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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sgSWtKXDLBQng9wVm6Wx5WH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672022000700167</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00167</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0946</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Legal abortion in childhood: the official discourse and the reality of a Brazilian case</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Aborto legal en la infancia: el discurso oficial y la realidad de un caso brasile&#241;o</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8655-6549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fornari</surname>
            <given-names>Lucimara Fabiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0974-0315</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Egry</surname>
            <given-names>Emiko Yoshikawa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4490-0356</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Menegatti</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sbeghen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5584-4161</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>So</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Namie Sakata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9440-0870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa Maria Godoy Serpa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0533-7193</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Am&#233;lia de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Paulo</city>
          <state>S&#227;o Paulo</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Lucimara Fabiana Fornari E-mail: <email>lucimarafornari@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Maria Itayra Padilha</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>75</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20210946</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2022</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to identify the ideological perspectives of official discourses in relation to sexual violence, childhood pregnancy and access to legal abortion based on a Brazilian case.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>a qualitative documentary study. Data collection was carried out in documents published on official Brazilian websites, between August and December 2020. The analytical categories of gender and generation supported data analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>a total of 39 documents were selected and three empirical categories were identified: Protection against violence in the legislation and the (re)production of injuries in reality; Facing sexual violence against children by the Brazilian State; Being a Brazilian girl: gender and generational oppressions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Final considerations:</title>
          <p>the ideological perspectives of official discourses in relation to the case showed a lack of compliance with advances in Brazilian legislation on issues related to child violence and adult-centric authoritarianism, with the imposition of gender and generation subalternity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>identificar las perspectivas ideol&#243;gicas de los discursos oficiales en relaci&#243;n a la violencia sexual, el embarazo infantil y el acceso al aborto legal a partir de un caso brasile&#241;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudio documental cualitativo. La recolecci&#243;n de datos se realiz&#243; en documentos publicados en sitios web oficiales brasile&#241;os, entre agosto y diciembre de 2020. Las categor&#237;as anal&#237;ticas de g&#233;nero y generaci&#243;n apoyaron el an&#225;lisis de datos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>se seleccionaron 39 documentos y se identificaron tres categor&#237;as emp&#237;ricas: Protecci&#243;n contra la violencia en la legislaci&#243;n y la (re)producci&#243;n de lesiones en la realidad; Enfrentando la violencia sexual contra los ni&#241;os por parte del Estado brasile&#241;o; Ser ni&#241;a brasile&#241;a: opresiones generacionales y de g&#233;nero.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones finales:</title>
          <p>las perspectivas ideol&#243;gicas de los discursos oficiales en relaci&#243;n al caso mostraron una falta de adhesi&#243;n a los avances de la legislaci&#243;n brasile&#241;a en temas relacionados con la violencia infantil y el autoritarismo adultoc&#233;ntrico, con la imposici&#243;n de la subalternidad de g&#233;nero y generacional.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Child Abuse</kwd>
        <kwd>Abortion Legal</kwd>
        <kwd>Reproductive Rights</kwd>
        <kwd>Sex Offenses</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Policy.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores</title>
        <kwd>Maltrato a los Ni&#241;os</kwd>
        <kwd>Aborto Legal</kwd>
        <kwd>Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Delitos Sexuales</kwd>
        <kwd>Pol&#237;tica P&#250;blica.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>The present study was carried out with support from the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination - Brazil (CAPES - Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior) - Financing Code 001. It is also the result of a project funded by the CNPq Research Productivity Grant.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Children are vulnerable to different types of violations, such as physical, psychological, sexual, institutional, structural, intrafamilial and moral, in addition to neglect, child labor and denial of rights. Sexual violence and the attempt to prevent abortion were two of the various violations filed against Violeta, a fictitious name given to a victim of sexual violence in a Brazilian case that will be the subject of analysis in this research.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian Federal Constitution establishes that the family, society and State must guarantee children&#8217;s fundamental rights and protection against different forms of violations<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. Among the advances in Brazilian legislation related to childhood, an important legal framework was the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA - <italic>Estatuto da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente</italic>), considered the main normative and regulatory instrument of rights. ECA states that no child or adolescent shall be the object of any form of negligence, discrimination, exploitation, violence, cruelty or oppression<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although children&#8217;s rights are guaranteed by Brazilian law, in 2020, the year ECA turned 30, an emblematic case of violence against children was recorded and widely discussed in the Brazilian media. Violeta, 10 years old, living in S&#227;o Mateus, Esp&#237;rito Santo, sought care at the <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio de Moraes</italic> of the <italic>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</italic>, accompanied by her grandmother, complaining of abdominal pain. After medical assessment, a pregnancy of 22 weeks was found, a result of rapes perpetrated by her uncle since the age of six<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>With the case disclosure by the media, Violeta was the target of an intense campaign against abortion by religious and political groups, had her identity exposed on social media, was labeled a murderer and faced difficulties in accessing legal abortion due to the refusal of the health establishment where she was initially treated. Finally, with judicial authorization, the termination of pregnancy was performed by another reference health service, the <italic>Centro Integrado de Sa&#250;de Amaury de Medeiros</italic><sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>, located in Recife, Pernambuco.</p>
      <p>This case highlights the harsh reality of Brazilian girls and women, victims of sexual violence, often perpetrated by acquaintance, which have as a consequence pregnancy. Forced child pregnancy is considered when a girl under the age of 14 becomes pregnant without consent and has access to legal abortion hampered or denied. Generally, when child pregnancy becomes known, different opinions about the conduct to be taken are observed disregarding the victim&#8217;s voice and will. These opinions commonly refer to continuity of pregnancy, even if this poses a risk to health and life itself<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pregnancy in girls under the age of 14 is considered a crime because, in most cases, it is the result of sexual violence. This type of violation is often accentuated by other types of violence, perpetrated through gender stereotypes, health care and the obstacles of legislation to stop pregnancy<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A scoping review of the legal responsibility of low- and middle-income countries in sexual and reproductive health found that studies related to abortion highlighted the need to implement legislation as a guide to practice of care. Among the reasons for non-implementation were lack of knowledge by stakeholders, ideological opposition of community members or professionals, and practice of conscientious objection<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, according to the Hospital Information System, in 2020, 86 abortions were recorded for medical reasons in girls, aged 10 to 14 years. In 2021, until September, 102 similar abortions were recorded<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. Unfortunately, this data reveals only a portion of the phenomenon, because it concerns those girls who managed to have access to legal abortion. Another portion continues pregnancy, seeks clandestine services to perform abortion or becomes a victim of maternal mortality. It is noteworthy that, between 2015 and 2019, 68 deaths of Brazilian women aged 10 and 14 years were recorded due to pregnancy<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>How many of these deaths would be consequences of this situation? It is impossible to say. The available data can hide the magnitude of the problem due to the complexity and taboos surrounding child pregnancy. Moreover, a search carried out by the authors in national and international databases found a scarcity of studies on the subject, as publications that use the term early pregnancy also refer to the period of adolescence. However, it is important to consider this generalization, because being a mother at the age of 10 has greater unfavorable implications than at the age of 17.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, the exact number of girls under the age of 14 who become pregnant due to sexual violence is not known. This lack of information about the overview of child pregnancy and access to legal abortion arouses attention about how the State, represented by public agents, is ideologically positioned in relation to coping with the problem, which justifies the development of this study. Based on the above, this research had as a fundamental question: what are the ideological perspectives present in the official discourses regarding the case of sexual violence and the interruption of Violet&#8217;s pregnancy?</p>
      <p>It is worth clarifying that in this research ideology is understood as:</p>
      <disp-quote>
        <p>A logical, systematic and coherent set of representations (ideas and values) and norms or rules (of conduct) that indicate and prescribe to the members of society what they should think and how they should think, what they should value and how they should value it, what they should feel and how they should feel, what they should do and how they should do. It is, therefore, an explanatory body (representations) and practical (norms, rules, precepts) of a prescriptive, normative, regulatory nature, whose function is to give the members of a class-divided society a rational explanation for social, political and cultural differences, without ever attributing such differences to the division of society into classes, starting from divisions in the sphere of production<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>).</sup></p>
      </disp-quote>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To identify the ideological perspectives of official discourses in relation to sexual violence, childhood pregnancy and access to legal abortion based on a Brazilian case.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The research did not require the approval by Research Ethics Committee, as it used documents that were publicly available and freely accessible. The anonymity of data sources was guaranteed by replacing the name with the expression &#8220;Doc&#8221;, followed by Arabic numerals. The COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ) instrument was used to describe methodological procedures.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design and theoretical-methodological framework</title>
        <p>This is documentary research, with a qualitative approach, which had the Theory of Praxic Intervention in Nursing in Collective Health (TIPESC) as a theoretical-methodological framework. Founded on the socially determined health process&#8217;s conception, TIPESC is a nursing theory that aims at intervention in objective reality and is based on the historical and dialectical materialist world view for analysis and understanding of phenomena in their dimensions: singular (of individuals and their families), particular (of groups and social strata) and structural (more general of society)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data source</title>
        <p>The empirical material consisted of documents published on Brazilian official websites that addressed sexual violence, child pregnancy and access to legal abortion, in Violeta&#8217;s specific case.</p>
        <p>Pronouncements, decrees, norms and legislation authored or emanating from federal, State and local (hospitals) representatives, published by official online pages, related to the themes of sexual violence, child pregnancy and legal abortion, referring to Violeta, were included.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection and organization</title>
        <p>Data were collected between August 7 and December 1, 2020. The date of initiation of collection coincides with the day on which pregnancy was diagnosed by the health service. Closure was determined when the searches did not find new publications related to the case, in a period of 30 days.</p>
        <p>The terms sexual violence, rape, pregnancy and abortion were used to search the documents on the official websites. Websites of the federal government, national councils and institutions that provided direct assistance to Violeta were accessed: Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights (MWFHR); Ministry of Health (MoH); Civil House; Brazilian National Health Council (CNS - <italic>Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de</italic>); Brazilian National Council for the Rights of Children and Adolescents (CONANDA - <italic>Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente</italic>); Government of Esp&#237;rito Santo; Government of Pernambuco; <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes; Centro Integrado de Sa&#250;de Amaury de Medeiros</italic>.</p>
        <p>Twenty-five documents published by CONANDA, 11 by the MWFHR, five by the CNS, three by the MoH, two by the Government of Esp&#237;rito Santo and documents published by the Civil House, Government of Pernambuco, <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes</italic> and <italic>Centro Integrado de Sa&#250;de Amaury de Medeiros</italic> (one of each) were selected. Two references identified in the selected documents were also included, totaling 52 publications.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>After reading in full and applying the inclusion criteria, 39 publications were selected for analysis. The texts were saved as Portable Document Format (PDF). Data were extracted using an instrument adapted to an Excel spreadsheet, developed by the authors, for the exclusive use of this research, aiming at identifying place and year of publication, type of document and discourses about gender, generation, sexual violence, child pregnancy and abortion.</p>
        <p>The texts were submitted to thematic content analysis, consisting of pre-analysis, material exploration, treatment of results, interpretation and inference<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>, with the support of webQDA<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. In the software, an Excel spreadsheet was inserted into the internal font system through automatic import. In the coding system, data related to the characterization of documents (place of publication, year and type of document) were automatically coded using descriptors. The empirical categories resulting from the analysis were constructed through tree codes.</p>
        <p>The construction of empirical categories was carried out in the light of gender and generation analytical categories. The gender category considers inequalities that come from differences between men and women in society, constituting power relations, and the meanings attributed to the different ways of expression of masculinity and femininity<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. The generation category is a social construction created from various parameters of society, whether historical, economic, political, cultural and others. In this understanding of the generational category, childhood refers to the place occupied by children in the structure of society, which has the adult category as hegemonic and dominant<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>Of the 39 documents analyzed, 24 were published in 2020. The others were published in previous years, as they legally supported and influenced the outcome of the case; the first was ECA, from 1990. As for the types of publications, notes (8), news (6), resolutions (6), laws (3), manifestos (2), recommendations (2), decrees (2), letters (2) and reports (2) stand out. A letter, a decision by the Brazilian National Justice Department, a national policy, a national plan, an ordinance and a base document of the XI Brazilian National Conference on Children&#8217;s and Adolescents&#8217; Rights were also found.</p>
      <p>Data analysis allowed us to identify three empirical categories: <italic>Protection against violence in the legislation and the (re)production of injuries in reality; Facing sexual violence against children by the Brazilian State; Being a Brazilian girl: gender and generational oppressions</italic>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Protection against violence in the legislation and the (re)production of injuries in reality</title>
        <p>In Brazil, children&#8217;s rights are guaranteed by the Federal Constitution, the Penal Code and ECA, documents in which they are responsible for guaranteeing these rights to the family, society and the State, represented by the Union, Federal District, states and cities.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Art. 227. It is the duty of the family, society and the State to ensure children, adolescents and young people, with absolute priority, the right to life, health, food, education, leisure, professionalization, culture, dignity, respect, freedom and family life. and community, as well as protecting them from all forms of neglect, discrimination, exploitation, violence, cruelty and oppression.</italic> (Doc 8)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>The official documents also mentioned the services responsible for child welcoming and care, with emphasis on the family protection network, the justice system, public security, the health system and councils. However, in the case of Violeta, the lack of accountability of the Guardianship Council in monitoring the intersectoral network was evidenced.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>(...) <italic>the need for greater action by the Guardianship Council in the face of child protection actions was observed, including the dialogue between the child and her family with the Judiciary and the Public Ministry. This function is primarily of the Guardianship Council.</italic> (Doc 7)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>In addition to the deficient performance, the case reveals the curtailment of legally guaranteed rights, identified by the lack of protection against sexual violence and by the care conducted according to adults&#8217; will, represented by government agents and professionals from the intersectoral network.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>We are concerned and indignant about the pilgrimage of a 10-year-old child, a victim of rape since the age of 6, who had to travel from one state to another in search of this public health service, which he was denied at first. Legal abortion, guaranteed by Brazilian legislation in cases of rape, must be accessed by all women who need it, at the appropriate time and place.</italic> (Doc 19)</p>
          <p><italic>The child was welcomed by the multidisciplinary team of the Program for Assistance to Women Victims of Sexual Violence, which has been operating at the University Hospital since 1998. After examinations, the team found that the conditions of pregnancy development (22 weeks and four days and a fetal weight of 537 grams) indicated a procedure that does not fit the protocol adopted by the hospital.</italic> (Doc 13)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>The violence experienced by Violeta did not only occur in the singular sphere, when she suffered successive violations by her uncle, but also when she sought support from the intersectoral network, since a portion of professionals was vehemently opposed to abortion.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>They irresponsibly used the pain of a child and a family in favor of ideological banners that do nothing to improve the mechanisms for protecting children.</italic> (Doc 2)</p>
          <p><italic>Even more revolting is to witness the involvement of public agents, responsible for the execution of protection, defense and reception laws, acting contrary to what is imputed to them by office. Religious fundamentalism is incapable of a democratic State of law, which in its Citizen Constitution expresses that Brazil is a secular State.</italic> (Doc 19)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>The position against abortion expressed by a portion of professionals in the intersectoral network and public agents was influenced by an ideological perspective based on religious fundamentalism. This reveals that, in practice, personal conjectures were superimposed on the rights provided by Brazilian legislation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Facing sexual violence against children by the Brazilian State</title>
        <p>Official documents consider sexual violence a complex phenomenon based on gender and generation inequities, without presenting how these two social categories are understood. They recognize that this type of violence triggers reflexes for child development and traumatic consequences in adult life. The occurrence of pregnancy is an aggravating factor of the violence experienced, as can be seen in the following excerpts.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>This form of</italic> [sexual] <italic>violence is revealed in unequal power relations between children, adolescents and adults, and is permeated by the socioeconomic and gender inequalities present in society. In addition, it demonstrates the permissiveness of society in relation to objectification of the female body, the early eroticization of girls and what has been called rape culture.</italic> (Doc 35)</p>
          <p><italic>Violence creates scars and generates serious consequences in the biopsychosocial development of victims, and can produce traumas that interfere throughout life, and the suffering caused by the sexual abuse of children and adolescents becomes even more intense and serious when the victim becomes pregnant with the aggressor, especially in incest situations, being a situation that reveals a double violence and aggression to the rights of children and adolescents.</italic> (Doc 14)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Official documents highlight the need to involve the different public policy management segments of society in the fight against sexual violence against children. They emphasize that the three levels of government are responsible for promoting actions aimed at identifying violence and offering adequate conditions for professionals working in care services, contributing to the fight against institutional violence.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>The union, the states, the Federal District and the cities may periodically promote awareness campaigns for society, promoting the identification of violations of rights and guarantees of children and adolescents and the dissemination of protection services and care flows, as a way to avoid institutional violence.</italic> (Doc 27)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Due to the complexity of sexual violence, they reinforce the need for integration between childcare services, since tackling the problem depends on a structured network for harm reduction, monitoring of victims and periodic assessment of implemented actions.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Formulate guidelines and parameters for structuring integrated care networks for children and adolescents in situations of violence, based on the principles of celerity, humanization and continuity of care.</italic> (Doc 31)</p>
          <p><italic>The service must be an ethical and professional practice, in accordance with the regulations of the respective professional bodies and cannot aggravate the psychological suffering of child and adolescent victims or witnesses of crimes, and the time and silence of those who are heard must be respected, with emergency protection measures prevailing.</italic> (Doc 30)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>In addition to the responsibility of the State and the services that make up the intersectoral network, the participation of the family is mentioned for comprehensive child protection.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>(...) <italic>strengthen family competences in relation to comprehensive protection and education in human rights of children and adolescents in the space of family and community coexistence.</italic> (Doc 31)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>This empirical category reveals that the Brazilian State recognizes the problem of sexual violence against children and proposes actions to face it. However, what is verified in the concrete reality is the omission of public management in the implementation of these actions, since Violeta reported having suffered sexual violence for four consecutive years.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Being a Brazilian girl: gender and generational oppressions</title>
        <p>Part of the documents addressed, albeit superficially, issues of gender and generation, recognizing the deleterious consequences of the State&#8217;s failure to defend children&#8217;s rights as a result of sexism and the androcentric vision prevailing in capitalist society. The approach of gender and generation was considered superficial, due to the use of terms without sufficiently describing their concept or supporting them theoretically in the relevant references.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>The International Declaration of Sexual Rights recognizes that the rights of women and girls are a comprehensive part of universal human rights that sexual rights are the inalienable heritage of all human beings and that their promotion and protection is a primary responsibility of governments.</italic> (Doc 20)</p>
          <p><italic>The difficulty in accessing the right and its almost obstacles contributed to prolonging the suffering and reinforcing the violence already suffered by this child and her family. It is a process that explains the strength of patriarchy and oppression over women in the capitalist and sexist society in which we live. Such a situation cannot be made invisible, nor naturalized.</italic> (Doc 19)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Some speeches highlighted that gender inequality conditions women from childhood to a subordinate position in the social hierarchy, which increases the risk of exposure to different types of violence. Thus, State actions aimed at guaranteeing the human rights of girls and women stand out as fundamental. The documents also emphasize the need to address gender inequality from childhood, given that violence is a social construction.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>(...) <italic>considering that inequalities between girls and boys are socially and culturally constructed from childhood and adolescence, shaping conceptions and behaviors that often disadvantage girls and lead to violations and violence in their life trajectories related to the fact that they are women.</italic> (Doc 19)</p>
          <p><italic>They underscore the urgent need for gender inequality to be recognized and addressed from childhood and adolescence, especially through policies, budget and public services that include sex education to decide, contraceptives to avoid [having an] abortion and legal abortion to avoid dying.</italic> (Doc 14)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>Regarding the generation category, the documents give visibility to advances in the field of children&#8217;s rights, from the approval of ECA, with emphasis on the necessary prioritization of actions so that children and adolescents are recognized as social subjects and with rights.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>The vision of the &#8220;child-object&#8221;, of the &#8220;minor child&#8221;, i.e., the hygienist and correctional vision is replaced by the vision of children as subjects of rights. The most important part of this movement, inaugurated by the Constituent Child and which culminated in the approval of the Child and Adolescent Statute - ECA, in 1990, is the affirmation of the universality of children&#8217;s rights.</italic> (Doc 31)</p>
          <p>(...) <italic>considering that the Child and Adolescent Statute - Law 8.069/1990 (ECA) recognizes children and adolescents as people in a peculiar condition of development and as subjects of rights, worthy of receiving full protection and having their best interest guaranteed, it is established that their rights must be promoted and protected in the first place as an absolute priority.</italic> (Doc 14)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>In the documents analyzed, a change in the conception of children can be observed, since from ECA they began to be understood as social subjects with rights. However, it appears that Violeta was not treated, in fact, as a bearer of rights, in most of the case. Through her silencing, the aggressor&#8217;s threat, the re-victimization by professionals and public agents, the initial devaluation of her desire to terminate her pregnancy and the blame for abortion are identified.</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>The girl reportedly said that she had been a victim of the crime since she was 6 years old and that she did not report it out of fear because she was threatened.</italic> (Doc 7)</p>
          <p>(...) <italic>that rape be condemned and the rapist be punished and, above all, be understood, once and for all, that it is necessary to STOP blaming girls and women, victims of a heinous crime, which represents the most perverse expression of patriarchy and sexism.</italic> (Doc 12)</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>The official documents selected in this research did not specifically address child pregnancy, only general issues related to girls&#8217; and adolescents&#8217; sexual and reproductive rights. The discussion on legal abortion was exclusively guided by the Penal Code, considering the procedure from the perspective of criminalization.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>Brazilian public policies for childcare are important elements for structuring a system of legal guarantees of rights. This system involves subjects and services that constitute the support network responsible for the prevention, accountability and care of situations of violence<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the results of this research show advance in the guarantee of children&#8217;s rights in Brazil, they also reveal setbacks, especially in the implementation of actions for such realization. Given the diversity of violations to which Violeta was exposed, the question is: to what extent does Brazil protect and guarantee children&#8217;s rights? The data from this study show that challenges related to coping with sexual violence and access to legal abortion are still present in Brazilian society. They are associated with the predominant conception of society as androcentric and patriarchal, which establishes a unilateral adult-child power relationship, in which children are considered as property and controlled through silencing and subalternization.</p>
      <p>After much discussion and mobilization, especially of women&#8217;s movements, responsible for occupying spaces where conservative groups were concentrated for the defense of children&#8217;s rights, Violeta&#8217;s decision was respected. Historically, feminist movements are the main responsible for discussion about abortion, in the sense that women have autonomy over their bodies and destinies, as well as for public policies on the subject to have legal and institutional advances<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The violations experienced by Violeta went beyond the singular sphere and were reproduced in particular by professionals from the hospital service responsible for the first care and by conservative groups that spoke out against abortion and exposed the child&#8217;s and their family&#8217;s privacy on social networks.</p>
      <p>An African study conducted with 86 health professionals working in post-abortion care found that 27% of participants considered the interruption of pregnancy a sin. They also suggested counseling as a measure of care for continuity of pregnancy, even when abortion was legally guaranteed<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. Another study, conducted with two rape victims in India, indicated that they had to resort to the justice system after health professionals refused the procedure. This data revealed the need for training of health professionals for developing good practices, sensitive to gender issues, in order to reduce barriers to access, attitudes of prejudice and neglect<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the structural dimension, there was an influence of political and religious representatives for not interrupting pregnancy, even if supported by law, which reveals the following contradiction: at the same time that the legislation provided support for Violeta to have an abortion, public agents expressed their opposition and objection, solely based on personal beliefs, mostly of a religious nature.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, since 2014, a political polarization has been evidenced, in which the conservative political movements of the extreme right have stood out. These movements are situated in the convergence between neoliberalism, neoconservatism and religious fundamentalism. They consider that gender ideology is a threat to the moral values of society, so it needs to be fought. In this context, there is a predominance of discourses that naturalize and justify gender violence as a way of maintaining the current social order<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Conservative ideology politically structured has an influence on the institutions of power that make up Brazilian society, such as the justice and health system. In the Western world, power materializes in its own legal language and uses strategies to take root and be exercised in the micro-relationships of power. The use of legal norms by doctors and jurists to deny assistance to women seeking abortion provided by law is a result of an unequal relationship of power, anchored in the growing relevance of regulatory and regulatory actions<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, the defense of conservative conceptions, based on religious beliefs and expressed by public agents, to the detriment of children&#8217;s rights, clearly reveals the absence of secularism in the Brazilian State. Moreover, the criminalization of abortion stands out, despite the circumstance in which pregnancy occurred<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. According to Brazilian legislation, abortion is allowed when pregnancy represents a risk to a pregnant woman&#8217;s life or is a result of sexual violence<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. Violet&#8217;s pregnancy met both requirements, but the right to terminate it was not immediately assured after her decision.</p>
      <p>The appreciation of an unborn child&#8217;s life as opposed to a pregnant child&#8217;s life by conservative groups that were against the decision for legal abortion reveals the intersectionality of gender and generation issues. With regard to gender, the sacredness of motherhood was considered more relevant than the situation of sexual violence against a child. In contrast, the sacredness of Violeta&#8217;s body, which was violated, was not the subject of an equally intense debate by the same agents who preached the concept&#8217;s salvation. In terms of generation, children&#8217;s autonomy in decision-making was completely annulled, with adults&#8217; will prevailing even though Violeta had repeatedly stated her desire to terminate her pregnancy.</p>
      <p>Respect for children&#8217;s desires, when making decisions about their body, is related to care and attention given to listen to them in a qualified listening, which is not only correct, but necessary. Only by listening to it will it be possible to understand the nature, scale and impact of violence on their life. The right to participate, manifest and have their will respected is not only fundamental to children&#8217;s dignity and autonomy, but as a vital dimension of protection against the abuse and exploitation of those with less power<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The discourses analyzed reveal the domination of aggressors and the different social subjects over childhood and the female body by silencing their rights, desires and autonomy. In view of this, public policies for child protection proved to be insufficient. To ensure the girl&#8217;s right to abortion, it was necessary to break with the various conceptions that reinforce the unequal and oppressive character of man-woman and child-adult relations<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The superficial approach of gender and generation content in the official documents analyzed proved to be an important obstacle, as it was not possible to know how they were considered. Gender inequality is responsible for female subalternity and is expressed through different types of violations<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>. Also, girls are also considered family property and without rights<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recognizing children as subjects of rights has advanced in the last 40 years, mainly through the Convention on the Rights of the Child, held in 1989<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>, which had an impact on the legislation of different countries. In Brazil, although part of the official documents reflects this change of conception, this was not confirmed in the case analyzed.</p>
      <p>The situation of sexual violence became evident when Violeta was already pregnant. Fear of her uncle&#8217;s threats prevented her from seeking support from the formal and informal support network. Their silence can also be linked to blaming and accountability for situations of violence, as girls are continuously judged by their behaviors, ways of speaking, dressing and playing<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>, which reinforces the culture of rape, widespread in society.</p>
      <p>The understanding of violence as a product of power relations established between adults and children contributes to deconstructing the rape culture that reifies and eroticizes the bodies of girls for the sexual satisfaction of adult men<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>. The recognition of violence against children as a result of a historical and social construction is essential to prevent, identify and address the problem.</p>
      <p>The findings of this research confirm that children, especially girls, form a vulnerable social group, subject to different types of violations that go beyond the family sphere and reproduce in the public spaces of society. Therefore, investment in an efficient and effective support network is fundamental to guarantee children&#8217;s rights.</p>
      <p>The responsibility of the family, civil society and State in protecting children and in confronting the violence of which they are victims reveals the complexity of the phenomenon and the urgency of concrete actions in defense of children protection. The comprehensive children protection depends on an integrated network, consisting of qualified professionals and with adequate conditions of care, to identify and intervene in situations of violence<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</sup>. Furthermore, children need to have a voice and listening space so that their demands are transformed into effective public policies.</p>
      <p>It is necessary to denaturalize violence in society and to overcome the barriers that prevent education for emancipation. A study conducted in Vietnam with schoolchildren identified that they did not receive sufficient information about sexuality from parents and the school, resulting in distorted perceptions about sexual abuse, such as that perpetrators would not be related or that school and home were safe places<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cases of violence against children and adolescents require the strengthening of services and actions to meet their needs, which should include, from adequate treatment by justice and public security systems, to physical, emotional and psychosocial support offered by health systems, social assistance and education<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>)</sup>. However, the structuring of child protection services, the lack of investments and conservative political-ideological positions in relation to the topic make it difficult to apply protective legislation.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in addition to the restructuring of health services and welcoming, it is also necessary to combat the interference of religious groups and private interests in the Brazilian State. It is essential that governments cease to invoke religious customs, traditions or influences to avoid fulfilling their obligations in protecting rights and enter into a commitment to condemn violence against women and children<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The present study had as limitation the access only to official documents published online and publicly available. The data collection period, covering only the months in which the case was disclosed, was also a limitation due to Violeta&#8217;s entry into the Victims and Witnesses Protection Program, given the repercussion of the case and the threats made to her. However, these limitations do not invalidate the results, as the data were sufficient to highlight the contradictions and support the analysis of the phenomenon.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to public policies</title>
        <p>The results of this study add new knowledge about sexual violence, child pregnancy and legal abortion, drawing attention to a phenomenon still little explored in public policies, as well as in scientific literature. In addition to this, they raise reflections on the Brazilian system of guaranteeing rights, the implementation of public policies and the strengthening of care for girls who are victims of sexual violence.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>The study of ideological perspectives contained in documents and official discourses on the subject revealed that, although they contained concepts related to respect for children&#8217;s rights and child protection, these were not enough to recognize and confront sexual violence, child pregnancy and access to legal abortion, in this specific case.</p>
      <p>The official documents analyzed revealed conservative conceptions as the main barrier to guaranteeing children&#8217;s rights, based mainly on religion and the principled criminalization of abortion. These conceptions, when expressed by political representatives, also call into question the Brazilian State secularism, in spite of having declared itself so, since the Federal Constitution of 1988.</p>
      <p>In addition, the superficiality with which gender and generation contents were addressed in official documents reveals the need to deepen and spread these concepts, as well as their contextualization, so that the phenomenon of violence can be understood and faced from a critical and emancipatory perspective.</p>
      <p>Finally, it is necessary to combat and overcome androcentrism and patriarchy within governmental bodies, allowing women and children to also occupy the spaces for debates and decisions. Moreover, it is urgent to recognize that the support network for children&#8217;s rights requires financial investments from managers of the three spheres of government, to enable the improvement of tools, strategies and critical positions to face violence. The underfunding of actions that is now evident reveals a perverse facet of the current scenario of setback and dismantling of current public programs and policies.</p>
      <p>The study also showed the strength of popular movements - especially women - in the search for the guarantee of rights of children involved. Thus, it is necessary to recognize and enhance this action, with the health sector allied to social control in favor of the defense of sexual and reproductive rights of people of all generations.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>FUNDING</bold>
        </p>
        <p>The present study was carried out with support from the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination - Brazil (CAPES - <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic>) - Financing Code 001. It is also the result of a project funded by the CNPq Research Productivity Grant.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0946pt</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aborto legal na inf&#226;ncia: o discurso oficial e a realidade de um caso brasileiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8655-6549</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fornari</surname>
            <given-names>Lucimara Fabiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0974-0315</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Egry</surname>
            <given-names>Emiko Yoshikawa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4490-0356</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Menegatti</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Sbeghen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5584-4161</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>So</surname>
            <given-names>Karen Namie Sakata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9440-0870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Rosa Maria Godoy Serpa da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0533-7193</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Am&#233;lia de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> Lucimara Fabiana Fornari E-mail: <email>lucimarafornari@usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR CHEFE: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Maria Itayra Padilha</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>identificar as perspectivas ideol&#243;gicas dos discursos oficiais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; viol&#234;ncia sexual, &#224; gravidez na inf&#226;ncia e ao acesso ao aborto legal a partir de um caso brasileiro.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudo documental qualitativo. A coleta de dados foi realizada em documentos publicados em sites oficiais brasileiros, entre agosto e dezembro de 2020. As categorias anal&#237;ticas de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o deram suporte &#224; an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>foram selecionados 39 documentos e identificadas tr&#234;s categorias emp&#237;ricas: <italic>A prote&#231;&#227;o contra a viol&#234;ncia na legisla&#231;&#227;o e a (re)produ&#231;&#227;o dos agravos na realidade; O enfrentamento da viol&#234;ncia sexual contra a crian&#231;a pelo Estado brasileiro; Ser menina brasileira: opress&#245;es de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais:</title>
          <p>as perspectivas ideol&#243;gicas dos discursos oficiais em rela&#231;&#227;o ao caso mostraram falta de ades&#227;o aos avan&#231;os na legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira nos temas relativos &#224; viol&#234;ncia infantil e autoritarismo adultoc&#234;ntrico, com imposi&#231;&#227;o de subalternidade de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Maus-tratos Infantis</kwd>
        <kwd>Aborto Legal</kwd>
        <kwd>Direitos Sexuais e Reprodutivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Delitos Sexuais</kwd>
        <kwd>Pol&#237;tica P&#250;blica.</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CAPES</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001. Tamb&#233;m &#233; resultado de projeto financiado por Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>As crian&#231;as s&#227;o vulner&#225;veis a diferentes tipos de viola&#231;&#245;es, como a f&#237;sica, psicol&#243;gica, sexual, institucional, estrutural, intrafamiliar e moral, al&#233;m da neglig&#234;ncia, do trabalho infantil e da nega&#231;&#227;o de direitos. A viol&#234;ncia sexual e a tentativa de impedir o aborto foram duas dentre as diversas viola&#231;&#245;es impetradas por Violeta, nome fict&#237;cio dado a uma v&#237;tima de viol&#234;ncia sexual, em um caso brasileiro que ser&#225; objeto de an&#225;lise nesta pesquisa.</p>
        <p>A Constitui&#231;&#227;o Federal brasileira estabelece como responsabilidade da fam&#237;lia, da sociedade e do Estado garantir &#224;s crian&#231;as os direitos fundamentais e a prote&#231;&#227;o contra diferentes formas de viola&#231;&#245;es<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>)</sup>. Dentre os avan&#231;os na legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira relacionados &#224; inf&#226;ncia, um importante marco legal foi o Estatuto da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente (ECA), considerado o principal instrumento normativo e regulador de direitos. O ECA estabelece que nenhuma crian&#231;a ou adolescente ser&#225; objeto de qualquer forma de neglig&#234;ncia, discrimina&#231;&#227;o, explora&#231;&#227;o, viol&#234;ncia, crueldade ou opress&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Apesar de os direitos das crian&#231;as estarem assegurados pela legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira, em 2020, ano em que o ECA completou 30 anos, foi registrado e amplamente discutido na m&#237;dia brasileira um caso emblem&#225;tico de viol&#234;ncia contra a crian&#231;a. Violeta, 10 anos, residente em S&#227;o Mateus, Esp&#237;rito Santo, buscou atendimento no Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio de Moraes da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, acompanhada pela av&#243;, com queixa de dor abdominal. Ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, foi constatada gravidez de 22 semanas, resultado de estupros perpetrados pelo tio, desde os seis anos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Com a divulga&#231;&#227;o do caso pela m&#237;dia, Violeta foi alvo de intensa campanha contra o aborto por grupos religiosos e pol&#237;ticos, teve sua identidade exposta nas redes sociais, foi taxada de assassina e enfrentou dificuldade para o acesso ao aborto legal devido &#224; recusa do estabelecimento de sa&#250;de onde foi inicialmente atendida. Finalmente, com autoriza&#231;&#227;o judicial, a interrup&#231;&#227;o da gravidez foi realizada por outro servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de de refer&#234;ncia, o Centro Integrado de Sa&#250;de Amaury de Medeiros<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>)</sup>, localizado em Recife, Pernambuco.</p>
        <p>Esse caso evidencia a dura realidade de meninas e mulheres brasileiras, v&#237;timas de viol&#234;ncia sexual, muitas vezes perpetrada por pessoas conhecidas, que t&#234;m como consequ&#234;ncia a gravidez. Considera-se gravidez infantil for&#231;ada quando uma menina menor de 14 anos engravida sem consentimento e tem o acesso ao aborto legal dificultado ou negado. Geralmente, quando a gravidez infantil se torna conhecida, observam-se diferentes opini&#245;es sobre a conduta a ser tomada, desconsiderando a voz e a vontade da v&#237;tima. Essas opini&#245;es comumente se reportam &#224; continuidade da gesta&#231;&#227;o, mesmo que isso represente um risco &#224; sa&#250;de e &#224; pr&#243;pria vida<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A gravidez em meninas menores de 14 anos &#233; considerada crime, pois, na maior parte dos casos, &#233; resultado de viol&#234;ncia sexual. Esse tipo de viola&#231;&#227;o geralmente &#233; acentuado por outros tipos de viol&#234;ncia, perpetrados por meio dos estere&#243;tipos de g&#234;nero, da aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de e dos obst&#225;culos da legisla&#231;&#227;o para a interrup&#231;&#227;o da gravidez<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Uma revis&#227;o de escopo sobre a responsabilidade legal dos pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda na sa&#250;de sexual e reprodutiva constatou que os estudos relacionados ao aborto destacaram a necessidade de implementa&#231;&#227;o da legisla&#231;&#227;o como orienta&#231;&#227;o para a pr&#225;tica de atendimento. Dentre as raz&#245;es para a n&#227;o implementa&#231;&#227;o, foram elencadas aus&#234;ncia de conhecimento por parte das interessadas, oposi&#231;&#227;o ideol&#243;gica de membros da comunidade ou profissionais e pr&#225;tica da obje&#231;&#227;o de consci&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, de acordo com o Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares, no ano de 2020, foram registrados 86 abortos por raz&#245;es m&#233;dicas em meninas na faixa et&#225;ria de 10 a 14 anos. Em 2021, at&#233; o m&#234;s de setembro, foram registrados 102 abortos semelhantes<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>)</sup>. Infelizmente, esse dado revela apenas uma parcela do fen&#244;meno, pois diz respeito &#224;quelas meninas que conseguiram ter acesso ao aborto legal. Outra parcela d&#225; continuidade &#224; gesta&#231;&#227;o, busca servi&#231;os clandestinos para realizar o aborto ou torna-se v&#237;tima da mortalidade materna. Cabe ressaltar que, entre os anos de 2015 e 2019, foram registrados 68 &#243;bitos de brasileiras, na faixa et&#225;ria de 10 e 14 anos, em decorr&#234;ncia da gravidez<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Quantas dessas mortes seriam consequ&#234;ncias dessa situa&#231;&#227;o? Imposs&#237;vel afirmar. Os dados dispon&#237;veis podem ocultar a magnitude do problema em raz&#227;o da complexidade e dos tabus que cercam a gravidez infantil. Al&#233;m disso, busca realizada pelas autoras nas bases de dados nacionais e internacionais verificou escassez de estudos sobre a tem&#225;tica, pois as publica&#231;&#245;es que utilizam o termo gravidez precoce tamb&#233;m se reportam ao per&#237;odo da adolesc&#234;ncia. Todavia, &#233; importante ponderar essa generaliza&#231;&#227;o, pois ser m&#227;e aos 10 anos tem implica&#231;&#245;es desfavor&#225;veis maiores do que aos 17 anos.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, n&#227;o se tem conhecimento do n&#250;mero exato de meninas menores de 14 anos que engravidam em decorr&#234;ncia da viol&#234;ncia sexual. Essa aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o panorama da gravidez infantil e do acesso ao aborto legal desperta a aten&#231;&#227;o sobre a maneira como o Estado, representado pelos agentes p&#250;blicos, posiciona-se ideologicamente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao enfrentamento do problema, o que justifica o desenvolvimento deste estudo. Com base no exposto, esta pesquisa teve como quest&#227;o norteadora: quais as perspectivas ideol&#243;gicas presentes nos discursos oficiais em rela&#231;&#227;o ao caso de viol&#234;ncia sexual e &#224; interrup&#231;&#227;o da gravidez de Violeta?</p>
        <p>Vale esclarecer que nesta pesquisa a ideologia &#233; entendida como:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>Um conjunto l&#243;gico, sistem&#225;tico e coerente de representa&#231;&#245;es (ideias e valores) e de normas ou regras (de conduta) que indicam e prescrevem aos membros da sociedade o que devem pensar e como devem pensar, o que devem valorizar e como devem valorizar, o que devem sentir e como devem sentir, o que devem fazer e como devem fazer. Ela &#233;, portanto, um corpo explicativo (representa&#231;&#245;es) e pr&#225;tico (normas, regras, preceitos) de car&#225;ter prescritivo, normativo, regulador, cuja fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; dar aos membros de uma sociedade dividida em classes uma explica&#231;&#227;o racional para as diferen&#231;as sociais, pol&#237;ticas e culturais, sem jamais atribuir tais diferen&#231;as &#224; divis&#227;o da sociedade em classes, a partir das divis&#245;es na esfera da produ&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Identificar as perspectivas ideol&#243;gicas dos discursos oficiais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; viol&#234;ncia sexual, &#224; gravidez na inf&#226;ncia e ao acesso ao aborto legal, a partir de um caso brasileiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>A pesquisa dispensou aprecia&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa, pois utilizou documentos disponibilizados publicamente e de livre acesso. O anonimato das fontes de dados foi garantido mediante a substitui&#231;&#227;o do nome pela express&#227;o &#8220;Doc&#8221;, seguida de algarismo ar&#225;bico. Foi utilizado o instrumento <italic>COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research</italic> (COREQ) para a descri&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo e referencial te&#243;rico-metodol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>Trata-se de pesquisa documental, de abordagem qualitativa, que teve como referencial te&#243;rico-metodol&#243;gico a Teoria de Interven&#231;&#227;o Pr&#225;xica de Enfermagem em Sa&#250;de Coletiva (TIPESC). Fundada na concep&#231;&#227;o do processo de sa&#250;de socialmente determinado, a TIPESC &#233; uma teoria de enfermagem que visa &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o na realidade objetiva, tomando por base a vis&#227;o de mundo materialista hist&#243;rica e dial&#233;tica para an&#225;lise e compreens&#227;o dos fen&#244;menos nas suas dimens&#245;es: singular (dos indiv&#237;duos e suas fam&#237;lias), particular (de grupos e estratos sociais) e estrutural (mais geral da sociedade)<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fonte de dados</title>
          <p>O material emp&#237;rico foi constitu&#237;do por documentos divulgados em sites oficiais brasileiros que abordaram a viol&#234;ncia sexual, a gravidez infantil e o acesso ao aborto legal, no caso espec&#237;fico de Violeta.</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos pronunciamentos, decretos, normas e legisla&#231;&#245;es de autoria ou emanados de representantes federais, estaduais e locais (hospitais), veiculados por p&#225;ginas oficiais <italic>online</italic>, relacionados &#224;s tem&#225;ticas da viol&#234;ncia sexual, da gravidez infantil e do aborto legal, referentes &#224; Violeta.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>Os dados foram coletados entre 7 de agosto e 1 de dezembro de 2020. A data de in&#237;cio da coleta coincide com o dia no qual a gravidez foi diagnosticada pelo servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de. O encerramento foi determinado quando as buscas n&#227;o encontraram novas publica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao caso, em um per&#237;odo de 30 dias.</p>
          <p>Para a busca dos documentos nos sites oficiais, foram utilizados os termos viol&#234;ncia sexual, estupro, gravidez e aborto. Foram acessados sites do governo federal, de conselhos nacionais e de institui&#231;&#245;es que prestaram atendimento direto a Violeta: Minist&#233;rio da Mulher, da Fam&#237;lia e dos Direitos Humanos (MMFDH); Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (MS); Casa Civil; Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS); Conselho Nacional dos Direitos da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente (CONANDA); Governo do Estado do Esp&#237;rito Santo; Governo do Estado de Pernambuco; Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes; e Centro Integrado de Sa&#250;de Amaury de Medeiros.</p>
          <p>Foram selecionados 25 documentos publicados pelo CONANDA, 11 pelo MMFDH, cinco pelo CNS, tr&#234;s pelo MS, dois pelo Governo do Estado do Esp&#237;rito Santo e documentos publicados pela Casa Civil, Governo do Estado de Pernambuco, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Cassiano Ant&#244;nio Moraes e Centro Integrado de Sa&#250;de Amaury de Medeiros (um de cada). Tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;das duas refer&#234;ncias identificadas nos documentos selecionados, totalizando 52 publica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a leitura na &#237;ntegra e aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, foram selecionadas para an&#225;lise 39 publica&#231;&#245;es. Os textos foram salvos como <italic>Portable Document Format</italic> (pdf). Os dados foram extra&#237;dos com aux&#237;lio de um instrumento adaptado a uma planilha <italic>Excel</italic>, desenvolvido pelas autoras, para uso exclusivo desta pesquisa, com o objetivo de apreender local e ano de publica&#231;&#227;o, tipo de documento e discursos sobre g&#234;nero, gera&#231;&#227;o, viol&#234;ncia sexual, gravidez infantil e aborto.</p>
          <p>Os textos foram submetidos &#224; an&#225;lise de conte&#250;do tem&#225;tica, constitu&#237;da pelas etapas de pr&#233;-an&#225;lise, explora&#231;&#227;o do material, tratamento dos resultados, interpreta&#231;&#227;o e infer&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>)</sup>, com o apoio do <italic>software webQDA</italic><sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>)</sup>. No <italic>software</italic>, a planilha <italic>Excel</italic> foi inserida no sistema de fontes internas por meio da importa&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica. No sistema de codifica&#231;&#227;o, os dados relacionados &#224; caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos documentos (local de publica&#231;&#227;o, ano e tipo de documento) foram codificados automaticamente por meio dos descritores. As categorias emp&#237;ricas decorrentes da an&#225;lise foram constru&#237;das por meio dos c&#243;digos &#225;rvores.</p>
          <p>A constru&#231;&#227;o das categorias emp&#237;ricas foi realizada &#224; luz das categorias anal&#237;ticas g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o. A categoria g&#234;nero considera as desigualdades advindas das diferen&#231;as existentes entre homens e mulheres na sociedade, constituindo rela&#231;&#245;es de poder, e os significados atribu&#237;dos &#224;s diferentes maneiras de express&#227;o da masculinidade e da feminilidade<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>)</sup>. A categoria gera&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma constru&#231;&#227;o social criada a partir de diversos par&#226;metros da sociedade, sejam eles hist&#243;ricos, econ&#244;micos, pol&#237;ticos, culturais e outros. Nesta compreens&#227;o de categoria geracional, a inf&#226;ncia se refere ao lugar ocupado pelas crian&#231;as na estrutura da sociedade, que tem a categoria adulta como hegem&#244;nica e dominante<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Dos 39 documentos analisados, 24 foram publicados no ano de 2020. Os demais foram publicados em anos anteriores, uma vez que ampararam legalmente e influenciaram o desfecho do caso; o primeiro foi o ECA, de 1990. Quanto aos tipos de publica&#231;&#245;es, destacaram-se notas (8), not&#237;cias (6), resolu&#231;&#245;es (6), leis (3), manifestos (2), recomenda&#231;&#245;es (2), decretos (2), cartas (2) e relat&#243;rios (2). Foram ainda encontrados um of&#237;cio, uma decis&#227;o da Corregedoria Nacional de Justi&#231;a, uma pol&#237;tica nacional, um plano nacional, uma portaria e um documento base da XI Confer&#234;ncia Nacional dos Direitos da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos dados permitiu identificar tr&#234;s categorias emp&#237;ricas: <italic>A prote&#231;&#227;o contra a viol&#234;ncia na legisla&#231;&#227;o e a (re)produ&#231;&#227;o de agravos na realidade; O enfrentamento da viol&#234;ncia sexual contra a crian&#231;a pelo Estado brasileiro</italic>; e <italic>Ser menina brasileira: opress&#245;es de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o</italic>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>A prote&#231;&#227;o contra a viol&#234;ncia na legisla&#231;&#227;o e a (re)produ&#231;&#227;o de agravos na realidade</title>
          <p>No Brasil, os direitos da crian&#231;a s&#227;o assegurados pela Constitui&#231;&#227;o Federal, pelo C&#243;digo Penal e pelo ECA, documentos nos quais s&#227;o responsabilizados pela garantia desses direitos &#224; fam&#237;lia, &#224; sociedade e ao Estado, representado pela Uni&#227;o, Distrito Federal, estados e munic&#237;pios.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Art. 227. &#201; dever da fam&#237;lia, da sociedade e do Estado assegurar &#224; crian&#231;a, ao adolescente e ao jovem, com absoluta prioridade, o direito &#224; vida, &#224; sa&#250;de, &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o, &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o, ao lazer, &#224; profissionaliza&#231;&#227;o, &#224; cultura, &#224; dignidade, ao respeito, &#224; liberdade e &#224; conviv&#234;ncia familiar e comunit&#225;ria, al&#233;m de coloc&#225;-los a salvo de toda forma de neglig&#234;ncia, discrimina&#231;&#227;o, explora&#231;&#227;o, viol&#234;ncia, crueldade e opress&#227;o.</italic> (Doc 8)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Nos documentos oficiais, tamb&#233;m foram citados os servi&#231;os respons&#225;veis pelo acolhimento e atendimento da crian&#231;a, com destaque para a rede de prote&#231;&#227;o familiar, o sistema de justi&#231;a, a seguran&#231;a p&#250;blica, o sistema de sa&#250;de e os conselhos. No entanto, no caso de Violeta, foi evidenciada a falta de responsabiliza&#231;&#227;o do Conselho Tutelar no acompanhamento junto &#224; rede intersetorial.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>(...) <italic>foi constatada a necessidade de maior atua&#231;&#227;o do Conselho Tutelar frente &#224;s a&#231;&#245;es de prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; crian&#231;a, inclusive quanto &#224; interlocu&#231;&#227;o entre ela e sua fam&#237;lia com o Judici&#225;rio e o Minist&#233;rio P&#250;blico. Tal fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; precipuamente do Conselho Tutelar.</italic> (Doc 7)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Al&#233;m da atua&#231;&#227;o deficit&#225;ria, o caso revela o cerceamento de direitos garantidos legalmente, identificado pela aus&#234;ncia de prote&#231;&#227;o contra a viol&#234;ncia sexual e pelo atendimento conduzido conforme o desejo dos adultos, representados por agentes governamentais e profissionais da rede intersetorial.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Preocupa-nos e indigna a peregrina&#231;&#227;o de uma crian&#231;a de 10 anos de idade, v&#237;tima de estupro desde os 6 anos, que precisou viajar de um estado a outro em busca deste servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, que lhe foi negado num primeiro momento. O abortamento legal, garantido pela legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira, em casos de estupro, deve ser acessado por todas as mulheres que dele necessitarem, no tempo e local adequados.</italic> (Doc 19)</p>
            <p><italic>A crian&#231;a foi acolhida pela equipe multidisciplinar do Programa de Atendimento &#224;s Mulheres V&#237;timas de Viol&#234;ncia Sexual, que funciona no Hospital Universit&#225;rio, desde 1998. Ap&#243;s exames, a equipe constatou que as condi&#231;&#245;es de desenvolvimento da gravidez (22 semanas e quatro dias e um peso fetal de 537 gramas) indicavam um procedimento que n&#227;o se encaixa no protocolo adotado pelo hospital.</italic> (Doc 13)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>A viol&#234;ncia vivida por Violeta n&#227;o ocorreu apenas na esfera singular, quando sofreu as sucessivas viola&#231;&#245;es pelo tio, mas, tamb&#233;m, quando buscou amparo da rede intersetorial, pois uma parcela dos profissionais se manifestou veementemente contr&#225;ria ao aborto.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Utilizaram, de forma irrespons&#225;vel, a dor de uma crian&#231;a e de uma fam&#237;lia em prol de bandeiras ideol&#243;gicas que em nada contribuem para aperfei&#231;oar os mecanismos de prote&#231;&#227;o da inf&#226;ncia.</italic> (Doc 2)</p>
            <p><italic>Mais revoltante ainda &#233; presenciar o envolvimento de agentes p&#250;blicos, respons&#225;veis pela execu&#231;&#227;o de leis de prote&#231;&#227;o, defesa e acolhimento, atuando de forma contr&#225;ria ao que lhes &#233; imputado por of&#237;cio. O fundamentalismo religioso &#233; incab&#237;vel em um Estado democr&#225;tico de direito, que em sua Constitui&#231;&#227;o Cidad&#227; expressa que o Brasil &#233; um Estado laico.</italic> (Doc 19)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>O posicionamento contr&#225;rio ao aborto manifestado por uma parcela dos profissionais da rede intersetorial e dos agentes p&#250;blicos foi influenciado por uma perspectiva ideol&#243;gica alicer&#231;ada no fundamentalismo religioso. Isso revela que, na pr&#225;tica, as conjecturas pessoais foram sobrepostas aos direitos previstos pela legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>O enfrentamento da viol&#234;ncia sexual contra a crian&#231;a pelo Estado brasileiro</title>
          <p>Os documentos oficiais consideram a viol&#234;ncia sexual um fen&#244;meno complexo fundamentado nas iniquidades de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o, sem apresentar de que maneira compreendem essas duas categorias sociais. Reconhecem que esse tipo de viol&#234;ncia desencadeia reflexos para o desenvolvimento infantil e consequ&#234;ncias traum&#225;ticas na vida adulta. A ocorr&#234;ncia da gesta&#231;&#227;o &#233; um agravante da viol&#234;ncia vivida, conforme pode ser constatado nos excertos a seguir.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Tal forma de viol&#234;ncia</italic> [sexual] <italic>se revela nas rela&#231;&#245;es desiguais de poder entre crian&#231;as, adolescentes e adultos, e est&#225; permeada pelas desigualdades socioecon&#244;micas e de g&#234;nero presentes na sociedade. Al&#233;m disso, demonstra a permissividade da sociedade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; objetifica&#231;&#227;o do corpo feminino, &#224; erotiza&#231;&#227;o precoce de meninas e ao que vem sendo chamado de cultura do estupro.</italic> (Doc 35)</p>
            <p><italic>A viol&#234;ncia cria marcas e gera graves consequ&#234;ncias no desenvolvimento biopsicossocial das v&#237;timas, podendo produzir traumas que interferem ao longo de toda vida, sendo que o sofrimento causado pelo abuso sexual de crian&#231;as e adolescentes ainda se torna mais intenso e grave quando a v&#237;tima engravida do agressor, especialmente em situa&#231;&#245;es de incesto, sendo uma situa&#231;&#227;o que revela uma dupla viol&#234;ncia e agress&#227;o aos direitos das crian&#231;as e adolescentes.</italic> (Doc 14)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Os documentos oficiais destacam a necessidade de envolver os diferentes segmentos de gest&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas da sociedade no enfrentamento da viol&#234;ncia sexual contra a crian&#231;a. Salientam que os tr&#234;s n&#237;veis de governo s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela promo&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es direcionadas para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da viol&#234;ncia e o oferecimento de condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas para os profissionais que atuam nos servi&#231;os de atendimento, contribuindo para o combate &#224; viol&#234;ncia institucional.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A Uni&#227;o, os estados, o Distrito Federal e os munic&#237;pios poder&#227;o promover, periodicamente, campanhas de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o da sociedade, promovendo a identifica&#231;&#227;o das viola&#231;&#245;es de direitos e garantias de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, e a divulga&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de prote&#231;&#227;o e dos fluxos de atendimento como forma de evitar a viol&#234;ncia institucional.</italic> (Doc 27)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Devido &#224; complexidade da viol&#234;ncia sexual, refor&#231;am a necessidade de integra&#231;&#227;o entre os servi&#231;os de atendimento &#224; crian&#231;a, visto que o enfrentamento do problema depende de uma rede estruturada para redu&#231;&#227;o dos danos, acompanhamento das v&#237;timas e avalia&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica das a&#231;&#245;es implementadas.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Formular diretrizes e par&#226;metros para estrutura&#231;&#227;o de redes integradas de aten&#231;&#227;o a crian&#231;as e adolescentes em situa&#231;&#227;o de viol&#234;ncia, com base nos princ&#237;pios de celeridade, humaniza&#231;&#227;o e continuidade no atendimento.</italic> (Doc 31)</p>
            <p><italic>O atendimento dever&#225; ser uma pr&#225;tica &#233;tica e profissional, de acordo com a regulamenta&#231;&#227;o dos respectivos &#243;rg&#227;os profissionais, n&#227;o podendo agravar o sofrimento ps&#237;quico de crian&#231;as e adolescentes v&#237;timas ou testemunhas de crimes, devendo-se respeitar o tempo e o sil&#234;ncio de quem &#233; ouvido, prevalecendo as medidas emergenciais de prote&#231;&#227;o.</italic> (Doc 30)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Al&#233;m da responsabilidade do Estado e dos servi&#231;os que comp&#245;em a rede intersetorial, &#233; citada a participa&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia para a prote&#231;&#227;o integral da crian&#231;a.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>(...) <italic>fortalecer as compet&#234;ncias familiares em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o integral e educa&#231;&#227;o em direitos humanos de crian&#231;as e adolescentes no espa&#231;o de conviv&#234;ncia familiar e comunit&#225;ria.</italic> (Doc 31)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Essa categoria emp&#237;rica revela que o Estado brasileiro reconhece o problema da viol&#234;ncia sexual contra a crian&#231;a e prop&#245;e a&#231;&#245;es para o seu enfrentamento. Entretanto, o que se verifica na realidade concreta &#233; a omiss&#227;o da gest&#227;o p&#250;blica na implementa&#231;&#227;o dessas a&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que Violeta relatou ter sofrido viol&#234;ncia sexual durante quatro anos consecutivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ser menina brasileira: opress&#245;es de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Parte dos documentos abordou, ainda que superficialmente, quest&#245;es de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o, reconhecendo as consequ&#234;ncias delet&#233;rias da omiss&#227;o do Estado na defesa dos direitos da crian&#231;a como consequ&#234;ncia do machismo e da vis&#227;o androc&#234;ntrica vigentes na sociedade capitalista. Considerou-se a abordagem de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o como superficial, devido &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos termos sem descrever de maneira suficiente o seu conceito ou sustent&#225;-los teoricamente nos referenciais pertinentes.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A Declara&#231;&#227;o Internacional dos Direitos Sexuais reconhece que os direitos das mulheres e das meninas s&#227;o parte integrante dos direitos humanos universais, que os direitos sexuais s&#227;o patrim&#244;nio inalien&#225;vel de todos os seres humanos e que sua promo&#231;&#227;o e prote&#231;&#227;o &#233; de responsabilidade primordial dos governos.</italic> (Doc 20)</p>
            <p><italic>A dificuldade de acesso ao direito e sua quase obstaculiza&#231;&#227;o contribuiu para prolongar o sofrimento e refor&#231;ar a viol&#234;ncia j&#225; sofrida por esta crian&#231;a e sua fam&#237;lia. Trata-se de um processo que explicita a for&#231;a do patriarcado e da opress&#227;o sobre as mulheres na sociedade capitalista e machista em que vivemos. Tal situa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser invisibilizada, tampouco naturalizada.</italic> (Doc 19)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Alguns discursos destacaram que a desigualdade de g&#234;nero condiciona as mulheres, desde a inf&#226;ncia, &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o de subalternidade na hierarquia social, o que aumenta o risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o a diferentes tipos de viol&#234;ncia. Assim, destacam-se como fundamentais as a&#231;&#245;es do Estado que visem &#224; garantia dos direitos humanos de meninas e mulheres. Os documentos tamb&#233;m salientam a necessidade de enfrentar a desigualdade de g&#234;nero desde a inf&#226;ncia, dado que a viol&#234;ncia &#233; uma constru&#231;&#227;o social.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>(...) <italic>considerando que as desigualdades entre meninas e meninos s&#227;o constru&#237;das social e culturalmente desde a inf&#226;ncia e a adolesc&#234;ncia, moldando concep&#231;&#245;es e comportamentos que, muitas vezes, desfavorecem as meninas e acarretam viola&#231;&#245;es e viol&#234;ncias em suas trajet&#243;rias de vida relacionadas ao fato de serem mulheres.</italic> (Doc 19)</p>
            <p><italic>Ressaltam a urg&#234;ncia de que a desigualdade de g&#234;nero seja reconhecida e enfrentada, desde a inf&#226;ncia e a adolesc&#234;ncia, especialmente por meio de pol&#237;ticas, or&#231;amento e servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos que incluam educa&#231;&#227;o sexual para decidir, anticoncepcionais para n&#227;o</italic> [ter de] <italic>abortar e aborto legal para n&#227;o morrer.</italic> (Doc 14)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>No que tange &#224; categoria gera&#231;&#227;o, os documentos d&#227;o visibilidade aos avan&#231;os no &#226;mbito dos direitos das crian&#231;as, a partir da aprova&#231;&#227;o do ECA, com destaque para a necess&#225;ria prioriza&#231;&#227;o das a&#231;&#245;es para que crian&#231;as e adolescentes sejam reconhecidos como sujeitos sociais e de direitos.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A vis&#227;o da &#8220;crian&#231;a-objeto&#8221;, da &#8220;crian&#231;a menor&#8221;, ou seja, a vis&#227;o higienista e correcional &#233; substitu&#237;da pela vis&#227;o da crian&#231;a como sujeito de direitos. O mais importante nesse movimento, inaugurado pela Crian&#231;a Constituinte, e que culminou com a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Estatuto da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente - ECA, em 1990, &#233; a afirma&#231;&#227;o da universalidade dos direitos da crian&#231;a.</italic> (Doc 31)</p>
            <p>(...) <italic>considerando que o Estatuto da Crian&#231;a e do Adolescente - Lei 8.069/1990 (ECA) reconhece crian&#231;as e adolescentes como pessoas em peculiar condi&#231;&#227;o de desenvolvimento e como sujeitos de direitos, dignas de receber prote&#231;&#227;o integral e de ter garantido seu melhor interesse e, por isso, estabelece que seus direitos devem ser promovidos e protegidos em primeiro lugar, de forma absolutamente priorit&#225;ria.</italic> (Doc 14)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Nos documentos analisados, observa-se uma mudan&#231;a na concep&#231;&#227;o de crian&#231;a, pois, a partir do ECA, passaram a ser entendidas como sujeitos sociais de direitos. Contudo, verifica-se que Violeta n&#227;o foi tratada, de fato, como portadora de direitos, na maior parte do caso. Identifica-se, por meio do seu silenciamento, as amea&#231;as do agressor, a revitimiza&#231;&#227;o pelos profissionais e agentes p&#250;blicos, a desvaloriza&#231;&#227;o inicial do seu desejo de interromper a gesta&#231;&#227;o e a culpabiliza&#231;&#227;o pelo aborto.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A menina teria contado que era v&#237;tima do crime desde os 6 anos de idade e que n&#227;o denunciou por medo porque sofria amea&#231;as.</italic> (Doc 7)</p>
            <p>(...) <italic>que se condene o estupro e se puna o estuprador e, principalmente, fique entendido, de uma vez por todas, que &#233; preciso PARAR de culpar meninas e mulheres, v&#237;timas de um crime hediondo, que representa a express&#227;o mais perversa do patriarcado e do machismo.</italic> (Doc 12)</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>Os documentos oficiais selecionados nesta pesquisa n&#227;o abordaram especificamente a gravidez infantil, somente quest&#245;es gerais relacionadas aos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos de meninas e adolescentes. A discuss&#227;o sobre o aborto legal foi pautada exclusivamente pelo C&#243;digo Penal, considerando o procedimento na perspectiva da criminaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>As pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas brasileiras de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; crian&#231;a s&#227;o elementos importantes para a estrutura&#231;&#227;o de um sistema de garantias legais de direitos. Esse sistema envolve sujeitos e servi&#231;os que constituem a rede de apoio respons&#225;vel pela preven&#231;&#227;o, responsabiliza&#231;&#227;o e pelo atendimento das situa&#231;&#245;es de viol&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A despeito dos resultados desta pesquisa, evidenciarem avan&#231;os na garantia dos direitos &#224; crian&#231;a no Brasil, tamb&#233;m desvelam retrocessos, especialmente na implementa&#231;&#227;o das a&#231;&#245;es para tal concretiza&#231;&#227;o. Diante da diversidade de viola&#231;&#245;es &#224;s quais Violeta foi exposta, questiona-se: em que medida o Brasil protege e garante os direitos das suas crian&#231;as? Os dados deste estudo evidenciam que os desafios relacionados ao enfrentamento da viol&#234;ncia sexual e ao acesso ao aborto legal ainda est&#227;o presentes na sociedade brasileira. Eles est&#227;o associados &#224; concep&#231;&#227;o predominante de sociedade como androc&#234;ntrica e patriarcal, que estabelece uma rela&#231;&#227;o de poder unilateral adulto-crian&#231;a, na qual a crian&#231;a &#233; tida como propriedade e controlada por meio do silenciamento e da subalterniza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Depois de muita discuss&#227;o e mobiliza&#231;&#227;o, especialmente dos movimentos de mulheres, respons&#225;veis por ocupar os espa&#231;os onde se concentravam os grupos conservadores para a defesa dos direitos da crian&#231;a, conseguiu-se que a decis&#227;o de Violeta fosse respeitada. Historicamente, os movimentos feministas s&#227;o os principais respons&#225;veis pela discuss&#227;o a respeito do aborto, no sentido de que as mulheres tenham autonomia sobre os seus corpos e destinos, assim como para que as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas sobre a tem&#225;tica tenham avan&#231;os legais e institucionais<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As viola&#231;&#245;es vividas por Violeta ultrapassaram a esfera singular e foram reproduzidas, em &#226;mbito particular, pelos profissionais do servi&#231;o hospitalar respons&#225;vel pelo primeiro atendimento e pelos grupos conservadores que se manifestaram contra o aborto e expuseram a privacidade da crian&#231;a e da sua fam&#237;lia nas redes sociais.</p>
        <p>Uma pesquisa africana, realizada com 86 profissionais de sa&#250;de que atuavam em servi&#231;o de atendimento p&#243;s-aborto, verificou que 27% dos participantes consideravam a interrup&#231;&#227;o da gesta&#231;&#227;o um pecado. Tamb&#233;m sugeriram o aconselhamento como medida de cuidado para a continuidade da gesta&#231;&#227;o, mesmo quando o aborto era garantido legalmente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>)</sup>. Outra pesquisa, realizada com duas v&#237;timas de estupro na &#205;ndia, indicou que elas precisaram recorrer ao sistema de justi&#231;a ap&#243;s a recusa do procedimento pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de. Esse dado revelou a necessidade de forma&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais de sa&#250;de para o desenvolvimento de boas pr&#225;ticas sens&#237;veis &#224;s quest&#245;es de g&#234;nero, a fim de reduzir as barreiras de acesso, as atitudes de preconceito e neglig&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Na dimens&#227;o estrutural, observou-se a influ&#234;ncia de representantes pol&#237;ticos e religiosos para a n&#227;o interrup&#231;&#227;o da gravidez, mesmo que amparada por lei, o que revela a seguinte contradi&#231;&#227;o: ao mesmo tempo em que a legisla&#231;&#227;o dava amparo a Violeta para realizar o aborto, agentes p&#250;blicos expressavam sua contrariedade e obje&#231;&#227;o, unicamente com base em cren&#231;as pessoais, de cunho majoritariamente religioso.</p>
        <p>No Brasil, desde 2014, tem-se evidenciado uma polariza&#231;&#227;o pol&#237;tica, na qual t&#234;m se destacado os movimentos pol&#237;ticos conservadores de extrema direita. Esses movimentos se situam na converg&#234;ncia entre o neoliberalismo, o neoconservadorismo e o fundamentalismo religioso. Consideram que a ideologia de g&#234;nero &#233; uma amea&#231;a aos valores morais da sociedade, portanto, precisa ser combatida. Neste contexto, predominam discursos que naturalizam e justificam a viol&#234;ncia de g&#234;nero como forma de manter a ordem social vigente<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A ideologia conservadora estruturada politicamente tem influ&#234;ncia sobre as institui&#231;&#245;es de poder que conformam a sociedade brasileira, como o sistema de justi&#231;a e sa&#250;de. No mundo ocidental, o poder se materializa em uma linguagem jur&#237;dica pr&#243;pria, utilizando estrat&#233;gias para se arraigar e ser exercido nas microrrela&#231;&#245;es de poder. O uso de normas legais por m&#233;dicos e juristas para negar a assist&#234;ncia &#224;s mulheres que buscam o aborto previsto em lei &#233; resultado de uma rela&#231;&#227;o desigual de poder, ancorada na relev&#226;ncia crescente de normativas e a&#231;&#245;es reguladoras<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Assim, a defesa de concep&#231;&#245;es conservadoras, fundamentadas em cren&#231;as religiosas e manifestadas por agentes p&#250;blicos, em detrimento dos direitos da crian&#231;a, revela claramente a aus&#234;ncia de laicidade do Estado brasileiro. Al&#233;m disso, tem destaque a criminaliza&#231;&#227;o do aborto, a despeito da circunst&#226;ncia em que se deu a gravidez<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>)</sup>. De acordo com a legisla&#231;&#227;o brasileira, o aborto &#233; permitido quando a gravidez representa risco &#224; vida da gestante ou &#233; resultado de viol&#234;ncia sexual<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>)</sup>. A gravidez de Violeta se enquadrava nos dois requisitos, mas o direito de a interromper n&#227;o lhe foi imediatamente assegurado ap&#243;s sua decis&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A valoriza&#231;&#227;o da vida do nascituro em oposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; vida da crian&#231;a gestante pelos grupos conservadores que se manifestaram contr&#225;rios &#224; decis&#227;o pelo aborto legal revela a interseccionalidade das quest&#245;es de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o. No tocante ao g&#234;nero, a sacralidade da maternidade foi considerada mais relevante que a situa&#231;&#227;o de viol&#234;ncia sexual contra uma crian&#231;a. Em contraposi&#231;&#227;o, a sacralidade do corpo de Violeta, que foi violada, n&#227;o foi objeto de debate igualmente intenso pelos mesmos agentes que pregavam a salva&#231;&#227;o do concepto. Em termos de gera&#231;&#227;o, a autonomia da crian&#231;a na tomada de decis&#227;o foi completamente anulada, prevalecendo a vontade dos adultos, mesmo Violeta tendo afirmado reiteradas vezes seu desejo de interromper a gravidez.</p>
        <p>O respeito aos desejos da crian&#231;a, na tomada de decis&#227;o sobre seu corpo, est&#225; relacionado com o cuidado e a aten&#231;&#227;o dispensada para ouvi-la em uma escuta qualificada, o que n&#227;o &#233; apenas correto, mas necess&#225;rio. Apenas ouvindo-a ser&#225; poss&#237;vel compreender a natureza, a escala e o impacto da viol&#234;ncia na sua vida. O direito de participar, manifestar e ter suas vontades respeitadas n&#227;o &#233; apenas fundamental para a dignidade da crian&#231;a e sua autonomia, mas como uma dimens&#227;o vital de prote&#231;&#227;o contra o abuso e a explora&#231;&#227;o dos portadores de menor poder<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os discursos analisados revelam a domina&#231;&#227;o do agressor e dos diferentes sujeitos sociais sobre a inf&#226;ncia e o corpo feminino, ao silenciar seus direitos, desejos e autonomia. Diante disso, as pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de prote&#231;&#227;o &#224; crian&#231;a se mostraram insuficientes. Para assegurar o direito da menina ao aborto, foi necess&#225;rio romper com as diversas concep&#231;&#245;es que refor&#231;am o car&#225;ter desigual e opressor das rela&#231;&#245;es homem-mulher e crian&#231;a-adulto<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A abordagem superficial dos conte&#250;dos de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o nos documentos oficiais analisados se mostrou um obst&#225;culo importante, pois n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel saber de que maneira foram considerados. A desigualdade de g&#234;nero &#233; respons&#225;vel pela subalternidade do sexo feminino, e expressa-se por meio de diferentes tipos de viola&#231;&#245;es<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>)</sup>. Somada a isso, as meninas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o consideradas propriedade da fam&#237;lia e sem direitos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O reconhecimento da crian&#231;a como sujeito de direitos avan&#231;ou nos &#250;ltimos 40 anos, principalmente por meio da Conven&#231;&#227;o dos Direitos da Crian&#231;a, realizada em 1989<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>)</sup>, que teve impacto na legisla&#231;&#227;o de diferentes pa&#237;ses. No Brasil, apesar de parte dos documentos oficiais refletir essa mudan&#231;a de concep&#231;&#227;o, isso n&#227;o se confirmou no caso analisado.</p>
        <p>A situa&#231;&#227;o de viol&#234;ncia sexual se tornou evidente quando Violeta j&#225; se encontrava gr&#225;vida. O medo das amea&#231;as do tio a impediu de buscar apoio junto &#224; rede de apoio formal e informal. Seu sil&#234;ncio tamb&#233;m pode estar vinculado &#224; culpabiliza&#231;&#227;o e &#224; responsabiliza&#231;&#227;o pelas situa&#231;&#245;es de viol&#234;ncia, pois as meninas s&#227;o continuamente julgadas por seus comportamentos, modos de falar, vestir e brincar<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>)</sup>, o que refor&#231;a a cultura do estupro, bastante difundida na sociedade.</p>
        <p>A compreens&#227;o da viol&#234;ncia como produto das rela&#231;&#245;es de poder estabelecidas entre adultos e crian&#231;as contribui para a desconstru&#231;&#227;o da cultura do estupro que reifica e erotiza os corpos das meninas para a satisfa&#231;&#227;o sexual de homens adultos<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>)</sup>. O reconhecimento da viol&#234;ncia contra a crian&#231;a como resultado de uma constru&#231;&#227;o hist&#243;rica e social &#233; primordial para prevenir, identificar e enfrentar o problema.</p>
        <p>Os achados desta pesquisa confirmam que as crian&#231;as, em especial as meninas, conformam um grupo social vulner&#225;vel, sujeito a diferentes tipos de viola&#231;&#245;es que ultrapassam o &#226;mbito familiar e reproduzem-se nos espa&#231;os p&#250;blicos da sociedade. Diante disso, o investimento em uma rede de apoio eficiente e efetiva &#233; fundamental para a garantia dos direitos das crian&#231;as.</p>
        <p>A responsabilidade da fam&#237;lia, da sociedade civil e do Estado na prote&#231;&#227;o das crian&#231;as e no enfrentamento da viol&#234;ncia de que s&#227;o v&#237;timas revela a complexidade do fen&#244;meno e a urg&#234;ncia de a&#231;&#245;es concretas em defesa da prote&#231;&#227;o da inf&#226;ncia. A prote&#231;&#227;o integral das crian&#231;as depende de uma rede integrada, constitu&#237;da por profissionais qualificados e com condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas de atendimento, para identificar e intervir nas situa&#231;&#245;es de viol&#234;ncia<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>)</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, as crian&#231;as precisam ter voz e espa&#231;o de escuta para que suas demandas sejam transformadas em pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas efetivas.</p>
        <p>&#201; preciso desnaturalizar a viol&#234;ncia na sociedade e transpor as barreiras que impedem a educa&#231;&#227;o para emancipa&#231;&#227;o. Estudo realizado no Vietn&#227; com crian&#231;as em idade escolar identificou que elas n&#227;o recebiam informa&#231;&#245;es suficientes sobre sexualidade por parte dos pais e da escola, resultando em percep&#231;&#245;es distorcidas sobre o abuso sexual, como a de que os perpetradores n&#227;o seriam parentes ou que a escola e a casa eram lugares seguros<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Casos de viol&#234;ncia contra crian&#231;as e adolescentes requerem o fortalecimento de servi&#231;os e a&#231;&#245;es de atendimento &#224;s suas necessidades, o que deve incluir desde o tratamento adequado por sistemas de justi&#231;a e seguran&#231;a p&#250;blica at&#233; o apoio f&#237;sico, emocional e psicossocial oferecido pelos sistemas de sa&#250;de, assist&#234;ncia social e educa&#231;&#227;o<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>)</sup>. Entretanto, a forma de estrutura&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de prote&#231;&#227;o &#224;s crian&#231;as, a falta de investimentos e posicionamentos pol&#237;tico-ideol&#243;gicos conservadores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tema dificultam a aplica&#231;&#227;o da legisla&#231;&#227;o protetiva.</p>
        <p>Portanto, al&#233;m da reestrutura&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e do acolhimento, &#233; preciso tamb&#233;m combater a interfer&#234;ncia de grupos religiosos e de interesses particulares no Estado brasileiro. &#201; fundamental que os governos deixem de invocar costumes, tradi&#231;&#245;es ou influ&#234;ncias religiosas, para evitar o cumprimento de suas obriga&#231;&#245;es na prote&#231;&#227;o de direitos, e firmem compromisso com a condena&#231;&#227;o da viol&#234;ncia contra as mulheres e crian&#231;as<sup>(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O presente estudo teve como limita&#231;&#227;o o acesso somente a documentos oficiais publicados <italic>online</italic> e dispon&#237;veis publicamente. O per&#237;odo da coleta de dados, abrangendo somente os meses em que houve divulga&#231;&#227;o do caso, tamb&#233;m foi uma limita&#231;&#227;o devido ao ingresso de Violeta no Programa de Prote&#231;&#227;o a V&#237;timas e Testemunhas, devido &#224; repercuss&#227;o do caso e &#224;s amea&#231;as que lhe foram feitas. Contudo, essas limita&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o invalidam os resultados, pois os dados foram suficientes para evidenciar as contradi&#231;&#245;es e subsidiar a an&#225;lise do fen&#244;meno.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea das pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas</title>
          <p>Os resultados do estudo acrescentam novos conhecimentos sobre a viol&#234;ncia sexual, a gravidez infantil e o aborto legal, chamando aten&#231;&#227;o para um fen&#244;meno ainda pouco explorado nas pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas, assim como na literatura cient&#237;fica. Al&#233;m disso, suscitam reflex&#245;es sobre o sistema brasileiro de garantia de direitos a implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas e o fortalecimento da aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s meninas v&#237;timas de viol&#234;ncia sexual.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>O estudo das perspectivas ideol&#243;gicas contidas em documentos e discursos oficiais a respeito do tema revelou que, embora contivessem concep&#231;&#245;es vinculadas ao respeito aos direitos e &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o da crian&#231;a, estas n&#227;o foram suficientes para o reconhecimento e o enfrentamento da viol&#234;ncia sexual, da gravidez infantil e do acesso ao aborto legal, neste caso espec&#237;fico.</p>
        <p>Os documentos oficiais analisados revelaram como principal barreira para a garantia dos direitos da crian&#231;a as concep&#231;&#245;es conservadoras, fundamentadas principalmente na religi&#227;o e na criminaliza&#231;&#227;o principialista do aborto. Essas concep&#231;&#245;es, quando expressas por representantes pol&#237;ticos, tamb&#233;m colocam em xeque a laicidade do Estado brasileiro, em que pese ter-se assim declarado, desde a Constitui&#231;&#227;o Federal de 1988.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a superficialidade com que os conte&#250;dos de g&#234;nero e gera&#231;&#227;o foram abordados nos documentos oficiais revela a necessidade de aprofundamento e espraiamento desses conceitos, bem como sua contextualiza&#231;&#227;o, a fim de que o fen&#244;meno da viol&#234;ncia possa ser entendido e enfrentado a partir de uma perspectiva cr&#237;tica e emancipadora.</p>
        <p>Por fim, h&#225; que combater e superar o androcentrismo e o patriarcado dentro das inst&#226;ncias governamentais, permitindo que mulheres e crian&#231;as tamb&#233;m ocupem os espa&#231;os de debates e decis&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, urge reconhecer que a rede de apoio aos direitos das crian&#231;as requer investimentos financeiros dos gestores das tr&#234;s esferas de governo, para viabilizar o aprimoramento de ferramentas, estrat&#233;gias e posicionamentos cr&#237;ticos para o enfrentamento da viol&#234;ncia. O subfinanciamento das a&#231;&#245;es, que ora se evidencia, revela uma faceta perversa do atual cen&#225;rio de retrocesso e desmonte de programas e pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas vigentes.</p>
        <p>O estudo mostrou tamb&#233;m a for&#231;a dos movimentos populares - especialmente de mulheres - na busca pela garantia dos direitos da crian&#231;a envolvida. Assim, h&#225; que reconhecer e potencializar esta atua&#231;&#227;o, com o setor sa&#250;de se aliando ao controle social em prol da defesa dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos de pessoas de todas as gera&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>FOMENTO</bold>
          </p>
          <p>O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001. Tamb&#233;m &#233; resultado de projeto financiado por Bolsa de Produtividade em Pesquisa do CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
