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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">qWm3rMNXvnPfC4DdBftmnxx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672022000300209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00209</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0448</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Factors associated with the perception of fear of COVID-19 in university students</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Factores asociados a la percepci&#243;n de miedo al COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7704-3477</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Modena</surname>
            <given-names>Camille Francine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4591-6648</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kogien</surname>
            <given-names>Mois&#233;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5191-3331</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcon</surname>
            <given-names>Samira Reschetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7285-2566</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Demenech</surname>
            <given-names>Lauro Miranda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8102-5693</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Frantielen Castor dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8843-0499</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carrijo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos V&#237;tor Naves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Cuiab&#225;</city>
          <state>Mato Grosso</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio Grande</city>
          <state>Rio Grande do Sul</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Camille Francine Modena e-mail: <email>camillefmodena@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: &#193;lvaro Sousa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Rafael Silva</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>75</volume>
      <issue>Suppl 1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20210448</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to analyze the factors associated with the perception of fear of COVID-19 in Brazilian university students.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>this is an online, cross-sectional analytical study conducted at a Brazilian public university with 1,437 undergraduate students between September and November 2020. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale was used to measure the main construct. Data analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test, Cohen&#8217;s r test and multiple linear regression analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>factors associated with fear of COVID-19 in university students were the variables biological sex, perception of good sleep quality, many days of access to information, not complying with social distancing, reporting sufficient hours of sleep, not having a partner, guidance sexual non-heterosexual, being in the risk group for COVID-19 and tobacco consumption.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>the study findings can contribute to the discussion about the weaknesses that the university population is experiencing in this pandemic period.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>analizar los factores asociados a la percepci&#243;n del miedo al COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios brasile&#241;os.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudio anal&#237;tico transversal en l&#237;nea realizado en una universidad p&#250;blica brasile&#241;a con 1.437 estudiantes de pregrado entre septiembre y noviembre de 2020. Se utiliz&#243; la Escala de Miedo COVID-19 para medir el constructo principal. El an&#225;lisis de los datos se realiz&#243; mediante la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, la prueba r de Cohen y el an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n lineal m&#250;ltiple.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>los factores asociados al miedo al COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios fueron las variables sexo biol&#243;gico, percepci&#243;n de buena calidad del sue&#241;o, muchos d&#237;as de acceso a la informaci&#243;n, no cumplir con el distanciamiento social, reportar suficientes horas de sue&#241;o, no tener pareja, orientaci&#243;n. sexual no heterosexual, estar en el grupo de riesgo de COVID-19 y consumo de tabaco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusiones:</title>
          <p>los hallazgos del estudio pueden contribuir a la discusi&#243;n sobre las debilidades que vive la poblaci&#243;n universitaria en este per&#237;odo pand&#233;mico.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Fear</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Students</kwd>
        <kwd>University</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Miedo</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudiantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Universidad</kwd>
        <kwd>Factores de Riesgo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>At the end of 2019, the first human cases of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory) were identified in the city of Wuhan, China. Coronavirus 2 Syndrome)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>, an etiological agent with rapid dissemination and high potential for contagion, which generated an exponential increase in the number of cases<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of viruses, several of which cause respiratory illnesses in humans, from the common cold to more rare and serious illnesses<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Due to its rapid expansion around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially characterized the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic state in March 2020, treating it as a serious threat to public health, with all nations facing unique challenges<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. The decree of the state of pandemic by COVID-19 brought a series of repercussions to people&#8217;s lives, drastically changing their daily lives and the way of relating to others and to the environment<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. Such changes ended up having deleterious repercussions in various facets of human life, especially in individuals&#8217; mental health<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>, including university students, who had their activities interrupted or considerably modified, mainly due to the severity of the pandemic and the need to adopt measures of social distancing and isolation<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>This scenario of uncertainties, threat perception and changes in daily life can potentially reverberate in fear of the disease<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. Fear of COVID-19 has been characterized as an important predictor of behavioral changes and health protection as well as harmful outcomes to people&#8217;s well-being. Specifically in university students, greater fear of COVID-19 has been associated with a higher prevalence of symptoms of anxiety<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>, depression<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup> and even suicidal behavior<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. This fact denotes a greater vulnerability of this population, probably because their academic demands are highly impacted by the pandemic, which generated uncertainties and imposed a series of new challenges to the training processes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>, marked by distance learning and its weaknesses, recommendations for isolation and social distancing that change interpersonal relationships at the university and can thus trigger considerably negative impacts on university students&#8217; lives<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the pandemic context, university students have shown indicators of moderate to high prevalence of fear of COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>, which may contribute to the increased load of stress and mental distress among this population<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. However, despite this finding, there is still little evidence on which elements or characteristics are associated with the intensity of perceived fear of COVID-19 both in the general population<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup> and among university students, highlighting the need for further investigations to fulfill this gap. Knowledge of factors associated with greater or lesser perception of fear of COVID-19 can be particularly useful, especially for university managers and healthcare professionals, in the development of effective educational and/or health policies that mitigate the negative psychological impact on the mental health and academic performance of university students<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To analyze the factors associated with the perception of fear of COVID-19 in Brazilian university students.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the <italic>Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso</italic> (UFMT) and complied with all current national regulations, ensuring confidentiality, anonymity and non-maleficence of participants, in accordance with Resolution 466/2012<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design, place, and period</title>
        <p>This is an analytical cross-sectional study, carried out at a public university in the Brazilian Midwest, between September and November 2020, during the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study design was guided by the STROBE guidelines (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population, sample, and eligibility criteria</title>
        <p>The study was carried out with undergraduate students over 18 years of age and who were regularly enrolled during the period of data collection.</p>
        <p>To estimate the sample size, the formula proposed by Espinosa <italic>et al</italic>.<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>, population of 16,152 undergraduate students distributed in four university campuses, 95% confidence coefficient, 2.6% sampling error, and 50% outcome proportion were considered as a parameter. The proposed procedure was also used to ensure a coverage percentage of 85%<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>, in order to mitigate the effects of losses due to missing data. Thus, a sample of 1,536 students from all campuses was estimated. Having completed the proposed period for data collection, a total of 1,746 respondents were obtained, and, from this total, 309 questionnaires were excluded due to the presence of missing data, which resulted in a final sample of 1,437 students, corresponding to coverage of 93.5% of the pre-defined sample.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>The survey was conducted on the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) online platform. The University&#8217;s Department of Information Technology (STI) sent the research link with the instruments, study objectives and contact of those responsible for all undergraduate students. After 30 days from the beginning of the collection, the STI sent another reminder, as a reminder, to those students who had not yet responded and were interested in participating. The questionnaire used in this study was confidential and self-administered, consisting of a specific instrument for the general characterization of the sample and a validated instrument for measuring fear of COVID-19.</p>
        <p>To characterize the sample, a self-report questionnaire was used, developed specifically for the context of the study and divided into sections that included social (biological gender, age, self-reported skin color, marital status, sexual orientation and religious belief), behavioral (use of alcohol, tobacco and/or marijuana, subjective perceptions of quality and quantity of sleep) and contextual characteristics to the COVID-19 pandemic (fulfilling social distancing, diagnosis of COVID-19, belonging to the risk group and access to information pandemic-specific).</p>
        <p>To assess fear of COVID-19, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup> was used, which contains seven items with 5-point Likert responses (1 to 5). The total score ranges from 7 to 35 points, being classified as &#8220;little fear&#8221; (7 to 19), &#8220;moderate fear&#8221; (20 to 26) and &#8220;very afraid&#8221; (above 27). This scale was translated and validated for the Brazilian context, having presented good psychometric performance<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. In this study, the internal consistency (Cronbach&#8217;s alpha) was 0.86.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Bivariate comparative analyzes between the mean COVID-19 fear scores were performed between the different groups analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples, adopting a significance level of 95%. The magnitude of the effect was calculated using Cohen&#8217;s r test, obtained by dividing the value of Z by the square root of the sample size (<italic>r = Z/&#8730;N</italic>)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. In interpreting the magnitude of the effect, effects between 0.00 and 0.10 were considered as negligible or null, between 0.11 and 0.29, weak, between 0.30 and 0.49, moderate effects and greater than 0.50, strong effects<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Associated factors were identified, using a multiple linear regression model, to verify the ability of explanatory variables to predict the intensity of fear perception of COVID-19. For the construction of the multiple model, the social, behavioral and related determinants of coping with the pandemic are considered, which presented a p-value &lt;0.20 in bivariate analysis. These variables were introduced, individually, in the model by the enter method, following ascending order of significance magnitude of the effect, with the variables that presented a value of p&lt;0.05 remaining in the final model. It is noteworthy that, before the adoption of multiple linear regression modeling, the assumptions of normality of distribution of residuals, absence of multicollinearity (Variance Inflation Factor [VIF] &lt; 10) and verification of non-occurrence of autocorrelation of residues (Durbin-Watson = 2,031).</p>
        <p>The Mann-Whitney U test and multiple linear regression analysis were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23.0, while Microsoft Excel for Windows was used to calculate the effect size.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>The sample of this study consisted of 1,437 students from different university campuses at the <italic>Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso</italic> (UFMT). Regarding the fear of COVID-19. the sample had a mean score of 20.78 points, consistent with moderate fear of the disease (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref>), a total of 600 students (41.8%) had scores compatible with moderate fear of the disease.</p>
      <p>For the differences in the average fear scores of COVID-19 according to the social characteristics of the university students, there were significant differences in the average fear score according to biological sex, marital status and sexual orientation. It is noteworthy that the largest effect size was presented by the biological sex variable (r = 0.26) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Table 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characterization of fear of COVID-19 in a sample of Brazilian university students (n = 1437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2020</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">Fear perception classification</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">RR</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">95% CI</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Little fear (n = 570)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">39.7%</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">37.2 - 42.2</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Moderate fear (n = 600)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">41.8%</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">39.1 - 44.4</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Very scared (n = 267)</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">18.6%</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">16.6 - 20.8</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top"/>
              <td valign="top" align="center">Mean score</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">Standard deviation</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td valign="top" align="left">Fear of COVID-19</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">20.78</td>
              <td valign="top" align="center">&#177;6.283</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Table 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between social characteristicsand mean fear scores of COVID-19 among Brazilian university students (n = 1437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2020</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">Sociodemographic characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Mean score (standard deviation)</th>
              <th align="center">Z</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center"><italic>p</italic> value</th>
              <th align="center">
                <sub>r</sub>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Biological sex</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Male (n = 483)</td>
              <td align="center">18.33 (&#177;6.544)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-10.170</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.26</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Female (n = 954)</td>
              <td align="center">20.29 (&#177;6.767)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Median age (22 years)</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&lt; 22 years old (n = 797)</td>
              <td align="center">20.74 (&#177;6.139)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-0.196</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.844</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">&#8805; 22 years old (n = 640)</td>
              <td align="center">20.83 (&#177;6.463)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Self-reported skin color</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">White (n = 587)</td>
              <td align="center">20.69 (&#177;6.106)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-0.684</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.494</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">None-white (n =850)</td>
              <td align="center">20.84 (&#177;6.406)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marital status</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With partner (n=655)</td>
              <td align="center">21.26 (&#177;6.158)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-2.702</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.007</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No partner (n = 782)</td>
              <td align="center">20.37 (&#177;6.362)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sexual orientation</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Heterosexual (n = 1028)</td>
              <td align="center">20.30 (&#177;6.236)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-4.477</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.12</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Non-heterosexual (n=409)</td>
              <td align="center">21.97 (&#177;6.253)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Religious belief</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes (n=985)</td>
              <td align="center">20.90 (&#177;6.190)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-1.203</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.229</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.03</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No (n=452)</td>
              <td align="center">20.50 (&#177;6.481)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Table 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between substance use behavior, sleep and COVID-19 mean fear scores among Brazilian university students (n = 1437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2020</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">Behavioral characteristics</th>
              <th align="center">Mean score (standard deviation)</th>
              <th align="center">Z</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center"><italic>p</italic> value</th>
              <th valign="top">
                <sub>r</sub>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Alcohol consumption</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes (n = 770)</td>
              <td align="center">21.20 (&#177;6.159)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-2.467</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.014</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No (n = 667)</td>
              <td align="center">20.29 (&#177;6.394)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tobacco consumption</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes (n = 175)</td>
              <td align="center">21.67 (&#177;6.827)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-2.059</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.039</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.05</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No (n = 1262)</td>
              <td align="center">20.65 (&#177;6.197)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marijuana consumption</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes (n = 148)</td>
              <td align="center">21.30 (&#177;6.099)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-0.274</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.274</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.01</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No (n = 1289)</td>
              <td align="center">20.72 (&#177;6.304)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased alcohol consumption during the pandemic</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No increase (n = 616)</td>
              <td align="center">20.96 (&#177;6.125)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-2.267</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.023</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With increase (n = 154)</td>
              <td align="center">22.16 (&#177;6.224)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased tobacco use during the pandemic</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No increase (n = 132)</td>
              <td align="center">21.24 (&#177;6.874)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-1.492</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.136</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With increase (n = 43)</td>
              <td align="center">23.05 (&#177;6.572)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Increased marijuana use during the pandemic</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No increase (n = 122)</td>
              <td align="center">21.72 (&#177;5.956)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-1.605</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.109</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With increase (n = 26)</td>
              <td align="center">19.31 (&#177;6.485)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Subjective assessment of sleep quality during the pandemic</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No perception of worsening (n = 719)</td>
              <td align="center">18.90 (&#177;5.949)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-11.447</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.30</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With perception of worsening (n = 718)</td>
              <td align="center">22.66 (&#177;6.047)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Subjective assessment of the amount of sleep hours</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No change (n = 421)</td>
              <td align="center">19.01 (&#177;6.019)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-6.779</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.18</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">With change (n = 1016)</td>
              <td align="center">21.51 (&#177;6.247)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Table 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Comparison between contextual characteristics to the pandemic and mean COVID-19 fear scores among Brazilian university students (n = 1,437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2020</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th valign="top" align="left">Contextual characteristics to the pandemic</th>
              <th align="center">Mean score (standard deviation)</th>
              <th align="center">Z</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center"><italic>p</italic> value</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">
                <sub>r</sub>
              </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Comply with social distancing</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes (n = 910)</td>
              <td align="center">21.28 (&#177;6.124)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-3.875</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.10</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No (n = 527)</td>
              <td align="center">19.90 (&#177;6.463)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">COVID-19 diagnosis</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes (n = 325)</td>
              <td align="center">20.76 (&#177;5.906)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-0.096</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.924</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.00</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No (n = 1112)</td>
              <td align="center">20.78 (&#177;6.392)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Risk group for COVID-19</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Yes (n = 446)</td>
              <td align="center">21.83 (&#177;6.553)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-4.104</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.11</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">No (n = 991)</td>
              <td align="center">20.30 (&#177;6.102)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Access to pandemic-related information during the week</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Few days of access (n = 819)</td>
              <td align="center">20.03 (&#177;6.237)</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">-5.144</td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="2" align="center">0.14</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Many days of access (n = 618)</td>
              <td align="center">21.76 (&#177;6.214)</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Differences between mean fear scores of COVID-19 were also assessed according to behavioral characteristics of the sample of university students. Significant differences in fear of COVID-19 were found among students who consumed alcohol and tobacco, and among those who used alcohol, there was a difference between those who increased their consumption during the pandemic state when compared with those who did not increase their consumption of alcohol. Subjective assessments of the quality and quantity of sleep hours were also used, finding significant differences between the groups with a perception of worsening sleep quality and with changes in the number of hours of sleep. Among the groups with significant differences, the effect size found was moderate only for the variable &#8220;subjective sleep quality assessment&#8221; (r = 0.30) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Specific characteristics related to the experience of the current pandemic context were also compared with the mean COVID-19 fear scores reported by university students, with significantly higher fear scores being found among those who complied with the measures of social distancing, who were a risk group for COVID-19 or who reported many days of access to pandemic-related information during the week (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t5">
        <label>Table 5</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Multiple linear regression analysis of factors associated with fear of COVID-19 in Brazilian university students (n = 1437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 2020</title>
        </caption>
        <table>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="3" align="left">Variables (reference category)</th>
              <th colspan="3" align="center">Multiple linear regression analysis</th>
              <th rowspan="3" align="center">95%CI</th>
              <th rowspan="3" align="center">t</th>
              <th rowspan="3" align="center"><italic>p</italic> value</th>
              <th rowspan="3" align="center">VIF</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2" align="center">Coefficients non-standard</th>
              <th align="center">Standardized coefficient</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">B</th>
              <th align="center">Standard error</th>
              <th valign="top" align="center">&#914;</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Intercept</td>
              <td align="center">16.273</td>
              <td align="center">0.412</td>
              <td align="left"/>
              <td align="center">15.465; 17.080</td>
              <td align="center">39.529</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="left"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Biological sex (female)</td>
              <td align="center">3.176</td>
              <td align="center">0.322</td>
              <td align="center">0.239</td>
              <td align="center">2.545; 3.807</td>
              <td align="center">9.875</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1.046</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sleep quality (worsening)</td>
              <td align="center">2.498</td>
              <td align="center">0.344</td>
              <td align="center">0.199</td>
              <td align="center">1.823; 3.173</td>
              <td align="center">7.258</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1.342</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Access to information (many days of access)</td>
              <td align="center">1.523</td>
              <td align="center">0.301</td>
              <td align="center">0.120</td>
              <td align="center">0.934; 2.113</td>
              <td align="center">5.066</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1.005</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Social distancing (not comply)</td>
              <td align="center">-1.351</td>
              <td align="center">0.311</td>
              <td align="center">-0.104</td>
              <td align="center">-1.961;-0.741</td>
              <td align="center">-4.347</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1.017</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Amount of sleep (change in the amount of hours)</td>
              <td align="center">0.862</td>
              <td align="center">0.234</td>
              <td align="center">0.100</td>
              <td align="center">0.402; 1.322</td>
              <td align="center">3.678</td>
              <td align="center">
                <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center">1.321</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Marital status (without a partner)</td>
              <td align="center">-0.978</td>
              <td align="center">0.304</td>
              <td align="center">-0.078</td>
              <td align="center">-1.574;-0.382</td>
              <td align="center">-3.218</td>
              <td align="center">0.001</td>
              <td align="center">1.038</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Sexual orientation (non-heterosexual)</td>
              <td align="center">1.019</td>
              <td align="center">0.341</td>
              <td align="center">0.073</td>
              <td align="center">0.350; 1.688</td>
              <td align="center">2.989</td>
              <td align="center">0.003</td>
              <td align="center">1.073</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Group of risk (yes)</td>
              <td align="center">0.887</td>
              <td align="center">0.325</td>
              <td align="center">0.065</td>
              <td align="center">0.250; 1.525</td>
              <td align="center">2.729</td>
              <td align="center">0.006</td>
              <td align="center">1.025</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Tobacco consumption (yes)</td>
              <td align="center">0.911</td>
              <td align="center">0.352</td>
              <td align="center">0.063</td>
              <td align="center">0.221; 1.601</td>
              <td align="center">2.592</td>
              <td align="center">0.010</td>
              <td align="center">1.056</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <attrib>
            <italic>VIF - Variance Inflation Factor.</italic>
          </attrib>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 5</xref> shows the variables that remained associated with fear of COVID-19 after multiple linear regression, highlighting that the results of the final model adopted were significant [F (9,1427) = 40.129; p&lt;0.001; R2 = 0.202] and indicate that about 20% of the variance of the COVID-19 fear variable was explained by the set of selected variables.</p>
      <p>The biological sex variable was the one with the greatest explanatory power [&#946; = 0.239; t = 9,875; p &lt; 0.001], demonstrating that being female increased, on average, 3176 points in the COVID-19 fear scale score. They were also factors associated with fear of COVID-19. the subjective perception of worsening sleep quality during the pandemic [&#946; = 0.199; t = 7,258; p &lt; 0.001], many days of information access [&#946; = 0.120; t=5066; p &lt; 0.001], not complying with social distance [&#946; =-0.104; t =-4347; p &lt; 0.001], the subjective perception of change in sleep hours during the pandemic [&#946; = 0.100; t=3678; p &lt; 0.001], not having a partner [&#946; =-0.078; t =-3,218; p = 0.001], non-heterosexual sexual orientation [&#946; = 0.073; t=2989; p = 0.003], being from the risk group for COVID-19 [&#946; = 0.065; t=2729; p = 0.006] and tobacco use [&#946; = 0.063; t=2,592; p = 0.010].</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>This study assessed the perception of fear of COVID-19 and associated factors in a sample of Brazilian university students. The findings showed that the highest percentage of university students assessed (41.8%) perceived themselves as having moderate fear of COVID-19. Fear is an adaptive response that generally occurs when exposed to a potentially dangerous situation and has been one of the psychological reactions most frequently experienced by the population during the COVID-19 pandemic<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>, constituting a unique experience permeated by idiosyncrasies, affecting people and social groups in different ways.</p>
      <p>Analysis of social variables showed that female students had, in general, significantly higher mean scores with the experience of moderate fear, when compared to men. Gender differences and women&#8217;s greater vulnerability to fear of COVID-19 have been a recurrent finding in the international literature in the current pandemic context<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>. It is believed that, during the pandemic, women have experienced greater physical and psychosocial overload, since, in addition to caring for children and older adults, they also mostly take over responsibilities with domestic activities, often while managing professional and academic life demands. Also, the repercussions of dealing with demands from multiple social roles and their innate stressors in a distinct context such as the COVID-19 pandemic alone can result in negative personal and structural impacts on females. There are also situations that are aggravated by the experience of additional phenomena that are peculiarly manifested in times of global health crisis, with greater frequency of reports of victimization by domestic violence<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>, the fear of the illness itself or the illness of people close to whom the women are responsible for the care. Somatically, all these elements can arouse the feeling of greater perception of fear and vulnerability to COVID-19 among females.</p>
      <p>Marital status was also significantly associated with fear of COVID-19, showing that lower fear scores were presented by students who reported not having a partner in a marital relationship. Although the similar relationship between marital status and fear of COVID-19 was found in a study with American university students, explanations for such association are still unclear<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>. It is known that good quality marital relationships have, in general, a positive effect on physical and mental health as well as on coping with stressful experiences/situations in the pre-pandemic scenario<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>. However, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it is assumed that having a partner can be characterized as a potentially anxiogenic experience, since, in addition to worrying about their own risk of contamination and illness, students become concerned with the well-being and health of their partner<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>It was also evidenced that students with a non-heterosexual orientation (homosexual, bisexual, asexual or pansexual) had higher fear scores of COVID-19 when compared to their heterosexually oriented peers. The non-heterosexual population, as well as other minority groups, suffers from an additional load of stressors that puts them at greater probability of harmful physical and mental health outcomes, including the perception of greater fear of COVID-19, as they feel more vulnerable to the disease<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>)</sup>. Socioeconomic vulnerability, exposure to various forms of interpersonal violence, stigmatization, prejudice and social exclusion are examples of additional stressors to which the non-heterosexual population is exposed<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>)</sup> and which can result in the perception of greater fear during the pandemic.</p>
      <p>In the analysis of behavioral variables, this study included behaviors related to substance use and sleep. It was observed that students who reported tobacco use had higher fear scores of COVID-19, when compared to those who were abstainers of this substance. Although not consensual, there is a hypothesis that smokers are vulnerable to a greater risk of suffering more severe complications from COVID-19. Tobacco use affects and injures lung tissue, increasing the risk of lung injury, which can facilitate the invasion of lung tissue by the coronavirus, causing more severe symptoms and increasing the risk of death<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>)</sup>. This possibility of increased risk of death and/or complications from a little-known disease can lead to fear and distress among smoking students, given that smoking is a behavior whose prevalence tends to increase during university experience<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding sleep, students who reported a perception of worsening sleep quality during the pandemic had higher indicators of fear of COVID-19, when compared to their peers who did not notice any change in their sleep pattern. In addition to the worsening of sleep quality, the greatest fear of COVID-19 was also significantly observed among students with changes in the amount of sleep hours, compared to those who did not notice changes. The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quality has been observed in several studies<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>)</sup>. Feelings such as fear and social isolation, common in the pandemic context, can act to increase serum cortisol levels and reduce melatonin synthesis, resulting in changes in biological rhythms and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that result in changes in chronotype and perceptions of poor sleep<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>)</sup>. This evidence is particularly noteworthy for the university population, which, even in pre-pandemic contexts, had a high prevalence of sleep disorders with serious repercussions on academic performance<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Analysis of contextual variables related to the pandemic showed that students who reported not complying with social distancing had lower indicators of fear of COVID-19, compared to students who reported complying with/adopting these measures. Studies on the appeal to fear have demonstrated the importance of this construct as an encouraging element for the adoption of adaptive health promotion behaviors<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>)</sup>. Including, showing that individuals who feel fear more efficiently comply with social distancing to avoid infection by the disease, thus taking preventive measures more rigorously<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Students who reported belonging to the risk group for COVID-19 had a higher mean score of fear of COVID-19. This finding was consistent with what has been shown in the literature, which demonstrates that individuals in the risk group for COVID-19, as they have chronic conditions and comorbidities, they report more often intense levels of concerns and fears related to the disease, mainly due to problems of a psychological nature<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>)</sup>. Considering the severe course of the disease and the high mortality rates among people in the risk group, it is expected that they show a high fear of contracting the disease.</p>
      <p>Many days of access to information was also a factor associated with greater fear of COVID-19 among university students in this sample. Access to information is a useful and necessary tool in a pandemic scenario that helps to reduce the spread and circulation of the virus. However, overexposure to information related to a stressful event can have negative effects and result in increased levels of fear and prolonged experiences of acute stress<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>)</sup>. Evidence from previous health crises, such as the H5N1 avian flu outbreak, found that greater exposure to social media was directly related to the increased perception of fear at that time<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>)</sup>. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, the phenomenon of &#8220;infodemic&#8221; has gained prominence and relevance, with an exponential volume of information being disseminated day after day, much of which is not always true and that arises with dubious intent. This information overload can result in fear, anxiety and symptoms of exhaustion, mainly due to the inability of people to assimilate all this volume of data<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>It is important to highlight that, in cross-sectional studies, the relationship between exposure and outcome is assessed at the same time, which makes it impossible to establish a causal relationship. Furthermore, the investigated sample is from a single population, which may restrict representation for different contexts. Still, studies with self-administered questionnaires, even if validated and widely used, present difficulties to control data loss.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to nursing</title>
        <p>Fear related to the COVID-19 pandemic can negatively impact students&#8217; mental and emotional health as well as reverberate in academic life, compromising performance and performance. Thus, knowing the determinants that contribute to increasing the fear of the disease can help healthcare professionals, including nurses, to propose targeted actions to mitigate the negative effects caused by this situation, in addition to allowing the tracking of students who may benefit from early social and/or psychological assistance.</p>
        <p>Moreover, the results obtained can support university managers in planning academic policies aimed at assisting students with greater vulnerability to fear of COVID-19, aiming to minimize the distress experienced during the training process in this pandemic period.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
      <p>A high percentage of college students with moderate or severe fear related to COVID-19 was observed, with the intensity of perception of this construct, if associated with social, behavioral and contextual characteristics related to the pandemic.</p>
      <p>In the present study, fear of COVID-19 was influenced by factors associated with the female gender, the perception of worsening sleep quality during the pandemic, many days of access to information about the pandemic, not complying with social distancing, reporting insufficient hours of sleep, not having a partner, non-heterosexual sexual orientation, being in the risk group for COVID-19 and consuming tobacco.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
      <p>We would like to thank the students who participated in the research, NESM members (Center for Studies in Mental Health), who helped in the dissemination, and the University&#8217;s Dean of Undergraduate Education (PROEG) for their support in carrying out the study.</p>
    </ack>
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        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Rio Grande</city>
          <state>Rio Grande do Sul</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> Camille Francine Modena e-mail: <email>camillefmodena@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR CHEFE: &#193;lvaro Sousa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Rafael Silva</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>analisar os fatores associados &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o de medo da COVID-19 em estudantes universit&#225;rios brasileiros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudo anal&#237;tico transversal, <italic>online</italic>, realizado em uma universidade p&#250;blica brasileira com 1.437 estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o entre setembro e novembro de 2020. Utilizou-se a Escala de Medo da COVID-19 para aferi&#231;&#227;o do construto principal. A an&#225;lise dos dados se deu pelos testes U de Mann-Whitney, r de Cohen e an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>foram fatores associados ao medo da COVID-19 em estudantes universit&#225;rios as vari&#225;vies sexo biol&#243;gico, percep&#231;&#227;o de boa qualidade de sono, muitos dias de acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o cumprir distanciamento social, relato de horas suficientes de sono, n&#227;o possuir companheiro(a), orienta&#231;&#227;o sexual n&#227;o heterossexual, ser do grupo de risco para COVID-19 e consumo tabaco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>os achados do estudo podem contribuir para a discuss&#227;o sobre as fragilidades que a popula&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria est&#225; vivenciando neste per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Medo</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Universidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>No final do ano de 2019, na cidade de Wuhan, China, foram identificados os primeiros casos humanos de COVID-19 (sigla em ingl&#234;s para <italic>Coronavirus Disease</italic> 2019), doen&#231;a causada pelo SARS-CoV-2 (sigla em ingl&#234;s para <italic>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</italic> 2)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>, um agente etiol&#243;gico com r&#225;pida dissemina&#231;&#227;o e elevado potencial de cont&#225;gio, que gerou aumento do n&#250;mero de casos de forma exponencial<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>. Os coronav&#237;rus (CoVs) constituem uma grande fam&#237;lia de v&#237;rus, v&#225;rios dos quais causam doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias em humanos, desde o resfriado comum at&#233; doen&#231;as mais raras e graves<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Devido &#224; r&#225;pida expans&#227;o pelo mundo, a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de (OMS) caracterizou oficialmente o surto de COVID-19 como estado de pandemia em mar&#231;o de 2020, tratando-a como uma grave amea&#231;a &#224; sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, com todas as na&#231;&#245;es enfrentando desafios &#250;nicos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>. O decreto do estado de pandemia por COVID-19 trouxe uma s&#233;rie de repercuss&#245;es para a vida das pessoas, mudando drasticamente seu cotidiano e a forma de se relacionar com o outro e com o meio<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>. Tais altera&#231;&#245;es acabaram repercutindo deleteriamente em v&#225;rias facetas da vida humana, sobretudo na sa&#250;de mental dos indiv&#237;duos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>, inclusive de estudantes universit&#225;rios, que tiveram suas atividades interrompidas ou consideravelmente modificadas, principalmente em decorr&#234;ncia da gravidade da pandemia e a necessidade da ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas de distanciamento e isolamento sociais<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Esse panorama de incertezas, percep&#231;&#227;o de amea&#231;a e altera&#231;&#245;es do cotidiano podem potencialmente repercutir em medo da doen&#231;a<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>. O medo da COVID-19 tem sido caracterizado como um preditor importante de mudan&#231;as comportamentais e de prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de, bem como de desfechos delet&#233;rios ao bem-estar das pessoas. Em espec&#237;fico em estudantes universit&#225;rios, o maior medo da COVID-19 tem sido associado &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de sintomas de ansiedade<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>, depress&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup> e, at&#233; mesmo, de comportamento suicida<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>. Esse fato denota uma maior vulnerabilidade desta popula&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente por terem suas demandas acad&#234;micas altamente impactadas pela pandemia, o que gerou incertezas e imp&#244;s uma s&#233;rie de novos desafios aos processos formativos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>, marcados pelo ensino &#224; dist&#226;ncia e suas fragilidades, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de isolamento e distanciamento sociais que alteram as rela&#231;&#245;es interpessoais na universidade e podem, assim, desencadear impactos consideravelmente negativos na vida dos estudantes universit&#225;rios<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>No contexto pand&#234;mico, estudantes universit&#225;rios t&#234;m apresentado indicadores de moderada a alta preval&#234;ncia de medo da COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>, o que pode contribuir para o aumento da carga de estresse e sofrimento mental entre essa popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>. Entretanto, apesar desta constata&#231;&#227;o, ainda existem poucas evid&#234;ncias sobre quais elementos ou caracter&#237;sticas se associam &#224; intensidade de percep&#231;&#227;o do medo da COVID-19 tanto na popula&#231;&#227;o geral<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup> quanto entre estudantes universit&#225;rios, destacando-se a necessidade de novas investiga&#231;&#245;es que preencham esta lacuna. O conhecimento de fatores associados &#224; maior ou menor percep&#231;&#227;o de medo da COVID-19 pode ser particularmente &#250;til, sobretudo, para gestores universit&#225;rios e profissionais da sa&#250;de, na elabora&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas educacionais e/ou de sa&#250;de efetivas que mitiguem o impacto psicol&#243;gico negativo na sa&#250;de mental e rendimento acad&#234;mico de universit&#225;rios<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Analisar os fatores associados &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o de medo da COVID-19 em estudantes universit&#225;rios brasileiros.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com seres humanos da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso (UFMT) e respeitou todas as normativas nacionais vigentes, garantindo o sigilo, anonimato e n&#227;o malefic&#234;ncia dos participantes, conforme a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho, local de estudo e per&#237;odo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo anal&#237;tico transversal, realizado em uma universidade p&#250;blica do Centro-Oeste brasileiro, entre os meses de setembro e novembro de 2020, durante a propaga&#231;&#227;o da pandemia de COVID-19. O desenho de estudo foi orientado pelas diretrizes STROBE (<italic>Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology</italic>)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o, amostra e crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
          <p>O estudo foi realizado com estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o maiores de 18 anos e que estavam regularmente matriculados durante o per&#237;odo da coleta de dados.</p>
          <p>Para estima&#231;&#227;o do tamanho amostral, utilizou-se a f&#243;rmula proposta por Espinosa e colaboradores<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>, tendo sido considerado como par&#226;metro popula&#231;&#227;o de 16.152 estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o distribu&#237;dos em quatro campi universit&#225;rios, coeficiente de confian&#231;a de 95%, erro amostral de 2,6% e propor&#231;&#227;o de desfecho de 50%. Utilizou-se, ainda, procedimento proposto para garantir uma porcentagem de cobertura de 85%<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>, a fim de se mitigar efeitos das perdas por <italic>missing data</italic>. Dessa forma, estimou-se amostra de 1.536 estudantes de todos os campi. Tendo findado o per&#237;odo proposto para coleta de dados, obteve-se um total de 1.746 respondentes, sendo que, deste total, foram exclu&#237;dos 309 question&#225;rios pela presen&#231;a de <italic>missing data</italic>, o que resultou em uma amostra final de 1.437 estudantes,correspondendo a cobertura de 93,5% da amostra pr&#233;-definida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo de estudo</title>
          <p>A pesquisa foi conduzida na plataforma <italic>online Research Electronic Data Capture</italic> (REDCap). A Secretaria de Tecnologia da Informa&#231;&#227;o (STI) da universidade enviou o <italic>link</italic> da pesquisa com os instrumentos, objetivos do estudo e contato dos respons&#225;veis para todos os estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s 30 dias do in&#237;cio da coleta, foi realizado um novo envio pelo STI, na forma de lembrete, para aqueles estudantes que ainda n&#227;o haviam respondido e tivessem o interesse em participar. O question&#225;rio utilizado neste estudo teve car&#225;ter confidencial e autoaplic&#225;vel, composto por instrumento pr&#243;prio para caracteriza&#231;&#227;o geral da amostra e instrumento validado para mensura&#231;&#227;o do medo da COVID-19.</p>
          <p>Para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da amostra, foi utilizado um question&#225;rio de autopreenchimento, desenvolvido especificamente para o contexto do estudo e dividido em se&#231;&#245;es que contemplavam caracter&#237;sticas sociais (sexo biol&#243;gico, idade, cor da pele autorreferida, situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal, orienta&#231;&#227;o sexual e cren&#231;a religiosa), comportamentais (uso de &#225;lcool, tabaco e/ou maconha, percep&#231;&#245;es subjetivas da qualidade e quantidade de sono) e contextuais &#224; pandemia de COVID-19 (cumprir o distanciamento social, diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19, pertencer ao grupo de risco e acesso &#224; informa&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas &#224; pandemia).</p>
          <p>Para avaliar o medo da COVID-19, foi usada a <italic>Fear of COVID-19 Scale</italic><sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>, que cont&#233;m sete itens com respostas Likert de 5 pontos (1 a 5). O escore total varia de 7 a 35 pontos, sendo classificados como &#8220;pouco medo&#8221; (7 a 19), &#8220;medo moderado&#8221; (20 a 26) e &#8220;muito medo&#8221; (acima de 27). Essa escala foi traduzida e validada para o contexto brasileiro, tendo apresentado bom desempenho psicom&#233;trico<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. Neste estudo, a consist&#234;ncia interna (alfa de Cronbach) foi de 0,86.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
          <p>An&#225;lises comparativas bivariadas entre os escores m&#233;dios de medo da COVID-19 foram realizadas entre os diferentes grupos analisados por meio do teste U de Mann-Whitney para amostras independentes, adotando n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 95%. Calculou-se a magnitude do efeito por meio do teste r de Cohen, obtido dividindo o valor de Z pela raiz quadrada do tamanho amostral (<italic>r = Z/&#8730;N</italic>)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. Na interpreta&#231;&#227;o da magnitude do efeito, consideraram-se efeitos entre 0,00 e 0,10 como irris&#243;rios ou nulos, entre 0,11 e 0,29, fracos, entre 0,30 e 0,49, efeitos moderados e maiores que 0,50, efeitos fortes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Fatores associados foram identificados, por meio de modelo de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, para verificar capacidade das vari&#225;veis explicativas em predizer a intensidade da percep&#231;&#227;o de medo da COVID-19. Para a constru&#231;&#227;o do modelo m&#250;ltiplo, consideram-se os determinantes sociais, comportamentais e relacionados ao enfrentamento da pandemia que apresentaram valor de p &lt;0,20 na an&#225;lise bivariada. Essas vari&#225;veis foram introduzidas, individualmente, no modelo pelo m&#233;todo enter, seguindo ordem crescente de signific&#226;ncia magnitude de efeito, tendo permanecido no modelo final as vari&#225;veis que apresentaram valor de p&lt;0,05. Destaca-se que, antes da ado&#231;&#227;o da modelagem de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, foram checados e atendidos os pressupostos de normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos res&#237;duos, aus&#234;ncia de multicolinearidade (<italic>Variance Inflation Factor</italic> [VIF] &lt; 10) e a verifica&#231;&#227;o da n&#227;o ocorr&#234;ncia de autocorrela&#231;&#227;o de res&#237;duos (Durbin-Watson = 2,031).</p>
          <p>O teste U de Mann-Whitney e a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla foram realizadas por meio do programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 23.0, enquanto que, para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho do efeito, utilizou-se o software Microsoft Excel for Windows.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 1.437 estudantes dos diversos campi universit&#225;rios da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao medo da COVID-19, a amostra apresentou escore m&#233;dio de 20,78 pontos, condizente com medo moderado da doen&#231;a (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 1</xref>), um total de 600 estudantes (41,8%) apresentou escores compat&#237;veis com medo moderado da doen&#231;a.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do medo da COVID-19 em uma amostra de estudantes universit&#225;rios brasileiros (n = 1437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left">Classifica&#231;&#227;o da percep&#231;&#227;o de medo</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">FR</th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">IC 95%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Pouco medo (n = 570)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">39,7%</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">37,2 - 42,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Medo moderado (n = 600)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">41,8%</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">39,1 - 44,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Muito medo (n = 267)</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">18,6%</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">16,6 - 20,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top"/>
                <td valign="top" align="center">Escore m&#233;dio</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">Desvio padr&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td valign="top" align="left">Medo da COVID-19</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">20,78</td>
                <td valign="top" align="center">&#177;6,283</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>IC 95%: intervalo com 95% de confian&#231;a.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre caracter&#237;sticas sociais e escores m&#233;dios de medo da COVID-19 entre estudantes universit&#225;rios brasileiros (n = 1437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left">Caracter&#237;stica sociodemogr&#225;fica</th>
                <th align="center">Escore m&#233;dio (desvio padr&#227;o)</th>
                <th align="center">Z</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de <italic>p</italic></th>
                <th align="center">
                  <sub>r</sub>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo biol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino (n = 483)</td>
                <td align="center">18,33 (&#177;6,544)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-10,170</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino (n = 954)</td>
                <td align="center">20,29 (&#177;6,767)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade mediana (22 anos)</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&lt; 22 anos (n = 797)</td>
                <td align="center">20,74 (&#177;6,139)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-0,196</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,844</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#8805; 22 anos (n = 640)</td>
                <td align="center">20,83 (&#177;6,463)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cor da pele autorreferida</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Branca (n = 587)</td>
                <td align="center">20,69 (&#177;6,106)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-0,684</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,494</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o Branca (n =850)</td>
                <td align="center">20,84 (&#177;6,406)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com companheiro (n =655)</td>
                <td align="center">21,26 (&#177;6,158)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-2,702</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,007</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem companheiro (n =782)</td>
                <td align="center">20,37 (&#177;6,362)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Orienta&#231;&#227;o sexual</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Heterossexual (n =1028)</td>
                <td align="center">20,30 (&#177;6,236)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-4,477</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o heterossexual (n =409)</td>
                <td align="center">21,97 (&#177;6,253)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cren&#231;a religiosa</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim (n =985)</td>
                <td align="center">20,90 (&#177;6,190)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-1,203</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,229</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o (n =452)</td>
                <td align="center">20,50 (&#177;6,481)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre comportamento de uso de subst&#226;ncias, sono e escores m&#233;dios de medo da COVID-19 entre estudantes universit&#225;rios brasileiros (n = 1437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas comportamentais</th>
                <th align="center">Escore m&#233;dio (desvio padr&#227;o)</th>
                <th align="center">Z</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de <italic>p</italic></th>
                <th valign="top">
                  <sub>r</sub>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim (n = 770)</td>
                <td align="center">21,20 (&#177;6,159)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-2,467</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,014</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o (n = 667)</td>
                <td align="center">20,29 (&#177;6,394)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de tabaco</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim (n = 175)</td>
                <td align="center">21,67 (&#177;6,827)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-2,059</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,039</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o (n = 1262)</td>
                <td align="center">20,65 (&#177;6,197)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de maconha</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim (n = 148)</td>
                <td align="center">21,30 (&#177;6,099)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-0,274</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,274</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o (n = 1289)</td>
                <td align="center">20,72 (&#177;6,304)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumento do consumo de &#225;lcool durante a pandemia</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem aumento (n = 616)</td>
                <td align="center">20,96 (&#177;6,125)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-2,267</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,023</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com aumento (n = 154)</td>
                <td align="center">22,16 (&#177;6,224)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumento do consumo de tabaco durante a pandemia</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem aumento (n = 132)</td>
                <td align="center">21,24 (&#177;6,874)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-1,492</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,136</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com aumento (n = 43)</td>
                <td align="center">23,05 (&#177;6,572)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Aumento do consumo de maconha durante a pandemia</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem aumento (n = 122)</td>
                <td align="center">21,72 (&#177;5,956)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-1,605</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,109</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com aumento (n = 26)</td>
                <td align="center">19,31 (&#177;6,485)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da qualidade do sono durante a pandemia</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem percep&#231;&#227;o de piora (n = 719)</td>
                <td align="center">18,90 (&#177;5,949)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-11,447</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com percep&#231;&#227;o de piora (n = 718)</td>
                <td align="center">22,66 (&#177;6,047)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da quantidade de horas de sono</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sem altera&#231;&#227;o (n = 421)</td>
                <td align="center">19,01 (&#177;6,019)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-6,779</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Com altera&#231;&#227;o (n = 1016)</td>
                <td align="center">21,51 (&#177;6,247)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre caracter&#237;sticas contextuais &#224; pandemia e escores m&#233;dios de medo da COVID-19 entre estudantes universit&#225;rios brasileiros (n = 1.437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th valign="top" align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas contextuais &#224; pandemia</th>
                <th align="center">Escore m&#233;dio (desvio padr&#227;o)</th>
                <th align="center">Z</th>
                <th align="center">Valor de <italic>p</italic></th>
                <th valign="top" align="center">
                  <sub>r</sub>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cumpre distanciamento social</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim (n = 910)</td>
                <td align="center">21,28 (&#177;6,124)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-3,875</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o (n = 527)</td>
                <td align="center">19,90 (&#177;6,463)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Diagn&#243;stico de COVID-19</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim (n = 325)</td>
                <td align="center">20,76 (&#177;5,906)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-0,096</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,924</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o (n = 1112)</td>
                <td align="center">20,78 (&#177;6,392)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grupo de risco para COVID-19</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sim (n = 446)</td>
                <td align="center">21,83 (&#177;6,553)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-4,104</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#227;o (n = 991)</td>
                <td align="center">20,30 (&#177;6,102)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; pandemia durante a semana</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Poucos dias de acesso (n = 819)</td>
                <td align="center">20,03 (&#177;6,237)</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">-5,144</td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td rowspan="2" align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Muitos dias de acesso (n = 618)</td>
                <td align="center">21,76 (&#177;6,214)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Para as diferen&#231;as nos escores m&#233;dios de medo da COVID-19 segundo as caracter&#237;sticas sociais dos universit&#225;rios, encontraram-se diferen&#231;as significativas na pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de medo segundo sexo biol&#243;gico, situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal e orienta&#231;&#227;o sexual. Vale destacar que o maior tamanho de efeito foi apresentado pela vari&#225;vel sexo biol&#243;gico (r = 0,26) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Avaliaram-se, ainda, diferen&#231;as entre escores m&#233;dios de medo da COVID-19 segundo caracter&#237;sticas comportamentais da amostra de universit&#225;rios. Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas de medo da COVID-19 entre estudantes que faziam consumo de &#225;lcool e tabac, e, dentre os que utilizavam &#225;lcool, houve diferen&#231;a entre aqueles que aumentaram o consumo durante o estado pand&#234;mico quando comparados com aqueles que n&#227;o aumentaram o consumo de &#225;lcool. Avalia&#231;&#245;es subjetivas da qualidade e quantidade de horas de sono tamb&#233;m foram empregadas, encontrando-se diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos com percep&#231;&#227;o de piora da qualidade de sono e com altera&#231;&#245;es na quantidade de horas de sono. Entre os grupos com diferen&#231;as significativas, o tamanho do efeito encontrado foi moderado apenas para a vari&#225;vel &#8220;avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da qualidade do sono&#8221; (r = 0,30) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>Caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas relacionadas &#224; viv&#234;ncia do atual contexto pand&#234;mico tamb&#233;m foram comparadas com os escores m&#233;dios de medo da COVID-19 reportados pelos estudantes universit&#225;rios, sendo encontrados escores significativamente maiores de medo entre aqueles que cumpriam as medidas de distanciamento social, eram grupo de risco para COVID-19 ou que relataram muitos dias de acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; pandemia durante a semana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Tabela 5</xref> observam-se as vari&#225;veis que permaneceram associadas ao medo da COVID-19 ap&#243;s regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla, destacando-se que os resultados do modelo final adotado foram significativos [F (9,1427) = 40,129; p &lt; 0,001; R2 = 0,202] e indicam que cerca de 20% da vari&#226;ncia da vari&#225;vel medo da COVID-19 foi explicada pelo conjunto de vari&#225;veis selecionadas.</p>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel sexo biol&#243;gico foi a que apresentou maior poder explicativo [&#946; = 0,239; t = 9,875; p &lt; 0,001], demonstrando que ser do g&#234;nero feminino aumentou, em m&#233;dia, 3,176 pontos no escore da escala de medo da COVID-19. Tamb&#233;m foram fatores associados ao medo da COVID-19, a percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de piora da qualidade do sono durante a pandemia [&#946; = 0,199; t = 7,258; p &lt; 0,001], muitos dias de acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es [&#946; = 0,120; t = 5,066; p &lt; 0,001], n&#227;o cumprir distanciamento social [&#946; =-0,104; t =-4,347; p &lt; 0,001], a percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de altera&#231;&#227;o de horas de sono durante a pandemia [&#946; = 0,100; t = 3,678; p &lt; 0,001], n&#227;o possuir companheiro(a) [&#946; =-0,078; t =-3,218; p = 0,001], orienta&#231;&#227;o sexual n&#227;o heterossexual [&#946; = 0,073; t = 2,989; p = 0,003], ser do grupo de risco para COVID-19 [&#946; = 0,065; t = 2,729; p = 0,006] e consumir tabaco [&#946; = 0,063; t = 2,592; p = 0,010].</p>
        <table-wrap id="t10">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla de fatores associados ao medo da COVID-19 em estudantes universit&#225;rios brasileiros (n = 1437), Cuiab&#225;, Mato Grosso, Brasil, 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="3" align="left">Vari&#225;veis (categoria de refer&#234;ncia)</th>
                <th colspan="3" align="center">An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla</th>
                <th rowspan="3" align="center">IC95%</th>
                <th rowspan="3" align="center">t</th>
                <th rowspan="3" align="center">Valor de <italic>p</italic></th>
                <th rowspan="3" align="center">VIF</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" align="center">Coeficientes n&#227;o padronizados</th>
                <th align="center">Coeficiente padronizado</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">B</th>
                <th align="center">Erro padr&#227;o</th>
                <th valign="top">&#914;</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Intercepto</td>
                <td align="center">16,273</td>
                <td align="center">0,412</td>
                <td align="left"/>
                <td align="center">15,465; 17,080</td>
                <td align="center">39,529</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo biol&#243;gico (feminino)</td>
                <td align="center">3,176</td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
                <td align="center">2,545; 3,807</td>
                <td align="center">9,875</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Qualidade do sono (piora)</td>
                <td align="center">2,498</td>
                <td align="center">0,344</td>
                <td align="center">0,199</td>
                <td align="center">1,823; 3,173</td>
                <td align="center">7,258</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,342</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es (muitos dias de acesso)</td>
                <td align="center">1,523</td>
                <td align="center">0,301</td>
                <td align="center">0,120</td>
                <td align="center">0,934; 2,113</td>
                <td align="center">5,066</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Distanciamento social (n&#227;o cumprir)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,351</td>
                <td align="center">0,311</td>
                <td align="center">-0,104</td>
                <td align="center">-1,961;-0,741</td>
                <td align="center">-4,347</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Quantidade de sono (altera&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de horas)</td>
                <td align="center">0,862</td>
                <td align="center">0,234</td>
                <td align="center">0,100</td>
                <td align="center">0,402; 1,322</td>
                <td align="center">3,678</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Status conjugal (sem companheiro)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,978</td>
                <td align="center">0,304</td>
                <td align="center">-0,078</td>
                <td align="center">-1,574;-0,382</td>
                <td align="center">-3,218</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">1,038</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Orienta&#231;&#227;o sexual (n&#227;o heterossexual)</td>
                <td align="center">1,019</td>
                <td align="center">0,341</td>
                <td align="center">0,073</td>
                <td align="center">0,350; 1,688</td>
                <td align="center">2,989</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
                <td align="center">1,073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Grupo de risco (sim)</td>
                <td align="center">0,887</td>
                <td align="center">0,325</td>
                <td align="center">0,065</td>
                <td align="center">0,250; 1,525</td>
                <td align="center">2,729</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
                <td align="center">1,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Consumo de tabaco (sim)</td>
                <td align="center">0,911</td>
                <td align="center">0,352</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
                <td align="center">0,221; 1,601</td>
                <td align="center">2,592</td>
                <td align="center">0,010</td>
                <td align="center">1,056</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>
              <italic>VIF - Variance Inflation Factor.</italic>
            </attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Este estudo avaliou a percep&#231;&#227;o de medo da COVID-19 e fatores associados em uma amostra de estudantes universit&#225;rios brasileiros. Os achados evidenciaram que o maior percentual de universit&#225;rios avaliados (41,8%) se percebia com moderado medo da COVID-19. O medo &#233; uma resposta adaptativa que ocorre, em geral, frente &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o de uma situa&#231;&#227;o potencialmente perigosa e tem sido uma das rea&#231;&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas mais frequentemente vivenciadas pela popula&#231;&#227;o durante a pandemia de COVID-19<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>, constituindo-se em uma experi&#234;ncia singular e perpassada por idiossincrasias, afetando pessoas e agrupamentos sociais de distintas maneiras.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis sociais demonstrou que estudantes do sexo feminino apresentaram, em geral, escores m&#233;dios significativamente maiores com a viv&#234;ncia de medo moderado, quando comparadas aos homens. Diferen&#231;as entre g&#234;neros e maior vulnerabilidade das mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o ao medo da COVID-19 t&#234;m sido um achado recorrente na literatura internacional no atual contexto pand&#234;mico<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>. Acredita-se que, durante a pandemia, as mulheres t&#234;m vivenciado maior sobrecarga f&#237;sica e psicossocial, uma vez que, al&#233;m do cuidado dispensado aos filhos e aos idosos, tamb&#233;m assumem, majoritariamente, as responsabilidades com as atividades dom&#233;sticas, muitas vezes, enquanto gerem as demandas da vida profissional e acad&#234;mica. Outrossim, as repercuss&#245;es de lidar com demandas de m&#250;ltiplos pap&#233;is sociais e os seus estressores inatos em um contexto distinto como a pandemia de COVID-19, por si s&#243;, podem resultar em impactos pessoais e estruturais negativos sob o sexo feminino. Acrescentam-se situa&#231;&#245;es agravadas pela viv&#234;ncia de fen&#244;menos adicionais que se manifestam peculiarmente em tempos de crise sanit&#225;ria mundial, com maior frequ&#234;ncia de relatos de vitimiza&#231;&#227;o por viol&#234;ncia dom&#233;stica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>, o medo do pr&#243;prio adoecimento ou do adoecimento de pessoas pr&#243;ximas as quais as mulheres s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo cuidado. Somaticamente, todos esses elementos podem suscitar o sentimento de maior percep&#231;&#227;o de medo e vulnerabilidade &#224; COVID-19 entre o sexo feminino.</p>
        <p>A situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal tamb&#233;m se associou significativamente com medo da COVID-19, evidenciando que menores escores de medo foram apresentados pelos estudantes que relataram n&#227;o possuir um(a) companheiro(a) em relacionamento conjugal. Apesar de a rela&#231;&#227;o similar entre <italic>status</italic> conjugal e medo da COVID-19 ter sido encontrada em estudo com universit&#225;rios americanos, as explica&#231;&#245;es para tal associa&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o claras<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>. Sabe-se que rela&#231;&#245;es maritais de boa qualidade possuem, em geral, efeito positivo sobre a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental, bem como no enfrentamento de experi&#234;ncias/situa&#231;&#245;es estressantes no cen&#225;rio pr&#233;-pand&#234;mico<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>. Contudo, no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19, sup&#245;e-se que possuir um(a) companheiro(a) pode caracterizar-se uma experi&#234;ncia potencialmente ansiog&#234;nica, uma vez que, al&#233;m de preocupar-se com o pr&#243;prio risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o e adoecimento, o estudante passa a se preocupar com o bem-estar e sa&#250;de do(a) parceiro(a)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Evidenciou-se, ainda, que estudantes com orienta&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o heterossexual (homossexuais, bissexuais, assexuais ou pansexuais) apresentaram maiores escores de medo da COVID-19 quando comparados com seus pares de orienta&#231;&#227;o heterossexual. A popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o heterossexual, assim como outros grupos minorit&#225;rios, sofre com uma carga adicional de estressores que os coloca sob maior probabilidade de desfechos delet&#233;rios de sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e mental, inclusive percep&#231;&#227;o de maior medo da COVID-19, por se sentirem mais vulner&#225;veis &#224; doen&#231;a<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>)</sup>. Vulnerabilidade socioecon&#244;mica, exposi&#231;&#227;o a diversas formas de viol&#234;ncia interpessoal, estigmatiza&#231;&#227;o, preconceito e exclus&#227;o social s&#227;o exemplos de estressores adicionais aos quais a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o heterossexual se encontra exposta<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>)</sup> e que podem resultar na percep&#231;&#227;o de maior medo durante a pandemia.</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis comportamentais, este estudo incluiu comportamentos relacionados ao uso de subst&#226;ncias e ao sono. Foi observado que estudantes que reportaram uso de tabaco apresentaram maiores escores de medo da COVID-19, quando comparados com aqueles abst&#234;mios de tal subst&#226;ncia. Apesar de n&#227;o consensual, existe a hip&#243;tese de fumantes estarem vulner&#225;veis a um maior risco de sofrerem complica&#231;&#245;es mais severas da COVID-19. O uso de tabaco afeta e lesiona o tecido pulmonar, aumentando o risco de les&#245;es pulmonares, o que pode facilitar a invas&#227;o do tecido pulmonar pelo coronav&#237;rus, causando sintomas mais severos e aumentando o risco de morte<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>)</sup>. Essa possibilidade de maior risco de morte e/ou complica&#231;&#245;es de uma doen&#231;a pouco conhecida pode repercutir em medo e sofrimento entre os estudantes fumantes, haja vista que o tabagismo &#233; um comportamento cuja preval&#234;ncia tende a aumentar durante a viv&#234;ncia universit&#225;ria<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao sono, estudantes que reportaram percep&#231;&#227;o de piora da qualidade de sono durante a pandemia apresentaram maiores indicadores de medo da COVID-19, quando comparados com seus pares que n&#227;o perceberam altera&#231;&#227;o no padr&#227;o de sono. Al&#233;m da piora da qualidade do sono, o maior medo da COVID-19 tamb&#233;m foi significativamente observado entre estudantes com altera&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de horas de sono, comparados aos que n&#227;o perceberam altera&#231;&#227;o. O impacto negativo da pandemia de COVID-19 na qualidade do sono foi observado em v&#225;rios estudos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>)</sup>. Sentimentos, como o medo e o pr&#243;prio isolamento social, comuns no contexto pand&#234;mico, podem atuar no aumento de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de cortisol e reduzir a s&#237;ntese de melatonina, repercutindo em altera&#231;&#245;es dos ritmos biol&#243;gicos e desregula&#231;&#227;o do eixo hipot&#225;lamo-pituit&#225;ria-adrenal que resultam em altera&#231;&#245;es no cronotipo e percep&#231;&#245;es de sono insatisfat&#243;rio<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>)</sup>. Essa evid&#234;ncia merece destaque, sobretudo, para a popula&#231;&#227;o universit&#225;ria que, mesmo em contextos pr&#233;-pand&#234;micos, apresentava alta preval&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios de sono com s&#233;rias repercuss&#245;es no desempenho acad&#234;mico<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis contextuais relacionadas &#224; pandemia demonstrou que estudantes que referiram n&#227;o cumprir o distanciamento social apresentaram menores indicadores de medo da COVID-19, se comparados aos estudantes que referiram cumprir/adotar essas medidas. Estudos sobre apelo ao medo t&#234;m demonstrado a import&#226;ncia deste construto como elemento encorajador para ado&#231;&#227;o de comportamentos adaptativos de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>)</sup>. Inclusive, evidenciando que indiv&#237;duos que sentem medo cumprem de maneira mais eficiente o distanciamento social para evitar a infec&#231;&#227;o pela doen&#231;a e, assim, levam as medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o com mais rigor<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os estudantes que reportaram pertencer ao grupo de risco para a COVID-19 apresentaram maior escore m&#233;dio de medo da COVID-19. Esse achado foi consoante ao que tem sido evidenciado pela literatura, que demonstra que indiv&#237;duos do grupo de risco para COVID-19, por serem portadores de condi&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas e comorbidades, reportam mais frequentemente, n&#237;veis intensos de preocupa&#231;&#245;es e medos relacionado &#224; doen&#231;a, principalmente por problemas de natureza psicol&#243;gica<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>)</sup>. Considerando o curso severo da doen&#231;a e os altos &#237;ndices de mortalidade entre pessoas do grupo de risco, &#233; esperado que esses manifestem medo elevado de contrair a doen&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Muitos dias de acesso &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi fator associado ao maior medo da COVID-19 em universit&#225;rios desta amostra. O acesso &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til e necess&#225;ria no cen&#225;rio de pandemia que auxilia a diminuir a dissemina&#231;&#227;o e circula&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus. Entretanto, a superexposi&#231;&#227;o a informa&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a um evento estressante pode ter efeitos negativos e resultar na eleva&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de medo e prolongar experi&#234;ncias de estresse agudo<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref>)</sup>. Evid&#234;ncias de crises sanit&#225;rias anteriores, como no surto de gripe avi&#225;ria H5N1, constatou que uma maior exposi&#231;&#227;o aos meios de comunica&#231;&#227;o social estava diretamente relacionada com o aumento de percep&#231;&#227;o de medo naquela ocasi&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>)</sup>. Na atual pandemia de COVID-19, o fen&#244;meno da &#8220;infodemia&#8221; tem ganhado destaque e relev&#226;ncia, com um volume exponencial de informa&#231;&#245;es sendo disseminadas diuturnamente, muitas delas nem sempre verdadeiras e que surgem com inten&#231;&#227;o duvidosa. Essa sobrecarga de informa&#231;&#245;es pode resultar em medo, ansiedade e sintomas de exaust&#227;o, principalmente pela incapacidade das pessoas em assimilarem todo esse volume de dados<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>&#201; importante destacar que, em estudos de corte transversal, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre exposi&#231;&#227;o e desfecho &#233; avaliada em um mesmo momento, o que impossibilita o estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#227;o causal. Al&#233;m disso, a amostra investigada &#233; de uma &#250;nica popula&#231;&#227;o, o que pode restringir a representatividade para contextos distintos. Ainda, estudos com question&#225;rios autoaplic&#225;veis, mesmo que validados e amplamente utilizados, apresentam dificuldades para o controle de perdas de dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da enfermagem</title>
          <p>O medo relacionado &#224; pandemia de COVID-19 pode impactar negativamente a sa&#250;de mental e emocional dos estudantes, bem como repercutir na vida acad&#234;mica, comprometendo o rendimento e o desempenho. Assim, conhecer os determinantes que contribuem para aumentar o medo da doen&#231;a pode auxiliar os profissionais de sa&#250;de, inclusive o enfermeiro, a propor a&#231;&#245;es direcionadas para mitigar os efeitos negativos ocasionados por essa situa&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de permitir o rastreamento de estudantes que podem se beneficiar de assist&#234;ncia social e/ou psicol&#243;gica precocemente.</p>
          <p>Acrescenta-se que os resultados obtidos podem subsidiar gestores universit&#225;rios no planejamento de pol&#237;ticas acad&#234;micas voltadas &#224; assist&#234;ncia de estudantes com maior vulnerabilidade ao medo da COVID-19, visando minimizar o sofrimento vivenciado durante o processo de forma&#231;&#227;o neste per&#237;odo pand&#234;mico.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUS&#213;ES</title>
        <p>Foi observado um elevado percentual de estudantes universit&#225;rios com moderado ou muito medo relacionado &#224; COVID-19, tendo a intensidade de percep&#231;&#227;o deste construto, se associado a caracter&#237;sticas sociais, comportamentais e contextuais relacionadas &#224; pandemia.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, o medo da COVID-19 foi influenciado por fatores associados ao sexo feminino, a percep&#231;&#227;o de piora da qualidade de sono durante a pandemia, muitos dias de acesso a informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a pandemia, n&#227;o cumprir distanciamento social, relato de horas insuficientes de sono, n&#227;o possuir companheiro(a), orienta&#231;&#227;o sexual n&#227;o heterossexual, ser do grupo de risco para COVID-19 e consumir tabaco.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>AGRADECIMENTOS</title>
        <p>Aos estudantes que participaram da pesquisa, aos membros do N&#250;cleo de Estudos em Sa&#250;de Mental (NESM), que auxiliaram na divulga&#231;&#227;o e a Pr&#243;-reitoria de Ensino de Gradua&#231;&#227;o (PROEG) da universidade pelo apoio na realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
