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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QYMkKpY8sRVgCh6ZV6BZVvr</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672023000200175</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00175</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0474</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Humanized care in the Intensive Care Unit: discourse of Angolan nursing professionals</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Atenci&#243;n humanizada en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: discurso de los enfermeros angole&#241;os</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0466-853X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sili</surname>
            <given-names>Eurico Mateus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2215-4222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Eliane Regina Pereira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>conception or design of the study/research</role>
          <role>final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3199-9529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malfussi</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Bihain Hagemann de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7969-357X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hermida</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Madalena Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3843-6144</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Izabel Jatob&#225; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1788-866X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lazzari</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Delacanal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1495-1232</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>analysis and/or interpretation of data</role>
          <role>final review with critical and intellectual participation in the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Superior Polit&#233;cnico da Ca&#225;la-Huambo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ca&#225;la</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Superior Polit&#233;cnico da Ca&#225;la-Huambo. Ca&#225;la, Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>Santa Catarina</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florian&#243;polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Florian&#243;polis</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Florian&#243;polis</city>
          <state>Santa Catarina</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Florian&#243;polis. Florian&#243;polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Eurico Mateus Sili, E-mail: <email>euricomateus2015@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Anabela Coelho</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2023</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>76</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20220474</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>to analyze the perception of nursing professionals in an intensive care unit in Angola about humanized care and identify resources necessary for its implementation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>a qualitative, descriptive study conducted with 15 professionals in June-October/2020 in intensive care unit in Angola. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews; analysis based on the collective subject discourse technique.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>five central ideas emerged: three related to the perception of humanized care (&#8220;From integral vision and empathy to a set of actions in all phases of care&#8221;, &#8220;Humanizing is extending care to family members and companions&#8221;, &#8220;Humanized care requires the establishment of a bond of trust and guarantee of individualized care&#8221;); and two on the resources necessary for this care (&#8220;Need for infrastructure - human and material resources&#8221;, &#8220;Professional training and humanized care are interconnected&#8221;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Final Considerations:</title>
          <p>humanized care involves objectivity and subjectivity; it includes family members. An adequate infrastructure can provide it.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>analizar percepci&#243;n de enfermeros de una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos en Angola sobre atenciones humanizadas e identificar recursos necesarios para su implementaci&#243;n.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudio cualitativo, descriptivo, realizado con 15 profesionales en junio-octubre/2020, en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Angola. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante entrevista semiestructurada; an&#225;lisis basado en t&#233;cnica del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>emergieron cinco ideas centrales: tres referentes a la percepci&#243;n de la atenci&#243;n humanizada (&#8220;De la visi&#243;n integral y empat&#237;a a un conjunto de acciones en todos los momentos de la atenci&#243;n&#8221;, &#8220;Humanizar es extender atenci&#243;n a familiares y acompa&#241;antes&#8221;, &#8220;Atenci&#243;n humanizada implica establecimiento de v&#237;nculo de confianza, garant&#237;a de atenci&#243;n individualizada&#8221;); y dos sobre los recursos necesarios para esa atenci&#243;n (&#8220;Necesidad de infraestructura - recursos humanos y materiales&#8221;, &#8220;Capacitaci&#243;n profesional y atenci&#243;n humanizada est&#225;n interconectados&#8221;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones Finales:</title>
          <p>la atenci&#243;n humanizada involucra objetividad y subjetividad; incluye familiares. Hay necesidad de infraestructura adecuada para proporcionarlo.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Humanization of Assistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing Team</kwd>
        <kwd>Intensive Care Units</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Humanizaci&#243;n de la Atenci&#243;n</kwd>
        <kwd>Atenci&#243;n de Enfermer&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Grupo de Enfermer&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermer&#237;a.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This work was supported by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES) - Funding Code 001.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is a hospital environment intended for critically ill patients, which requires a diversity of technological resources and qualified staff to perform the continuous multi-professional clinical assessment<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. These units have developed over the years, aiming to offer the best human, organizational and technological resources to patients to reduce mortality. They had high visibility in coping with the Covid-19 pandemic and faced with the need to adapt to an unprecedented context, dealing with the unknown<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. Although this disease is not the focus of this study, it is essential to mention it, given its repercussion in the ICU scenario.</p>
      <p>Despite significant scientific and technological advances occurring in intensive care, patients in the ICU may have uncomfortable experiences and loss of control, which has generated relevant debates about how to humanize this care scenario. The humanization of care is a holistic care, a general attitude of professionals towards patients and families, and an organizational ideal that encompasses all individuals of the health system<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. Humanizing is also seeking excellence in care from a multidimensional point of view, addressing all facets of a person, and not only clinic to bring professionals closer to the patient<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The national and international literature explores the humanization of care in the intensive context. Humanized care in this scenario can be a complex action since technological resources are increasingly emerging and can hinder human relationships; in this way, they provide the supremacy of the technique over the situational affective aspect, which characterizes a technical and makes it easier to forget that you are taking care of people<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The results of a scoping review on the humanization of assistance in intensive care, which covered the period from 1999 to 2020, were conducted in the CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases. This review evidenced geographical differences and a range of studies from Spain and Brazil, reflecting the growing interest in humanizing intensive care in these countries, as well as a scarcity of publications on humanized care in other parts of the world<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In underdeveloped countries like Angola, humanization in health imposes challenges to nursing professionals and constitutes a reflective process about the values and guiding principles of professional practice. On the other hand, there must be an awareness focused on the vocational criteria of professionals in the performance of their profession so that it is exercised in a deliberate and humanized way and not mandatory and mechanized<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this sense, some facts must be considered: nursing in Angola has changed radically in recent decades, given the technological advancements that have allowed information and communication in real-time and the increase in the academic and cultural level of people<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>; and there is evidence of a research gap on the humanization of nursing care in the context of intensive care in this country<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. Therefore, the expansion of discussions and reflections on this topic and the subsidy of actions justify this study that may integrate continued educational programs adapted to the Angolan reality.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVES</title>
      <p>To assess the perception of nursing professionals in an Intensive Care Unit in Angola regarding humanized care and to identify the necessary resources for its implementation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The Ethics Council of the Instituto Superior Polit&#233;cnico da Ca&#225;la/Huambo - Angola approved this study. Participants were identified with the letter &#8220;P&#8221;, followed by the number in which the interviews were conducted (P1, P2&#8230;) to guarantee the secrecy of their identities. All of them signed the Informed Consent Form (ICF).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Type of study</title>
        <p>This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, reported following the criteria in the Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup> to increase the rigor and quality of the study conducted.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study setting</title>
        <p>The setting of the study was the adult ICU of the General Hospital of Huambo, Angola, which is a reference for eleven municipalities in the province of Huambo, namely: Huambo, Bailundo, Ecunha, Ca&#225;la, Cachiungo, Londuimbale, Longonjo, Mungo, Chicala-Choloanga, Chindjenje, and Ucuma. This ICU has seven beds and serves patients of all clinical specialties. Twenty-six nursing professionals work in this unit; nine nurses and seventeen nursing technicians. During the study period, eleven professionals were away on vacation or health leave.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data source</title>
        <p>The inclusion criteria were: being a nurse or nursing technician; and working in the ICU in the morning, afternoon, or night shifts during the data collection period. The principal investigator invited all professionals to participate in the research in person or by telephone contact when he presented the objectives of the study and provided information on data collection.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Collection and organization of data</title>
        <p>The data were collected from June to October 2020 through a semi-structured interview guided by a script prepared by the principal researcher based on the literature consulted on humanization in the intensive environment. Inquiries were about the conception of humanized care, actions that reflect this care, and resources necessary for its realization, in addition to questions related to the characterization of the participants (gender, age, professional category, length of service in the institution, and ICU, as well as postgraduate training).</p>
        <p>The interviews, scheduled according to the availability of the participants, took place individually and in person in a private anteroom near the ICU. The researcher recorded all the interviews, with an average duration of 30 minutes, which were immediately transcribed in a document in Microsoft Word<sup>&#174;</sup>. The study used the QualiQuantiSoft software<sup>&#174;</sup> (version 1.3.c) for the organization of the data.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The study applied the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) technique<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup> to analyze the data. This technique consists in processing the individual statements obtained from the participants studied, originating unique discourses capable of representing the central ideas expressed by the collective.</p>
        <p>The CSD technique consists of four methodological figures: key expressions (KE) - literal excerpts of the testimony, selected by the researcher and representative of the essence of the content; central ideas (CI) - summarized and objective descriptions of the meanings of each of the testimonies; anchoring (CA) - contains linguistic traces of manifestations of the subject&#8217;s belief, not always present in the testimonies; and CSD itself - the union of CE present in the statements, which have CIs or CAs with the same or complementary meaning<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>. In this study, the professionals&#8217; statements did not identify the methodological figure CA.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>Of the 15 participants, there were five nurses and ten nursing technicians. Eleven women and four men. The age ranged from 32 to 51 years, with an average of 42 years and a standard deviation of six years. The length of ICU work ranged from 3 to 22 years, and the average was nine years with a standard deviation of 5 years. As for the work shift, eight performed their activities at night, five in the morning, and two in the afternoon.</p>
      <p>The research obtained five CIs with their respective CSDs: three referring to the professionals&#8217; perception of humanized care (&#8220;From integral vision and empathy to a set of actions at all times of care&#8221;, &#8220;Humanizing is extending care to family members and companions&#8221;, &#8220;Humanized assistance requires the establishment of a bond of trust and guarantee of individualized care&#8221;); and two on the necessary resources (&#8220;Need for infrastructure - human and material resources for Humanized care&#8221; and &#8220;Professional training and humanized care are interconnected&#8221;). The CSDs were constituted by the statements of 12, 3, 12, 10 and 5 professionals, respectively.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>CI1 - From integral vision and empathy to a set of actions at all times of care</title>
        <p><italic>I think that the humanization of nursing care is the consideration of the human being not only looking at his biological needs, but also physiological, social, and spiritual needs. To humanize care, we must first be human and try to put ourselves in the place of the patient, it is about having empathy. It is the conversation with the patient, knowing his name, age, and treatment, in addition to the warmth. I think it is a set of actions that we provide from the reception of the patient, his stay, until his recovery.</italic> (P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P12, P13, P15)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CI2 - Humanizing is extending care to family members and companions</title>
        <p><italic>I think that the humanization of care is not only done with the patient but also gives attention to the family and companion of the patient. It is a set of actions that encompasses care from the physical environment and material resources to the care of patients and their families.</italic> (Q4, Q11, Q14)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CI3 - Humanized care requires the establishment of a bond of trust and guarantee of individualized care</title>
        <p><italic>I consider offering humanized assistance when I establish an effective interaction, an approach, offer security, trust, and affection, and I try to calm the patient, mitigate stress, and the patient&#8217;s suffering, guaranteeing greater comfort</italic> [...] <italic>when I treat the person by name, when I give the necessary care, knowing that each patient is a patient, each with their individualized care when I maintain observation.</italic> (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P9, P11, P12, P13, P15)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CI4 - Need for infrastructure - human and material resources for humanized assistance</title>
        <p><italic>I would say that, for humanized assistance, it is necessary human and material resources, especially humans. Human resources are me, myself as an instrument of support and humanized work. Sometimes, you want to do more, to give yourself, but human resources are scarce and some materials too; and then, we do what we can, we assist as far as it goes, we can even desire to do, but if the team is not complete, it is not possible to do a humanization. And besides, it is necessary inputs and infrastructure such as medicines, ventilators, monitors, vacuum cleaners, and basic ICU material resources for assistance.</italic> (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P9, P10, P12, P14)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>CI5 - Professional training and humanized care are interconnected</title>
        <p><italic>To provide humanized care, it is indispensable to have knowledge through training, expand our knowledge through training, becoming aware of the values of the human being and the principles that guide our actions. In the ICU, we need to be qualified in techniques, in advanced life support, know the necessary drugs and technological devices.</italic> (P2, P7, P11, P14, P15)</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The CSD1 shows that the concept of humanization of care involves aspects of light technology of care, represented by the integral vision of the human being, communication, and empathic relationship, as well as the acceptance and sensitivity in the attention given to the person under professional care. In line with this, the literature supports that humanization in nursing means providing excellent care and seeks to safeguard respect for life through human relationships, rescuing the biological, physiological, and subjective aspects of the people cared for. Still, in the process of humanized care, professionals must be empathetic<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, to be empathic is to be willing to connect with the other sentimentally and to be a social agent of empathy, seeking the human essence and care. Empathetic professionals are needed to understand the situation of the other and provide care in the best possible way<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A review study about humanized care in the critical context of emergency revealed that the nursing professional pays more attention to the handling of the equipment than to the person in attention, making the care practice mechanistic. Thus, feelings and beliefs receive little consideration in the care<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Given the dignity of the individual, the gold standard of humanization, the International Research Project for the Humanization of Intensive Care Units (Proyecto HU-CI) was developed to change the current paradigm to a human-centered model of care<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In convergence, a study revealed the need to remove the barriers that limit the advancement of humanized care, as there is an urgent demand that health professionals, especially those working in critical environments, reinforce their humanizing role by sharing cordial and empathic health experiences, respecting the customs and beliefs of patients during hospitalization<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. If on the one hand, the literature signals the need for a paradigm shift in the direction of achieving the humanization of care, on the other hand, the results of the study indicate that the nursing professionals reveal in their discourse (CSD1) a perception of humanized care already aligned with this new paradigm.</p>
      <p>Humanization in an intensive care environment is related to ethics and acceptance of family members and people assisted, as well as respect for their rights. However, this care demands assistance beyond the biological dimension, integral assistance, treating the person cared for as a human being with respect, affection, and dedication<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The statements of the CSD2 reveal the understanding that humanized care involves attention to family members and companions, who also require their needs met. The study corroborates that humanized nursing care for individuals in critical situations in the ICU seeks to meet the patient and their families&#8217; needs<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>. Still, a scoping review presents the humanization of care as holistic care, a general attitude of professionals towards patients and families, and an organizational ideal that involves all subjects of the health system<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The hospitalization of a family member in an ICU is a time of extreme vulnerability for the family. Therefore, the multidisciplinary team that provides care must consider the family&#8217;s needs before such stressful situations and establish a care plan. The comfort that the family and the patient receive from the team enables them to channel energies towards the solution of conflicts and problems that may occur during the hospitalization period<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Humanized care is related to the individuality of the care provided, as portrayed in the CSD3, in which nursing professionals consider humanized care when they provide care with safety, relief of suffering, and comfort measures; when they respect the patient&#8217;s identity; finally, when they individualize care and are attentive to the patient&#8217;s needs. However, the study highlights that the lack of institutional policies does not allow to promote a behavior change in health service professionals, so they continue to label the patient with bed number and diagnosis, for example<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another aspect highlighted in the CSD3 as a requirement of humanized care is the creation of a bond of trust, highlighted by the literature as necessary to respond to basic therapeutic needs. The production of this bond requires a willingness to care and share feelings and emotions during care - a relationship between the caregiver and the one being cared for<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Research conducted in Brazil corroborates, in the discourse of health professionals, that the humanization of care involves the notion of a bond between professional and patient, as well as the adequacy of care according to each case<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>, aspects translated in the CI3 of the present study.</p>
      <p>In this sense, the humanized assistance seen as observation and/or wakefulness of the user is an aspect addressed by the literature, mainly through the evaluation and control of pain, adequate sedation, prevention, and management of delirium in the intensive environment<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. Pain and suffering should be minimized through all available resources<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study showed that the necessary resources for humanization involve professionals committed to caring and in sufficient numbers, in addition to adequate infrastructure, as depicted in the CSD4. However, research shows that the little participation of professionals in decisions, non-replacement of damaged materials, shortage of qualified labor, and little investment in the continuing education of professionals are reasons for managers to invest in adequate working conditions and a clear policy of professional qualification and appreciation as a requirement for more humanized assistance<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. Constant techno-scientific innovations require permanent qualification of the multidisciplinary team, including in Intensive Care Units (ICU).</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the Federal Nursing Council (Cofen) establishes the number of nursing professionals for the services in which nursing activities are conducted<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. In the intensive care setting, the professional/patient ratio in the different work shifts is 1 Nursing Professional for 1.33 patients, and 52% of the total nursing professionals for the ICU should be nurses; and the others, nursing technicians.</p>
      <p>In Angola, the National Order of Nurses standardizes the regulations, with one general or graduate nurse professional for every two patients or one auxiliary nurse for every six patients<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>. With the independence of Angola in 1975, the country experienced a massive abandonment of professionals trained in nursing schools during the colonial period. Currently, five schools and four higher institutes provide vocational training in the country<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. This impact still has its effects today, when many cities cannot meet the minimum adequate human resources for assistance, with deficits in both rural and peri-urban areas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this sense, human and material resources in adequate numbers in the ICU influence quantitatively and qualitatively the way of providing humanized care, and this is due to the characteristics of the people assisted in these units; such factors are considered basic components for a good functioning of the sector<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>As described in CSD 5, for humanized care to occur, professionals must know about technology and human being. In this regard, the advancement of knowledge in the various health disciplines has generated more complex interventions, which require interaction between professionals with less patient-centered actions<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Units (AMIB), the ICU is a unit that requires continuous specialized professional attention, specific materials, and technologies necessary for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>. Another relevant aspect is the need for permanent qualification of the multi-professional team<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Still, professionals in this environment need to recognize the uniqueness and emotional, physical, and psychic fragility of the human being, developing attitudes that enable them while dealing with the patient&#8217;s illness process<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>. Concerning the challenges experienced by Angolan nursing in the era of globalization to have human resources, especially specialized ones, it is essential to consider epidemiological and demographic levels, which are considered parameters for the organization of health policies and the training of professionals<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>This study did not use the strategy of returning interview transcripts to validate the participating subjects. Moreover, the fact that the investigation involves only the perspective of a professional category, and in an ICU, may weaken generalizations. However, the results are relevant for the implementation of improvements in Angolan intensive care nursing and similar contexts.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to the field of Nursing</title>
        <p>This study aroused individual and collective reflections in the nursing team working in an ICU in Angola regarding the humanization of nursing care and the resources for such. The results may subsidize continuing education actions of professionals to qualify for the assistance provided and respond to the challenges that Angolan nursing faces. It is recommended new studies related to the reality of humanization in Angola with other health professionals in other contexts.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>The professionals participating in the study understand that the humanization of care involves physical care, technical procedures allied to empathy, and communication, and it should be extended to family members and companions.</p>
      <p>They recognize that humanization is linked to the need for material resources, inputs, and human resources in sufficient quantity and quality and that the lack of human resources overloads professionals, interfering with the quality of care. They also understand the need to qualify for humanized care through permanent education.</p>
      <p>The study observed that, in addition to the nursing professionals involved in the care, the commitment of the institution&#8217;s managers is necessary to provide material and human resources in quantity and quality so that humanized care occurs.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>FUNDING</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This work was supported by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education (CAPES) - Funding Code 001.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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              <surname>Martini</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hermida</surname>
              <given-names>PMV.</given-names>
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          <article-title>In situ simulation in the permanent education of the intensive care nursing team</article-title>
          <source>Texto Contexto Enferm</source>
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              <surname>Vargas</surname>
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              <surname>Carmagnani</surname>
              <given-names>MIS</given-names>
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              <surname>Tanaka</surname>
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              <surname>Luz</surname>
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              <given-names>PH.</given-names>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2022-0474pt</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cuidado humanizado na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva: discurso dos profissionais de enfermagem angolanos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0466-853X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sili</surname>
            <given-names>Eurico Mateus</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2215-4222</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Eliane Regina Pereira do</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>concep&#231;&#227;o ou desenho do estudo/pesquisa</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3199-9529</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malfussi</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Bihain Hagemann de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7969-357X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hermida</surname>
            <given-names>Patr&#237;cia Madalena Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3843-6144</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Izabel Jatob&#225; de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1788-866X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lazzari</surname>
            <given-names>Daniele Delacanal</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1495-1232</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>an&#225;lise e/ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>revis&#227;o final com participa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e intelectual no manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">II</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Superior Polit&#233;cnico da Ca&#225;la-Huambo. Ca&#225;la, Angola</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Florian&#243;polis, Santa Catarina, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal de Sa&#250;de de Florian&#243;polis. Florian&#243;polis, Santa Catarina, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> Eurico Mateus Sili, E-mail: <email>euricomateus2015@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR CHEFE: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Anabela Coelho</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>analisar a percep&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de enfermagem de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva em Angola sobre cuidados humanizados e identificar recursos necess&#225;rios para sua implementa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudo qualitativo, descritivo, realizado com 15 profissionais em junho outubro/2020, em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de Angola. Os dados foram coletados mediante entrevista semiestruturada; an&#225;lise baseada na t&#233;cnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>emergiram cinco ideias centrais: tr&#234;s referentes &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o do cuidado humanizado (&#8220;Da vis&#227;o integral e empatia a um conjunto de a&#231;&#245;es em todos os momentos do cuidado&#8221;, &#8220;Humanizar &#233; estender cuidado aos familiares e acompanhantes&#8221;, &#8220;Assist&#234;ncia humanizada requer estabelecimento de v&#237;nculo de confian&#231;a e garantia de cuidado individualizado&#8221;); e duas sobre os recursos necess&#225;rios para esse cuidado (&#8220;Necessidade de infraestrutura - recursos humanos e materiais&#8221;, &#8220;Capacita&#231;&#227;o profissional e cuidado humanizado est&#227;o interligados&#8221;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais:</title>
          <p>o cuidado humanizado envolve objetividade e subjetividade; inclui os familiares. H&#225; necessidade de infraestrutura adequada para proporcion&#225;-lo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Humaniza&#231;&#227;o da Assist&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados de Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipe de Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermagem.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente trabalho contou com apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>A Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) &#233; um ambiente hospitalar destinado a pacientes graves, que requer uma diversidade de recursos tecnol&#243;gicos e equipe qualificada para realizar avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica multiprofissional de forma constante<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Essas unidades se desenvolveram no decorrer dos anos, visando oferecer os melhores recursos humanos, organizacionais e tecnol&#243;gicos aos pacientes, com o objetivo de reduzir a mortalidade. Tiveram grande visibilidade no enfrentamento da pandemia de covid-19 diante das necessidades de adapta&#231;&#227;o a um contexto in&#233;dito, lidando com o desconhecido<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. Ainda que essa doen&#231;a n&#227;o seja o foco deste estudo, considerou-se importante mencion&#225;-la haja vista a sua repercuss&#227;o no cen&#225;rio da UTI.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os cient&#237;ficos e tecnol&#243;gicos significativos ocorridos em terapia intensiva, os pacientes na UTI podem ter experi&#234;ncias desconfort&#225;veis e perda de controle, o que tem gerado debates relevantes sobre como humanizar esse cen&#225;rio do cuidado. Entende-se a humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado como o cuidado hol&#237;stico, uma atitude geral dos profissionais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes e familiares e um ideal organizacional que abrange todos os sujeitos do sistema de sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. Humanizar &#233;, ainda, buscar a excel&#234;ncia da assist&#234;ncia do ponto de vista multidimensional, abordando todas as facetas de uma pessoa, e n&#227;o apenas a cl&#237;nica, a fim de propiciar maior aproxima&#231;&#227;o do profissional com o paciente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A humaniza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia no contexto intensivo &#233; explorada na literatura nacional e internacional. Sabe-se que cuidar de forma humanizada nesse cen&#225;rio pode ser uma a&#231;&#227;o complexa, j&#225; que os recursos tecnol&#243;gicos aumentam cada vez mais e podem dificultar as rela&#231;&#245;es humanas; dessa forma, proporcionam a supremacia da t&#233;cnica sobre o aspecto afetivo situacional, o que caracteriza uma abordagem tecnicista e favorece o esquecimento de que se est&#225; cuidando de pessoas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Vale citar os resultados de uma revis&#227;o de escopo, sobre humaniza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia em terapia intensiva, que compreendeu o per&#237;odo de 1999 a 2020, realizada nas bases de dados CINAHL, Embase, PubMed e Scopus. Foram evidenciadas diferen&#231;as geogr&#225;ficas e uma gama de estudos da Espanha e do Brasil refletindo o crescente interesse em humanizar os cuidados intensivos nesses pa&#237;ses, bem como uma escassez de publica&#231;&#245;es sobre o cuidado humanizado em outras partes do mundo<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Destaca-se que, em pa&#237;ses subdesenvolvidos, como Angola, a humaniza&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de imp&#245;e desafios aos profissionais de enfermagem e se constitui em um processo reflexivo acerca dos valores e princ&#237;pios norteadores da pr&#225;tica profissional. Por outro lado, deve haver uma consci&#234;ncia voltada ao crit&#233;rio vocacional dos profissionais no desempenho da sua profiss&#227;o, de modo que esta seja exercida de forma deliberada e humanizada, e n&#227;o obrigat&#243;ria e mecanizada<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, alguns fatos devem ser considerados: a enfermagem em Angola mudou radicalmente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, dado o avan&#231;o tecnol&#243;gico que permitiu a informa&#231;&#227;o e comunica&#231;&#227;o em tempo real e o aumento do n&#237;vel acad&#234;mico e cultural das pessoas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>; e h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de uma lacuna de investiga&#231;&#245;es acerca da humaniza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem no contexto da terapia intensiva nesse pa&#237;s<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. Sendo assim, justifica-se a realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo, para ampliar discuss&#245;es e reflex&#245;es sobre tal tem&#225;tica e subsidiar a&#231;&#245;es que poder&#227;o integrar programas de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada adaptados &#224; realidade angolana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVOS</title>
        <p>Analisar a percep&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de enfermagem de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva em Angola a respeito de cuidados humanizados; e identificar os recursos necess&#225;rios para sua implementa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo teve a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Conselho de &#201;tica do Instituto Superior Polit&#233;cnico da Ca&#225;la/Huambo - Angola. Para garantir o sigilo da identidade dos participantes, estes foram identificados com a letra &#8220;P&#8221;, seguida do n&#250;mero de ordem de realiza&#231;&#227;o das entrevistas (P1, P2&#8230;). Todos eles assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, relatado em conson&#226;ncia com os crit&#233;rios presentes no <italic>Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research</italic> (COREQ)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>, de modo a aumentar o rigor e a qualidade do estudo realizado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cen&#225;rio do estudo</title>
          <p>O cen&#225;rio do estudo foi a UTI Adulto do Hospital Geral do Huambo, em Angola, que &#233; refer&#234;ncia para 11 munic&#237;pios da prov&#237;ncia de Huambo, a saber: Huambo, Bailundo, Ecunha, Ca&#225;la, Cachiungo, Londuimbale, Longonjo, Mungo, Chicala-Choloanga, Chindjenje e Ucuma. A referida UTI possui sete leitos e atende pacientes de todas as especialidades cl&#237;nicas. Atuam nesta Unidade 26 profissionais de enfermagem, sendo 9 enfermeiros e 17 t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem. No per&#237;odo do estudo, 11 profissionais estavam afastados por motivos de f&#233;rias ou licen&#231;a-sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fonte de dados</title>
          <p>Consideraram-se como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: ser enfermeiro ou t&#233;cnico de enfermagem; e estar atuando na UTI nos turnos matutino, vespertino ou noturno durante o per&#237;odo de coleta de dados. Todos os profissionais foram convidados a participar da pesquisa por meio de contato pessoal e telef&#244;nico pelo pesquisador principal, ocasi&#227;o em que foram apresentados os objetivos do estudo e fornecidas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a coleta dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados nos meses de junho a outubro de 2020, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, norteada por um roteiro elaborado pelo pesquisador principal com base na literatura consultada sobre humaniza&#231;&#227;o no ambiente intensivo. Questionou-se sobre a concep&#231;&#227;o de cuidado humanizado, a&#231;&#245;es que refletem esse cuidado, recursos necess&#225;rios &#224; sua realiza&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de perguntas relativas &#224; caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos participantes (sexo, idade, categoria profissional, tempo de atua&#231;&#227;o na institui&#231;&#227;o e na UTI, bem como forma&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o).</p>
          <p>As entrevistas, agendadas conforme a disponibilidade dos participantes, ocorreram de forma individual e presencial, em uma antessala privativa localizada pr&#243;xima da UTI. Todas foram gravadas, tendo dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 30 minutos; e foram imediatamente transcritas em um documento de texto no <italic>Microsoft Word</italic><sup>&#174;</sup> pelo pesquisador que as conduziu. Para a organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados, utilizou-se o <italic>software</italic> QualiQuantiSoft<sup>&#174;</sup> (vers&#227;o 1.3.c).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise dos dados, se aplicou a t&#233;cnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>, que consiste no processamento dos depoimentos individuais obtidos dos participantes estudados, originando discursos &#250;nicos, capazes de representar as ideias centrais expressas pela coletividade.</p>
          <p>A t&#233;cnica do DSC consiste em quatro figuras metodol&#243;gicas: Express&#245;es-Chave (EC) - trechos literais do depoimento, selecionados pelo pesquisador e representativos da ess&#234;ncia do conte&#250;do; Ideias Centrais (IC) - descri&#231;&#245;es resumidas e objetivas dos sentidos de cada um dos depoimentos; Ancoragem (AC) - cont&#233;m tra&#231;os lingu&#237;sticos de manifesta&#231;&#245;es da cren&#231;a do sujeito, nem sempre presentes nos depoimentos; e DSC propriamente dito - uni&#227;o das ECs presentes nos depoimentos, que t&#234;m ICs ou ACs com o mesmo significado ou significado complementar<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>. Neste estudo, a figura metodol&#243;gica AC n&#227;o foi identificada nos depoimentos dos profissionais.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Dos 15 participantes, eram 5 enfermeiros e 10 t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem, sendo 11 mulheres e 4 homens. A idade variou de 32 a 51 anos, com m&#233;dia de 42 anos e desvio-padr&#227;o de 6 anos. O tempo de atua&#231;&#227;o em UTI oscilou de 3 a 22 anos, e a m&#233;dia foi de 9 anos com desvio-padr&#227;o de 5 anos. Quanto ao turno de trabalho, oito desempenhavam suas atividades no per&#237;odo noturno, cinco no matutino e dois no vespertino.</p>
        <p>Obtiveram-se cinco ICs com seus respectivos DSCs: tr&#234;s referentes &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais sobre o cuidado humanizado (&#8220;Da vis&#227;o integral e empatia a um conjunto de a&#231;&#245;es em todos os momentos do cuidado&#8221;, &#8220;Humanizar &#233; estender o cuidado aos familiares e acompanhantes&#8221;, &#8220;Assist&#234;ncia humanizada requer estabelecimento de v&#237;nculo de confian&#231;a e garantia de cuidado individualizado&#8221;); e duas sobre os recursos necess&#225;rios (&#8220;Necessidade de infraestrutura -recursos humanos e materiais para uma assist&#234;ncia humanizada&#8221; e &#8220;Capacita&#231;&#227;o profissional e cuidado humanizado est&#227;o interligados&#8221;). Os DSCs foram constitu&#237;dos pelos depoimentos de 12, 3, 12, 10 e 5 profissionais, respectivamente.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>IC1 - Da vis&#227;o integral e empatia a um conjunto de a&#231;&#245;es em todos os momentos do cuidado</title>
          <p><italic>Eu acho que a humaniza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem &#233; a considera&#231;&#227;o do ser humano n&#227;o olhando apenas suas necessidades biol&#243;gicas, mas tamb&#233;m as necessidades fisiol&#243;gicas, sociais e espirituais. Para fazermos humaniza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia, primeiro temos que ser humanos, tentar se colocar no lugar do doente, &#233; ter empatia. &#201; a conversa com o paciente, conhecer o seu nome, idade e seu tratamento, al&#233;m do aconchego. Eu acho que &#233; um conjunto de a&#231;&#245;es que prestamos desde a recep&#231;&#227;o do paciente, sua perman&#234;ncia, at&#233; a sua recupera&#231;&#227;o.</italic> (P1, P2, P3, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, P12, P13, P15)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>IC2 - Humanizar &#233; estender o cuidado aos familiares e acompanhantes</title>
          <p><italic>Eu penso que a humaniza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia n&#227;o &#233; feita s&#243; com o paciente, mas tamb&#233;m dar aten&#231;&#227;o para a fam&#237;lia e acompanhante do paciente. &#201; um conjunto de a&#231;&#245;es que engloba cuidados desde o ambiente f&#237;sico e recursos materiais at&#233; cuidados dos pacientes e seus familiares.</italic> (P4, P11, P14)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>IC3 - Assist&#234;ncia humanizada requer estabelecimento de v&#237;nculo de confian&#231;a e garantia de cuidado individualizado</title>
          <p><italic>Considero oferecer uma assist&#234;ncia humanizada quando estabele&#231;o uma intera&#231;&#227;o eficaz, uma aproxima&#231;&#227;o, ofere&#231;o seguran&#231;a, confian&#231;a, carinho e tento acalmar o doente, atenuar o estresse, o sofrimento do paciente, garantindo-lhe um maior conforto</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>quando trato a pessoa pelo nome, quando dou os cuidados necess&#225;rios, sabendo que cada doente &#233; um doente, cada um com seus cuidados individualizados, quando mantenho a observa&#231;&#227;o.</italic> (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P9, P11, P12, P13, P15)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>IC4 - Necessidade de infraestrutura - recursos humanos e materiais para uma assist&#234;ncia humanizada</title>
          <p><italic>Eu diria que, para a assist&#234;ncia humanizada, &#233; preciso recursos humanos e materiais, principalmente o humano. Os recursos humanos sou eu pr&#243;pria, eu mesma enquanto instrumento de trabalho assistencial e humanizado. &#192;s vezes, voc&#234; tem vontade de fazer mais, de se entregar, mas os recursos humanos s&#227;o escassos e alguns materiais tamb&#233;m; e a&#237;, n&#243;s fizemos at&#233; onde d&#225;, prestamos assist&#234;ncia at&#233; onde der, podemos ter desejo de fazer, mas se a equipe n&#227;o est&#225; completa, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel fazer uma humaniza&#231;&#227;o. E, al&#233;m disso, &#233; necess&#225;rio insumos e infraestrutura como medicamentos, ventiladores, monitores, aspiradores, recursos materiais b&#225;sicos da UTI para a assist&#234;ncia.</italic> (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P9, P10, P12, P14)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>IC5 - Capacita&#231;&#227;o profissional e cuidado humanizado est&#227;o interligados</title>
          <p><italic>Para prestar o cuidado humanizado, &#233; indispens&#225;vel ter conhecimentos por meio da capacita&#231;&#227;o, ampliar nosso conhecimento por meio de forma&#231;&#227;o, tomando consci&#234;ncia dos valores do ser humano e dos princ&#237;pios que norteiam nossa a&#231;&#227;o. Na UTI, precisamos estar qualificados nas t&#233;cnicas, no suporte avan&#231;ado da vida, conhecer os f&#225;rmacos necess&#225;rios e os aparelhos tecnol&#243;gicos.</italic> (P2, P7, P11, P14, P15)</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>O DSC1 evidencia que a concep&#231;&#227;o de humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado envolve aspectos da tecnologia leve do cuidado, representados pela vis&#227;o integral do ser humano, pela comunica&#231;&#227;o e relacionamento emp&#225;tico, bem como pelo acolhimento e sensibilidade na aten&#231;&#227;o dispensada &#224; pessoa sob cuidado profissional. Em conson&#226;ncia, a literatura sustenta que a humaniza&#231;&#227;o na enfermagem significa prestar uma assist&#234;ncia de excel&#234;ncia e busca salvaguardar o respeito &#224; vida pelo relacionamento humano, resgate dos aspectos biol&#243;gicos, fisiol&#243;gicos e subjetivos das pessoas cuidadas. Ainda, ressalta-se que, no processo de atendimento humanizado, &#233; importante que os profissionais sejam emp&#225;ticos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Isto posto, ser emp&#225;tico &#233; estar disposto a conectar-se com o outro sentimentalmente e ser um agente social de empatia, buscando a ess&#234;ncia humana, o cuidado. Profissionais emp&#225;ticos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para compreender a situa&#231;&#227;o do outro e fornecer cuidados da melhor forma poss&#237;vel<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Estudo de revis&#227;o sobre o atendimento humanizado em contexto cr&#237;tico de emerg&#234;ncia revelou que o profissional de enfermagem empreende mais aten&#231;&#227;o para o manuseio do equipamento do que para a pr&#243;pria pessoa atendida, tornando a pr&#225;tica assistencial mecanicista; e, dessa maneira, sentimentos e cren&#231;as s&#227;o pouco levados em considera&#231;&#227;o no cuidado<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. Tendo em vista o respeito &#224; dignidade da pessoa humana, o padr&#227;o-ouro da humaniza&#231;&#227;o, o Projeto Internacional de Pesquisa para a Humaniza&#231;&#227;o das Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (Proyecto HU-CI) foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de mudar o paradigma atual para um modelo de aten&#231;&#227;o centrado no ser humano<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Em converg&#234;ncia, uma pesquisa revelou a necessidade de remover as barreiras que limitam o avan&#231;o do cuidado humanizado, pois h&#225; demanda urgente de que profissionais de sa&#250;de, sobretudo os atuantes em ambientes cr&#237;ticos, reforcem seu papel humanizador ao compartilharem experi&#234;ncias de sa&#250;de cordiais e emp&#225;ticas, respeitando costumes e cren&#231;as dos pacientes durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. Destaca-se que, se por um lado a literatura sinaliza a necessidade de uma mudan&#231;a de paradigma no sentido de se alcan&#231;ar a humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado, por outro os profissionais de enfermagem revelam no seu discurso (DSC1) uma percep&#231;&#227;o de cuidado humanizado j&#225; alinhada com esse novo paradigma.</p>
        <p>A humaniza&#231;&#227;o em ambiente de terapia intensiva perpassa a rela&#231;&#227;o com a &#233;tica e acolhimento dos familiares e pessoas cuidadas, assim como respeito aos seus direitos. No entanto, esse cuidado demanda uma assist&#234;ncia para al&#233;m do dimensionamento biol&#243;gico, uma assist&#234;ncia integral, tratando a pessoa cuidada como ser humano, com respeito, afetividade e dedica&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As falas do DSC2 configuram o entendimento de que o cuidado humanizado envolve a aten&#231;&#227;o aos familiares e acompanhantes, os quais tamb&#233;m precisam ser atendidos em suas necessidades. Estudo corrobora que o cuidado humanizado de enfermagem &#224; pessoa em situa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica na UTI busca atender &#224;s necessidades do paciente e de seus familiares<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>. Ainda, uma revis&#227;o de escopo apresenta a humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado como o cuidado hol&#237;stico, uma atitude geral dos profissionais em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes e familiares e um ideal organizacional que envolve todos os sujeitos do sistema de sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A interna&#231;&#227;o de um familiar em uma UTI &#233; um momento de extrema vulnerabilidade para a fam&#237;lia. Por isso, a equipe multidisciplinar que presta os cuidados precisa considerar as necessidades da fam&#237;lia diante de tais situa&#231;&#245;es estressantes e estabelecer um plano de cuidados. O conforto que a fam&#237;lia e o paciente recebem da equipe possibilita-os canalizar energias para a solu&#231;&#227;o dos conflitos e problemas que podem ocorrer durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O cuidado humanizado passa pela individualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o dispensada, como retrata o DSC3, no qual os profissionais de enfermagem consideram o cuidado humanizado quando realizam uma assist&#234;ncia com seguran&#231;a, com al&#237;vio do sofrimento, medidas de conforto; quando respeitam a identidade do paciente; enfim, quando individualizam a assist&#234;ncia e est&#227;o atentos &#224;s necessidades do paciente. Todavia, estudo destaca que a falta de pol&#237;ticas institucionais n&#227;o permite promover mudan&#231;a de comportamento nos profissionais dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, de modo que seguem rotulando o paciente com n&#250;mero de leito e diagn&#243;stico, por exemplo<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Outro aspecto ressaltado no DSC3 como requisito do cuidado humanizado &#233; o estabelecimento do v&#237;nculo de confian&#231;a, salientado pela literatura como necess&#225;rio para responder &#224;s necessidades terap&#234;uticas b&#225;sicas. A produ&#231;&#227;o desse cuidado exige disposi&#231;&#227;o para cuidar e compartilhar sentimentos e emo&#231;&#245;es durante o atendimento - um relacionamento entre cuidador e o ser cuidado<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Pesquisa realizada no Brasil corrobora, no discurso de profissionais de sa&#250;de, que a humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado envolve a no&#231;&#227;o de v&#237;nculo entre profissional e paciente, assim como a adequa&#231;&#227;o do atendimento de acordo com cada caso<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>, aspectos traduzidos na IC3 do presente estudo.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, a assist&#234;ncia humanizada vista na forma da observa&#231;&#227;o e/ou vig&#237;lia do usu&#225;rio &#233; aspecto abordado pela literatura, sobretudo mediante a avalia&#231;&#227;o e controle da dor, seda&#231;&#227;o adequada, preven&#231;&#227;o e manejo do <italic>delirium</italic> no ambiente intensivo<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>. A dor e o sofrimento devem ser minimizados por meio de todos os recursos dispon&#237;veis<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Este estudo evidenciou que os recursos necess&#225;rios para a humaniza&#231;&#227;o envolvem profissionais comprometidos com o cuidado e em n&#250;mero suficiente, al&#233;m de infraestrutura adequada, conforme retratado no DSC4. Por&#233;m, uma pesquisa demonstra que a pouca participa&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais nas decis&#245;es, a falta de reposi&#231;&#227;o de materiais danificados, a escassez de m&#227;o de obra qualificada e o pouco investimento na educa&#231;&#227;o continuada dos profissionais s&#227;o indicativos para gestores investirem em condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho adequadas e em pol&#237;tica clara de qualifica&#231;&#227;o e valoriza&#231;&#227;o do profissional como requisito para a assist&#234;ncia mais humanizada<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. Inclusive, nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) as constantes inova&#231;&#245;es tecnocient&#237;ficas requerem qualifica&#231;&#227;o permanente da equipe multiprofissional.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, o quantitativo de profissionais de enfermagem para os servi&#231;os em que s&#227;o realizadas atividades de enfermagem &#233; estabelecido pelo Conselho Federal de Enfermagem (Cofen)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. No ambiente intensivo, a propor&#231;&#227;o profissional/paciente nos diferentes turnos de trabalho &#233; de um 1 profissional de enfermagem para 1,33 paciente, sendo que 52% do total de profissionais de enfermagem para a UTI devem ser enfermeiros; e os demais, t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem.</p>
        <p>Em Angola, a normatiza&#231;&#227;o fica por parte da Ordem Nacional dos Enfermeiros, sendo um 1 profissional enfermeiro geral ou graduado para cada 2 pacientes ou 1 enfermeiro auxiliar para cada 6 pacientes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>. Vale destacar que, com a independ&#234;ncia de Angola no ano de 1975, o pa&#237;s vivenciou um abandono maci&#231;o de profissionais formados nas escolas de enfermagem durante o per&#237;odo colonial. Atualmente, no pa&#237;s, a forma&#231;&#227;o profissional &#233; assegurada por cinco escolas e quatro institutos superiores<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Esse impacto &#233; sentido ainda hoje, quando muitas cidades n&#227;o conseguem satisfazer os recursos humanos m&#237;nimos adequados para a assist&#234;ncia, com d&#233;ficits tanto nas &#225;reas rurais quanto nas periurbanas<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, sabe-se que os recursos humanos e materiais em n&#250;mero adequado na UTI influenciam quantitativa e qualitativamente a forma de presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados humanizados, e isso se deve &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas das pessoas assistidas nessas unidades; tais fatores s&#227;o considerados componentes b&#225;sicos para um bom funcionamento do setor<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Conforme retratado no DSC 5, para que ocorra o cuidado humanizado, &#233; necess&#225;rio que os profissionais tenham conhecimento sobre a tecnologia e sobre o ser humano. A esse respeito, o avan&#231;o do conhecimento nas diversas disciplinas em sa&#250;de tem gerado interven&#231;&#245;es mais complexas, que exigem intera&#231;&#227;o entre os profissionais com atua&#231;&#245;es menos centralizadas no paciente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>De acordo com a Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Medicina Intensiva (AMIB), a UTI &#233; uma unidade que requer aten&#231;&#227;o profissional especializada cont&#237;nua, materiais espec&#237;ficos e tecnologias necess&#225;rias ao diagn&#243;stico, monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e terapia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>. Outro aspecto a ser destacado &#233; a necessidade de qualifica&#231;&#227;o permanente da equipe multiprofissional<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Ainda, os profissionais nesse ambiente precisam reconhecer a singularidade e a fragilidade emocional, f&#237;sica e ps&#237;quica do ser humano, desenvolvendo atitudes que os habilitem enquanto lidam com o processo de adoecimento do paciente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>. No tocante aos desafios vivenciados pela enfermagem angolana na era da globaliza&#231;&#227;o para dispor de recursos humanos, sobretudo especializados, &#233; fundamental levar em conta os n&#237;veis epidemiol&#243;gicos e demogr&#225;ficos, considerados par&#226;metros para a organiza&#231;&#227;o das pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de e da forma&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Neste estudo, n&#227;o se empregou a estrat&#233;gia de devolu&#231;&#227;o das transcri&#231;&#245;es das entrevistas para valida&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos participantes. Ademais, o fato de a investiga&#231;&#227;o envolver somente a &#243;tica de uma categoria profissional, e em uma UTI, pode fragilizar as generaliza&#231;&#245;es. Todavia, julga-se que os resultados s&#227;o relevantes para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de melhorias na enfermagem de terapia intensiva angolana e contextos similares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#193;rea da Enfermagem</title>
          <p>Acredita-se que este estudo despertou reflex&#245;es individuais e coletivas na equipe de enfermagem atuante em uma UTI de Angola no que se refere &#224; humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado de enfermagem e recursos para tal. Os resultados poder&#227;o subsidiar a&#231;&#245;es de educa&#231;&#227;o continuada dos profissionais, a fim de qualificar a assist&#234;ncia prestada e responder aos desafios que a enfermagem angolana enfrenta. Cabe, ainda, recomendar novos estudos ligados tamb&#233;m &#224; realidade da humaniza&#231;&#227;o em Angola com outros profissionais de sa&#250;de em outros contextos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>Os profissionais participantes do estudo entendem que a humaniza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia envolve o cuidado f&#237;sico, o procedimento t&#233;cnico aliado &#224; empatia, a comunica&#231;&#227;o, e que ela deve ser estendida aos familiares e acompanhantes.</p>
        <p>Eles reconhecem que a humaniza&#231;&#227;o est&#225; atrelada &#224; necessidade de recursos materiais, insumos e recursos humanos em quantidade e qualidade suficientes, e que a falta de recursos humanos sobrecarrega os profissionais, interferindo na qualidade do cuidado. Compreendem ainda a necessidade de qualifica&#231;&#227;o para o cuidado humanizado por meio da educa&#231;&#227;o permanente.</p>
        <p>Constata-se que, para al&#233;m dos profissionais de enfermagem envolvidos nos cuidados, faz-se necess&#225;rio empenho dos gestores da institui&#231;&#227;o em prover os recursos materiais e humanos em quantidade e qualidade para que ocorra o cuidado humanizado.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>FOMENTO</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente trabalho contou com apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
