas tasas de pobreza monetaria en Per&#250;<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>. En cuanto a educaci&#243;n, la tasa de analfabetismo en mayores de 15 a&#241;os es de 8,7% y solo el 27,7% accede a educaci&#243;n superior<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Poblaci&#243;n y muestra: criterios de inclusi&#243;n y exclusi&#243;n</title>
          <p>La poblaci&#243;n estuvo conformada por 415 militares. Los criterios de inclusi&#243;n fueron ser militar en servicio y contar con disponibilidad de participar de las sesiones educativas. Se excluyeron a quienes se encontraban en comisi&#243;n de servicio, con licencia por estudios o presentaban problemas de salud que les dificulta asistir a las sesiones.</p>
          <p>La muestra estuvo constituida por 197 efectivos militares, calculado considerando un nivel de confianza del 95 % y un margen de error del 5 %. La selecci&#243;n de los participantes fue de manera no probabil&#237;stica, por conveniencia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>T&#233;cnica e instrumento</title>
          <p>Para la recolecci&#243;n de datos, se utiliz&#243; la t&#233;cnica de la encuesta y como instrumento un cuestionario. En la primera secci&#243;n del instrumento se indag&#243; sobre los datos demogr&#225;ficos como edad, sexo, idioma materno y grado de instrucci&#243;n; y la segunda secci&#243;n se evalu&#243; la variable dependiente del estudio mediante preguntas con alternativas m&#250;ltiples acerca de los conocimientos de la COVID-19 como: definici&#243;n, v&#237;as de transmisi&#243;n, periodo de incubaci&#243;n, sintomatolog&#237;a, medidas preventivas y factores de riesgo. Estas preguntas fueron elaboradas acorde a las normativas emitidas por el Ministerio de Salud Peruano y las recomendaciones de la OMS. Cabe se&#241;alar que algunas preguntas fueron adaptadas de una investigaci&#243;n previa realizada en poblaci&#243;n peruana<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Para determinar la validez de contenido se realiz&#243; juicio de expertos en el cual participaron un m&#233;dico y cuatro enfermeros integrantes del equipo multidisciplinario del &#225;rea COVID-19 en establecimientos de salud de Puno y que cuentan con amplia experiencia en prevenci&#243;n de enfermedades infectocontagiosas; quienes evaluaron bajo tres criterios: claridad, coherencia y relevancia. Los puntajes obtenidos se cuantificaron empleando el coeficiente V de Aiken que fue de 0,69, que evidencia una valoraci&#243;n positiva de la escala.</p>
          <p>Asimismo, se realiz&#243; una prueba piloto en 18 (10% de la muestra) efectivos militares del cuartel Bolognesi de la ciudad de Juliaca, este puesto policial presenta similares caracter&#237;sticas socio-culturales y econ&#243;micas que la sede de estudio. Mediante esta actividad se modific&#243; una pregunta, se determin&#243; que para responder la encuesta el participante se demora entre 10 a 15 minutos y se obtuvo como resultado un coeficiente de Kuder y Richardson de 0,839 que indica una adecuada confiabilidad.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lisis de validez de constructo y confiabilidad del instrumento</title>
          <p>Se evalu&#243; la validez del constructo a trav&#233;s de la t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lisis factorial exploratorio<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>, para analizar la representatividad de los &#237;tems del instrumento. Siguiendo esto, se obtuvo una media de 0,43 en la matriz de correlaci&#243;n de los &#237;tems que forman el instrumento (con valor de p&lt;0,05) y un valor de 0,6 en el &#205;ndice de Kaiser Meyer Olkin (KMO), finalmente la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett fue estad&#237;sticamente significativa (Chi2: 400,8; gl: 21; p&lt;0,001)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>, lo que demuestra la susceptibilidad de los datos a trav&#233;s del an&#225;lisis factorial exploratorio, adem&#225;s, el mismo an&#225;lisis mostr&#243; que en su primera matriz (comunalidades), representatividad de todos los &#237;tems dentro del modelo factorial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 1</xref>) y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref> factores evidenciaron un autovalor mayor a 1 los mismos que explicaron m&#225;s del 54% de la varianza. El an&#225;lisis de la matriz factorial revel&#243; la representaci&#243;n de los &#237;tems con una carga significativa al factor encontrado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabla 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabla 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Comunalidades y Carga Factorial de los &#237;tems de la escala de conocimientos acerca de COVID-19 obtenidos en el an&#225;lisis factorial exploratorio, 2020</title>
            </caption>
            <table>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">&#205;tems </th>
                  <th align="center">Comunalidad </th>
                  <th align="center">Carga Factorial</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,28</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P16</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">P20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabla 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de la poblaci&#243;n del estudio, 2020</title>
            </caption>
            <table>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                  <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Edad (a&#241;os)</td>
                  <td align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">15-20</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (47,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">21-25</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (48,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">26-30</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">35-40</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&gt;40</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idioma</td>
                  <td align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Castellano</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (84,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Quechua</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Castellano y quechua</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (12,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo</td>
                  <td align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (89,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Femenino</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (10,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Grado de instrucci&#243;n</td>
                  <td align="left"/>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Primaria</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Secundaria</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (73,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">T&#233;cnico</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (21,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Superior</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4,5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Adem&#225;s, con los datos recopilados, se calcul&#243; el coeficiente de confiabilidad (&#237;ndice de Omega de McDonal 0,71), indica que la escala presenta una adecuada consistencia interna.</p>
          <p>La escala de conocimiento const&#243; de 20 preguntas y se consider&#243; 1 punto cuando respondi&#243; correctamente y 0 cuando la respuesta era incorrecta. Se consider&#243; un nivel de conocimiento deficiente cuando ten&#237;a un puntaje igual o menor de 10, nivel regular de 11 a 15 puntos, nivel bueno de 16 a 18, y nivel excelente cuando obtuvo un puntaje mayor de 18.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo del estudio</title>
          <p>La secuencia de los momentos educativos se cumpli&#243; seg&#250;n las fases de la autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje, en tres fases: planificaci&#243;n, ejecuci&#243;n y autorreflexi&#243;n<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>; presupuestos planteados en el aprendizaje autorregulado planteado desde el enfoque socio cognitivo del aprendizaje.</p>
          <p>Respecto a la planificaci&#243;n, el programa educativo se desarroll&#243; en el patio del cuartel, cumpliendo con el distanciamiento f&#237;sico correspondiente y el uso adecuado de los equipos de protecci&#243;n personal. Se cont&#243; con la participaci&#243;n de un m&#233;dico con experiencia en el manejo de pacientes COVID-19, tres enfermeras y un jefe de los efectivos militares. Se programaron tres tem&#225;ticas b&#225;sicas en nueve diferentes subgrupos, en horarios diferentes, con una duraci&#243;n de 60 a 100 minutos por cada subgrupo, tiempo designado de acuerdo al tema y en funci&#243;n a la disponibilidad temporal de los militares.</p>
          <p>Referente a la ejecuci&#243;n, en la primera reuni&#243;n, se explic&#243; a los efectivos los objetivos de la investigaci&#243;n y despu&#233;s de haber obtenido el consentimiento informado de cada efectivo; en una siguiente reuni&#243;n, se aplic&#243; el pretest, con la finalidad de evaluar el nivel de conocimiento. Antes de desarrollar cada &#225;rea tem&#225;tica, se les design&#243; tareas como la revisi&#243;n bibliogr&#225;fica del tema, t&#233;cnica exeg&#233;tica con lecturas escogidas y preguntas que generen la construcci&#243;n de la sesi&#243;n educativa.</p>
          <p>El contenido del programa fue el siguiente: Tem&#225;tica I: La COVID 19, epidemiolog&#237;a, agente etiol&#243;gico, fisiopatolog&#237;a b&#225;sica, mecanismos de transmisi&#243;n, cuadro cl&#237;nico y menci&#243;n del tratamiento realizado por los m&#233;dicos. Tem&#225;tica II: Taller te&#243;rico-pr&#225;ctico, en la cual se llevaron a cabo demostraciones y redemostraciones pr&#225;cticas sobre el uso adecuado de los equipos de protecci&#243;n personal, etiqueta de tos, lavado de manos y la antisepsia con alcohol gel, en base a las recomendaciones del Ministerio de Salud Peruano. Tem&#225;tica III: Factores de riesgo y complicaciones por COVID-19.</p>
          <p>La autorreflexi&#243;n se realiz&#243; despu&#233;s de cada sesi&#243;n de aprendizaje. Ello permiti&#243; que los efectivos militares refuercen sus conocimientos y reflexionen sobre sus errores. Cabe resaltar que, para evaluar el efecto del programa educativo, se aplic&#243; el postest, 20 d&#237;as posteriores a la &#250;ltima sesi&#243;n educativa, haciendo uso del mismo instrumento. Finalmente, se sistematiz&#243;, en forma participativa, un tr&#237;ptico con el resumen de las sesiones educativas; material que fue entregado a la instituci&#243;n para hacer extensivo en otras sedes militares de su jurisdicci&#243;n.</p>
          <p>Debido a que la intervenci&#243;n educativa se realiz&#243; en efectivos militares quienes en su mayor&#237;a proceden de zonas urbano marginales; se evidenci&#243; dificultades en cuanto a la comprensi&#243;n de los mensajes educativos por lo que se requiri&#243; realizar sesiones adicionales de retroalimentaci&#243;n.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lisis de los resultados y estad&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>Las variables categ&#243;ricas fueron expresadas en proporciones. Los resultados del cuestionario fueron categorizados en excelente, bueno, regular y deficiente para cada dimensi&#243;n y en el cuestionario en general. Se les asign&#243; las categor&#237;as de acuerdo a los percentiles de los puntajes: &#8220;deficiente&#8221; (&#8804; percentil 25), &#8220;regular&#8221; (&gt; percentil 25 - percentil 50), &#8220;bueno&#8221; (&#8805; percentil 50-percentil 75) y &#8220;excelente&#8221; (&gt; percentil 75). La validaci&#243;n del cuestionario fue realizada con el coeficiente de Omega de McDonald. Las comparaciones de los resultados pretest y postest por categor&#237;as, en cada dimensi&#243;n y en general, fueron realizadas con el test de Friedman. Los valores de p&lt;0,05 se consideraron estad&#237;sticamente significativos. Para realizar los an&#225;lisis estad&#237;sticos, se emple&#243; el software SPSS, versi&#243;n 25.0 (IBM statistics), y Graphpad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas de la poblaci&#243;n</title>
          <p>Fueron invitados a participar e iniciaron la capacitaci&#243;n 197 efectivos que prestaban servicio militar; de los cuales, solo 179 asistieron a todas las sesiones educativas realizadas (90,8 % de asistencia). Las caracter&#237;sticas de los participantes del estudio se presentan en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabla 2</xref>. Cuando se estratifica por edad, el rango que agrupa al mayor n&#250;mero de participantes es de 21-25 a&#241;os (48 %); la mayor parte de los participantes del estudio hablaba castellano (84,9 %), solo el 12,8 % eran biling&#252;es (hablan castellano y quechua); adem&#225;s, la mayor&#237;a era del sexo masculino (89,9 %) y que el 73 % ten&#237;a como grado de instrucci&#243;n la secundaria.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluaci&#243;n de la efectividad del programa educativo por dimensiones</title>
          <p>Los 179 participantes del estudio realizaron el pre y postest. Los resultados de las tres dimensiones del instrumento utilizado son mostrados en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. En los resultados, en la primera dimensi&#243;n, de <italic>Aspectos generales</italic>, se puede observar que, en el pretest, hubo una mayor frecuencia en la categor&#237;a deficiente (87,7 %); despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n, tuvieron como resultado, en el postest, en mayor frecuencia, las categor&#237;as excelentes (36,3 %) y bueno (49,7 %), con una diferencia estad&#237;stica significativa (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1A</xref>). En seguida, en la dimensi&#243;n de <italic>Medidas preventivas</italic>, durante el pretest, se obtuvo, en mayor frecuencia, la categor&#237;a deficiente (60,9 %); mientras, al realizar el postest, la categor&#237;a m&#225;s frecuente fue excelente; sin embargo, a&#250;n se pudo visualizar que un 26,3 % obtuvo un resultado deficiente; estos resultados tambi&#233;n fueron significativos (p&lt;0,001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1B</xref>). Finalmente, la evaluaci&#243;n de la dimensi&#243;n de <italic>Cuadro cl&#237;nico y factores de riesgo</italic> tuvo como resultado la misma tendencia que las dimensiones anteriores, siendo observado m&#225;s un resultado en la categor&#237;a deficiente (74,3 %) en el pretest; mientras, en el postest, resultados entre las categor&#237;as excelente (35,2 %) y bueno (62,6 %), siendo estos resultados tambi&#233;n significativos (p&lt;0,001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Evaluaci&#243;n de efectividad del programa educativo por dimensiones, 2020</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Nota: La figura muestra los resultados en el pre (antes) y pos (despu&#233;s) test. Fueron categorizados en excelente, bueno, regular y deficiente para cada dimensi&#243;n. Para las comparaciones en pre y postest, se us&#243; el test de Friedman.</italic>
              </attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-76-suppl1-e20220498-0498-gf01-es.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluaci&#243;n general de la efectividad del programa educativo</title>
          <p>Despu&#233;s de evaluar los resultados por dimensiones, mostrado en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 2</xref>, los resultados en general de la efectividad del programa educativo son como sigue. Alarmantemente, durante el pretest, el 99,4 % de los participantes obtuvo un resultado en la categor&#237;a deficiente; mientras, despu&#233;s de aplicar el programa educativo, se obtuvo resultados en el postest entre regular (53,1 %) y bueno (44,1 %), solo un 0,3 % obtuvo un resultado en la categor&#237;a deficiente. Como era de esperarse, estos resultados tambi&#233;n fueron significativos (p&lt;0,001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Evaluaci&#243;n general de la efectividad del programa educativo, 2020</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>
                <italic>Nota: La figura muestra los resultados del pre (antes) y pos (despu&#233;s) test. Los resultados fueron categorizados en excelente, bueno, regular y deficiente. *Para las comparaciones en pre y post test, se us&#243; el test de Friedman.</italic>
              </attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-76-suppl1-e20220498-0498-gf02-es.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSI&#211;N</title>
        <p>El principal hallazgo de esta investigaci&#243;n fue que el programa educativo basado en el modelo de autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje fue efectivo, el cual se vio reflejado en el increment&#243; del conocimiento en el personal militar sobre la COVID-19, de un nivel deficiente a regular y bueno. Es m&#225;s, en cuanto al an&#225;lisis seg&#250;n dimensiones, despu&#233;s de la intervenci&#243;n educativa, se reporta un nivel excelente de conocimientos en la dimensi&#243;n Medidas preventivas, m&#225;s que en las otras dimensiones evaluadas.</p>
        <p>Ello se atribuye a la aplicaci&#243;n del modelo de autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje, que involucra actividades cognitivas y conductuales ambientales<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>. Respecto a las cognitivas, los efectivos militares desarrollaron actividades de concentraci&#243;n y atenci&#243;n, y tareas asignadas (revisi&#243;n bibliogr&#225;fica de las medidas preventivas del COVID-19), antes del programa educativo. La explicaci&#243;n m&#225;s importante es que asumieron la responsabilidad de aprender; adem&#225;s, este resultado se debe a las demostraciones y redemostraciones de la pr&#225;cticas del lavado de manos y uso correcto de la mascarilla, con el mensaje &#8220;haciendo se aprende&#8221;, frase que relaciona el aprendizaje con el hacer, el medio ambiente y las conductas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>. Otro aspecto relevante que ha influido en la mejora del conocimiento de los efectivos militares es que la autoevaluaci&#243;n, que llevaron a cabo con una lista de chequeo, fortaleci&#243; sus conocimientos; provocando en los m&#233;dicos y enfermeras, conductores del aprendizaje, desarrollar actitudes que corresponden a la metacognici&#243;n y autorregulaci&#243;n.</p>
        <p>Resultados similares fueron reportados por intervenciones realizadas en poblaciones de diferentes jurisdicciones, en las cuales se emple&#243; como pilar fundamental la educaci&#243;n. Al respecto, en Israel, mediante una intervenci&#243;n educativa, incrementaron los conocimientos sobre la COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>; en Cuba, aproximadamente, la mitad de adultos mayores, antes la intervenci&#243;n, present&#243; un nivel inadecuado de conocimientos generales sobre la COVID-19; mientras que, despu&#233;s de ella, la mayor&#237;a present&#243; niveles adecuados<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>. La similitud se atribuye a que ambas intervenciones fueron estructuradas con anterioridad; mientras en Cuba la intervenci&#243;n educativa se desarroll&#243; en tres per&#237;odos: un primer momento para identificar las necesidades de aprendizaje, un segundo dedicado a la intervenci&#243;n y el &#250;ltimo encaminado a evaluar el impacto de la intervenci&#243;n en el estudio; los tres momentos se aplicaron seg&#250;n las fases de la autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje. En la planificaci&#243;n, se consider&#243; el diagn&#243;stico; en la ejecuci&#243;n, el desarrollo de sesiones te&#243;rico-pr&#225;cticas presenciales; y en la autorreflexi&#243;n, la medici&#243;n del impacto.</p>
        <p>Cabe se&#241;alar que la autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje implicaba previsi&#243;n y delineamiento de un plan de acci&#243;n; seguidamente, se activaba la fase de ejecuci&#243;n; finalmente, se presentaba la fase de autorreflexi&#243;n, en la cual el individuo aprende c&#243;mo actuar. En la actualidad, existen otras conceptualizaciones que difieren del proceso c&#237;clico de las tres fases, pero convergen en que el comportamiento asociado al aprendizaje est&#225; dirigido a una meta y controlado por procesos de retroalimentaci&#243;n<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Asimismo, un estudio en Jordania, mediante mensajes, difundido en los medios de comunicaci&#243;n, llega a promover el cambio de comportamiento contra la enfermedad del virus con metodolog&#237;as diferentes; los canales de medios de comunicaci&#243;n p&#250;blicos fueron importantes para aumentar el conocimiento y el cambio social de comportamiento contra de la pandemia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. En cambio, en el presente estudio, las sesiones de aprendizaje fueron te&#243;rico-pr&#225;cticas, aplicando la autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje. Se confirma que, para estructurar la fase de planificaci&#243;n de un programa educativo, es prioritario identificar las fortalezas de la poblaci&#243;n como un actor social activo, quien no solo recibe conocimientos, sino complementa la construcci&#243;n del aprendizaje como un ente autorregulador.</p>
        <p>El nivel de conocimiento deficiente que presentan los efectivos militares de Puno antes de la intervenci&#243;n educativa podr&#237;a deberse a las brechas en cuanto al acceso a educaci&#243;n y las inequidades de la salud debido a que este departamento reporta las tasa m&#225;s elevadas de pobreza en Per&#250;<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. Este hallazgo es concordante con un estudio que reporta bajo nivel de conocimiento sobre los signos y s&#237;ntomas de la COVID-19 en pobladores de Lima, Per&#250;<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>. Sin embargo, discrepa con una investigaci&#243;n realizada en Jordania, en el cual evidencian que los oficiales, superintendentes y militares en servicio tuvieron un buen nivel de conocimiento sobre la COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>; tambi&#233;n, con otro estudio realizado en la India, que destaca que la mayor&#237;a de militares presenta un nivel de conocimiento alto<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Estas diferencias podr&#237;an atribuirse a varios factores: la aplicaci&#243;n del instrumento fue presencial, donde los j&#243;venes respondieron, sin opci&#243;n a realizar consultas; a ello se suma la escasa informaci&#243;n referente a la prevenci&#243;n de la COVID y que los efectivos militares, en su mayor&#237;a, son procedentes de instituciones educativas con diversas limitaciones; reforzado, seg&#250;n la UNICEF, con que existe inequidad y desigualdad en el sistema educativo peruano<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Respecto al cuadro cl&#237;nico y factores de riesgo antes de la intervenci&#243;n educativa, los resultados en el presente fueron deficientes en las tres cuartas partes de la poblaci&#243;n. Resultado que difiere con un estudio en China, en el cual la mayor&#237;a de los participantes respondi&#243; correctamente los s&#237;ntomas cl&#237;nicos m&#225;s comunes sobre la COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>. Mientras que, en Lima, las gestantes y pu&#233;rperas de dos comunidades peruanas revelan un buen nivel de conocimientos sobre prevenci&#243;n de la COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>)</sup>. Una explicaci&#243;n de estas diferencias podr&#237;a atribuirse a que las pacientes recibieron informaci&#243;n por parte del establecimiento de salud, situaci&#243;n diferente en el presente estudio. Se reafirma que, en este lugar del pa&#237;s, faltan programas educativos continuos de promoci&#243;n de la salud y prevenci&#243;n de la enfermedad; asimismo, informaci&#243;n epidemiol&#243;gica por parte de los profesionales en la salud y responsables de la situaci&#243;n de la COVID 19 y sus variantes.</p>
        <p>La implicancia del estudio radica en que los hallazgos evidencian el efecto de incorporar el modelo de autoregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje en la educaci&#243;n en salud para incrementar los conocimientos de las medidas preventivas ante la COVID-19, aspecto clave al inicio de la pandemia y que cobra relevancia al final de la pandemia debido a la aparici&#243;n de las variantes del virus SARS-COV2 debido a la vacunaci&#243;n requiere complementarse con estas medidas preventivas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>)</sup>. Adem&#225;s, mediante las intervenciones educativas no solo se promueve en la poblaci&#243;n el cumplimiento de las medidas de prevenci&#243;n para prevenir la transmisi&#243;n de enfermedades, sino que se asegurar una adecuada alfabetizaci&#243;n cient&#237;fica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>)</sup> y se instrumenta a la poblaci&#243;n para evitar otras enfermedades infectocontagiosas.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitaciones del estudio</title>
          <p>El estudio presenta algunas limitaciones. Por el tipo de dise&#241;o del estudio, no existe manera de atribuir del todo si el proceso de prueba previa realmente influy&#243; en los resultados, de esta forma la validez externa podr&#237;a verse afectada. A pesar de esto, el instrumento cumple con todos los supuestos del constructo, lo que podr&#237;a ponderar la confiabilidad de los resultados obtenidos en este estudio con el dise&#241;o del mismo. Por otra parte, los participantes que no completaron todas las sesiones por motivo de cumplir otras responsabilidades podr&#237;an presentar otro nivel de conocimiento diferente al que se reporta. El tipo de muestreo no probabil&#237;stico empleado no permite que los resultados sean generalizados a otras poblaciones; sin embargo, podr&#237;a servir de comparaci&#243;n con poblaciones de caracter&#237;sticas similares. Finalmente, el contexto de pandemia limit&#243; el desarrollo de un mayor n&#250;mero de din&#225;micas activas en las sesiones educativas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribuci&#243;n del estudio a la ciencia de la Enfermer&#237;a</title>
          <p>Los hallazgos del estudio reafirman que, en el dise&#241;o de intervenciones educativas dirigido a j&#243;venes, el empleo de metodolog&#237;as participativas donde se destaque la autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje que emplea los presupuestos del enfoque sociocognitivo, es efectivo para abordar procesos cognitivos, conductuales (el ser y hacer) y socio-ambientales. Aspecto que es de utilidad para los profesionales y estudiantes de Enfermer&#237;a que durante su labor preventivo-promocional desarrollan capacitaciones y entrenamientos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
        <p>La intervenci&#243;n educativa basada en la autorregulaci&#243;n del aprendizaje, desarrollada en efectivos militares, fue efectiva debido a que el nivel deficiente de conocimientos sobre la COVID-19 que presentaban en el pretest cambi&#243; a un nivel de conocimientos regular y bueno. Sin embargo, en la dimensi&#243;n de <italic>Medidas preventivas</italic>, se reporta mayor cambio, debido a que pas&#243; de nivel deficiente (pretest) a excelente (postest). Finalmente, se recomienda que, en las sesiones educativas, el discente sea protagonista del aprendizaje.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>AGRADECIMIENTO</title>
        <p>Al Dr. Jos&#233; Antonio Ruelas Llerena, docente de la Facultad de Medicina Humana y a los estudiantes de la Facultad de Enfermer&#237;a de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno por su apoyo en las coordinaciones para la ejecuci&#243;n del programa educativo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
