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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">85Z5yrKyKTWsnTh8MJxqcXR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672022000100307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0053</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REVIEW</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nursing students' learning from involvement in research projects: an integrative literature review</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Aprendizajes de estudiantes de enfermer&#237;a involucrados en proyectos de investigaci&#243;n: revisi&#243;n integrativa de la literature</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2700-4365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Loura</surname>
            <given-names>David de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2110-7483</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7417-1732</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baixinho</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Lavareda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">IV</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2946-4485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Henriques</surname>
            <given-names>Helga Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8186-9506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>F&#233;lix</surname>
            <given-names>Isa Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8192-6080</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mara Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">V</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Central</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Dona Estef&#226;nia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lisboa</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Central, Hospital Dona Estef&#226;nia. Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Lisboa</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa. Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Coimbra</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra. Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>IV</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">ciTechCare</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Leiria</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">ciTechCare. Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>V</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Set&#250;bal</city>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz. Monte de Caparica, Set&#250;bal, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> David de Sousa Loura. E-mail: <email>davidsloura@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Hugo Fernandes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>29</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>75</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20210053</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To identify the learning outcomes and skills obtained of undergraduate nursing students involved in research projects.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>This was an integrative literature review, based on a research protocol in the CINAHL Complete databases; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Methodology Register; MedicLatina; MEDLINE, Scopus and JBI, including primary and secondary studies, published between 2015 and 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of five heterogeneous articles were included, which were categorized using Kirkpatrick's (adapted) model. Seventeen learning outcomes acquired through participation in research projects were identified, from the learning of new knowledge and skills to the development of new attitudes and behaviors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Final considerations:</title>
          <p>The involvement of nursing students in research projects is important to their professional development. Future investment in research on this topic can help cement the potential of this type of student involvement.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar aprendizajes y competencias desarrollados por estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermer&#237;a involucrados en proyectos de investigaci&#243;n.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Revisi&#243;n integrativa de la literatura, partiendo de un protocolo de investigaci&#243;n en las bases de datos CINAHL Complete; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Methodology Register; MedicLatina; MEDLINE; Scopus y JBI, habi&#233;ndose incluido estudios primarios y secundarios publicados entre 2015 y 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Se incluyeron cinco art&#237;culos heterog&#233;neos, categorizados seg&#250;n el Modelo de Kirkpatrick (adaptado). Se identificaron diecisiete resultados de aprendizajes adquiridos por la participaci&#243;n en proyectos de investigaci&#243;n, desde el aprendizaje de nuevos conocimientos y competencias al desarrollo de nuevas actitudes y conductas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones Finales:</title>
          <p>La participaci&#243;n de estudiantes de Licenciatura en Enfermer&#237;a en proyectos de investigaci&#243;n se inscribe como de suma importancia para su desarrollo profesional. La inversi&#243;n futura en investigaci&#243;n sobre esta tem&#225;tica podr&#225; contribuir a cimentar el potencial de esta participaci&#243;n.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Evidence-Based Practice</kwd>
        <kwd>Learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Students</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing</kwd>
        <kwd>Research</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Pr&#225;ctica Cl&#237;nica Basada en la Evidencia</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizaje</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudiantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermar&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Investigaci&#243;n</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union</funding-source>
          <award-id>2019-1-PT01-KA203-061389</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This work was developed as part of students' engagement in the Train4Health project. The project has received funding from the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union under the grant agreement no. 2019-1-PT01-KA203-061389. The Funder had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. The European Commission's support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents, which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. We would also like to thank Nursing School of Lisbon for all the support in the production and publication of this article.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>There has been growing interest in recent years in the experience of involving nursing students in research and development projects<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. Some studies have shown that the participation of students in research teams can bring benefits to their learning process, to project development, and to higher education institutions<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main guiding policies for health care and undergraduate and graduate nursing education, both in Brazil and internationally, challenge higher education institutions (HEIs) to involve students in research, as this promotes learning about the process of developing scientific knowledge in nursing<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. In particular, there are recommendations for HEIs to create and develop opportunities for collaborative research, involving students<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some studies show that the active and supervised participation of students promotes greater awareness of the object of study, simultaneously stimulating critical thinking, promoting the construction of a practice that is aware of contextual influences, and that allows for greater familiarity with the research process<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>. These results are echoed in the schools of thought that defend that it is essential to instill among students passion and enthusiasm for research and its relevance to daily life. It is important to ensure that the knowledge obtained from these experiences is translated into evidence-based practice in clinical contexts, because when professionals are inserted in a network of interprofessional cooperation, nursing care becomes increasingly complex<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Therefore, these recommendations promote the involvement of nursing students as co-researchers, while also encouraging them to incorporate evidence into their practice and being more proactive in seeking graduate-level education<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The practical application of knowledge has the great potential to improve quality of care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup> and, consequently, reduce the time gap between the production of knowledge and its implementation. Furthermore, the integration of students in projects led by HEIs in all phases of the research process - from the creation of research questions to the publication of results - seems to increase levels of learning motivation<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>, develop interprofessional work skills<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup> and contribute to the progress of research programs of HEIs<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although several benefits have been observed as a consequence of nursing student participation in research projects led by HEIs, no studies have been identified that systematize the learning results that result from these experiences.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To identify the learning outcomes and skills obtained by nursing students involved in research projects.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>An integrative literature review (ILR) is a type of secondary study that does not require permission from an ethics committee as it does not directly involve human beings.</p>
        <p>When developing this study, a pre-defined protocol was used based on the recommendations of some authors<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup> to ensure the rigor of the studies' different methodological procedures and ensure their validity<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. The formulation of the research question abided by the principles of clarity, accuracy, pertinence, and objectivity.</p>
        <p>The process of selecting, extracting, and analyzing the sample was carried out respecting the work and results obtained by the other researchers. The framework of this article is based on the best academic and scientific practices.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Type of study</title>
        <p>The integrative literature review (ILR) is a research method that generates new knowledge on a given topic of study, presenting a review, critique, and summary of the most representative literature<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. Thus, it is the most comprehensive methodological approach, because it includes experimental and non-experimental studies<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup> to understand the chosen phenomenon. Moreover, the ILR allows for the inclusion of relevant literature to support decision-making, through the synthesis of what is already known about the studied phenomenon, helping to identify gaps that need to be clarified with new research<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The choice for an ILR was based on the need for a thorough understanding of the chosen phenomenon. It is a current, pertinent, and underexplored topic that allows for recommendations in the field of nursing research and education, impacting how nursing students value and apply scientific evidence to their practice.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodological procedures</title>
        <p>The pre-defined protocol consisted of six steps: 1) identifying the topic and defining the research question, 2) defining the eligibility criteria for inclusion and exclusion of studies, 3) defining the information to be extracted, 4) evaluating the included studies, 5) interpreting the results and 6) presenting the review/synthesis of knowledge<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The following research question was formulated: "What are the learning outcomes and skills developed by undergraduate nursing students when they are involved in research projects?". It was created using the PICo mnemonic (population, phenomenon of interest and context), which also guided the definition of eligibility criteria (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Article eligibility criteria, Lisbon, 2020 </title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                <th align="left">Inclusion criteria</th>
                <th align="left">Exclusion criteria</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Study</td>
                <td align="left">Primary studies: quantitative, qualitative or quali-quantitative studies;<break/>Secondary studies: Systematic literature reviews; Integrative literature reviews; Scoping review;<break/>Published in Portuguese and/or English; Available in full and in open access; published between 2015 and 2020.</td>
                <td align="left">Opinion articles, editorials,<break/>experience reports</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Participants</td>
                <td align="left">Undergraduate nursing students</td>
                <td align="left">Graduate students (master's and PhD)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Phenomenon of interest</td>
                <td align="left">Learning outcomes and skills developed by students based on their involvement in research projects</td>
                <td align="left">Opinions, opportunities and other theoretical-practical constructs that stemmed from their involvement in research projects</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Context</td>
                <td align="left">Higher education institutions with a nursing program</td>
                <td align="left">Graduate training institutes for professionals; Vocational training centers</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection and organization</title>
        <p>Based on the research question and the definition of the inclusion criteria, the study was carried out between December 2019 and February 2020. The descriptors used in Portuguese and English and in associations (AND and OR) were: (students OR undergraduate students) and (research OR research project OR Technology and Innovation OR Activities OR R&amp;D activities or evidence-based practice) and (learning or learning outcomes) and nurs*. The analysis of the literature and the experience of the authors contributed to the selection of descriptors.</p>
        <p>The search was conducted in the following databases: CINAHL(r)Complete; Cochrane Controlled Trials Register; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Methodology Register; MedicLatina; MEDLINE, Scopus, and JBI. The timeframe was restricted to the years 2015 to 2020, given the importance of describing current knowledge, an assumption associated with the potential of IRLs to produce changes in clinical practice as a consequence of research findings<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the process of selecting the studies until the final sample was obtained.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart of article selection for the integrative review, Lisbon, 2020</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-75-01-e20210053-0053-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The potential sample consisted of 107 articles. Two researchers read and analyzed the titles and abstracts, which immediately led to the elimination of 89 studies (4 duplicates and 85 that did not meet the eligibility criteria). The reading and analysis of the abstracts whittled the selection down to 18 and the analysis of the full text to 5. Thirteen articles were eliminated after reading the full text because they did not answer the research question.</p>
        <p>Most of the screened studies were eliminated by evaluating evidence-based research or research training programs, which did not involve students in research projects. The review identified one systematic review about the involvement of students in research, but the article did not identify the specific gains for nursing students, so therefore it was not included in the sample<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>A table was constructed to record the data collected based on the sample of articles, including the following data: title of the article; year; author(s), type of article; objective(s); method; level of evidence, and main outcomes/conclusions. Then a synthesized version of this table was produced, according to the <italic>guidelines</italic> of the journal, as presented in Table 2.</p>
        <p>The nature of the studies and their outcomes enabled analysis and synthesis of their content. Categories defined a priori based on Kirkpatrick's (K) model were used to evaluate learning outcomes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>. The model was later revised and adapted by other authors; the present study started out with the version that appeared in the article by Steinert and collaborators<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, which was adapted to the present review. It includes four levels, represented by a K, followed by a number indicating the level: K1 (reaction); K2 (learning, knowledge, and skills, which help change attitudes and behavior); K3 (behavior change); and K4 (change in the institution/organization associated with the educational program) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>The results obtained in this integrative review were extracted from the articles included in the sample after they were read in full. A total of five articles were included, which were heterogeneous in terms of their objectives, methodology, results, and conclusions. The five publications were classified as presenting different levels of evidence and were developed using non-similar research designs.</p>
      <p>The articles were published between 2015 and 2020, with a wide geographical distribution - two were from Norway, one from Russia, one from the USA, and one from the Netherlands. The main results of the articles are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Chart 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Articles included in the bibliographic sample, Lisbon, 2020</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="all">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
            <col width="20%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Titles</th>
              <th align="center">Year<break/>Countries</th>
              <th align="left">Design / number of participants and level of evidence (LE)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup></th>
              <th align="left">Interventions</th>
              <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Student nurses' learning outcomes through participation in a cl&#237;nical nursing research project: A qualitative study<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2020<break/>Norway</td>
              <td align="left">Cross-sectional qualitative study<break/>N = 12<break/>LE = 4</td>
              <td align="left">To examine the learning experiences of nursing students after participating in a clinical research project.</td>
              <td align="left">The authors suggested that students develop communication and relationship skills with patients (K2), as well as translation and application of theoretical knowledge to practice (K3), within the scope of clinical evaluation and observation. The optimization of time management (K3) and the increase of self-confidence (K3) were also mentioned, as well as the improvement in the interpretation of research articles (K2).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Role of Students and Supervisors' Interaction in Research Projects: Expectations and Evaluations<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2015<break/>Russia</td>
              <td align="left">Mixed design: quantitative (cross-sectional observational) and<break/> qualitative<break/>N=40<break/>LE = 4</td>
              <td align="left">To identify the students' expectations of participating in research, and to compare the subjective supervisors' estimates of students' research abilities with students' research abilities measured by objective indicators.</td>
              <td align="left">Analysis of student expectations suggested that supervisor support may be one of the most important factors to motivate students from all study cycles to participate in research projects (K1).<break/>There were gains in theoretical knowledge and research skills (K2), and the presence of the supervisor was indicated to be a contributing factor to the students' development in all phases of research (K4).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Involving Undergraduate Nursing Students in Participatory Health Research: Implications from the Netherlands <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2018<break/>Netherlands</td>
              <td align="left">Retrospective observational quali-<break/> quantitative study<break/>N=70<break/>LE = 4</td>
              <td align="left">To describe how the inclusion of final year undergraduate nursing students as co-researchers in participatory health studies was processed; to illustrate the value of these activities to the development of students' role as co-researchers.</td>
              <td align="left">Students gained knowledge about nursing research methods and competencies in the area (K2). The self-efficacy of students in applying these skills to their practice was apparently increased as a result of involvement (K3).<break/>Participation is presented as a way to help the student transfer theoretical knowledge to practice, applying it in each context and gaining specific knowledge of each area. (K3)</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Nursing students' longitudinal learning outcomes after participation in a research project in a hospital <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2019<break/>Norway</td>
              <td align="left">Cross-sectional qualitative study<break/>N = 52<break/>LE = 4</td>
              <td align="left">To understand the long-term outcomes after active participation in research during the second year of a nursing program and its influence on learning outcomes.</td>
              <td align="left">Four categories of learning outcomes emerged through the perceptions of the students involved:<break/>Increased awareness and attention in practice (K3);<break/>Constructively critical of clinical practice (K2);<break/>Increased awareness of the context of their actions aligned with the organizational culture (K2);<break/>Becoming an initiated researcher (knowledge, enthusiasm, attitude) (K2).</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">An Undergraduate<break/>Research Fellowship<break/>Program to Prepare<break/>Nursing Students for<break/>Future Workforce Roles <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              <td align="center">2016<break/>USA</td>
              <td align="left">Quali-quantitative<break/>longitudinal<break/>observational study<break/>N = 20<break/>LE = 4</td>
              <td align="left">To evaluate a program that involved nursing students in a research project (translational and clinical research)</td>
              <td align="left">Participating in the project allowed the development of skills in the different roles involved in the research, which potentially helped students to:<break/>Learn to work in interdisciplinary teams (K2);<break/>Develop data analysis and project implementation Skills (K2);<break/>Deepen their knowledge about the phenomenon under study (K2).</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>In relation to Kirkpatrick's Model<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, of a total of 17 learning outcomes, most were at the K2 level, corresponding to the learning of new knowledge and skills, as well as new skills that promote attitude change (n=10). Next, there were changes related to behavior (K3; n=5) and, finally, those related to the response regarding the importance of the phenomenon (K1; n=1) and the results of change in the institution/organization related to the educational program (K4; n=1). The main findings by category are described below.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Learning new knowledge and skills to develop new attitudes</title>
        <p>The articles showed that the most common outcome of undergraduate nursing students' participation in research projects was learning new knowledge and developing competencies and skills relevant to the profession and society. The knowledge and skills acquired at the research level<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>, especially with regard to data analysis and interpretation and project implementation<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>, are integrated into the clinical dimension, which enhances general and specific technical-scientific knowledge<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>, and interdisciplinary<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup> and relational<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup> cooperation skills.</p>
        <p>The emergence of new attitudes towards research was also highlighted. Participation in research projects molds future professionals who have the potential to constructively question clinical practice and are able to conceive it within the framework of a given organizational culture<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. This change in attitude was also revealed in the acquisition of an initiated degree of research development, which can lead to the development of scientific work in the short, medium, or long term<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Behavior change</title>
        <p>Behavioral change emerges from the ability to interconnect the contexts of clinical practice and knowledge production. First, the involvement of students in research projects enhances the optimization of time management<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>, and increases awareness and attention in clinical practice<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>, along with self-confidence<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup> and self-efficacy of participating students<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. Additionally, it seemed to encourage them to apply the knowledge they had acquired and continued to acquire into their practice, translating such knowledge and promoting evidence-based practices<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Response regarding the importance of the phenomenon</title>
        <p>The recognition of the importance of student involvement in research projects appeared to be cross-sectional to the entire population mentioned in the articles. However, it was only mentioned explicitly in one article that explored the role of supervisors in fostering increased motivation in students to participate in research<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Change in institutions/organizations associated with the educational program</title>
        <p>The sample did not present a great number of outcomes that could allow for the extrapolation of the changes that took place in the institutions that hosted the research projects. However, there seemed to be several opportunities for this to happen. An example was the importance assigned to the supervisor as a strategy to monitor and guide students<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>, a figure who, contributes to the development of all phases of the research project and, as such, can cause a change in the perception of HEIs regarding the necessity of their role.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The articles included in this literature review were mostly observational, with different methods and techniques, and considering their limitations, they were able to answer the research question.</p>
      <p>The involvement of students in research projects has been a theme prominently addressed at a global level. There are several scientific perspectives about its importance for those involved, but also for individual and collective health. The results reflect the importance of encouraging and motivating students to participate in research projects, in addition to the need to generate awareness among HEIs to promote these practices<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aspects described above are corroborated by evidence that suggests that HEIs need to invest in such programs, because most undergraduate students who complete research curricular units are not in fact competent in research methodology and research processes. In addition, in real-world learning, students often face complex situations that involve reflection and well-grounded clinical decision-making. Therefore, research skills is one of the topics that should be included in the curricula as soon as possible<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>, so that students are able to address and solve complex health-disease situations.</p>
      <p>There is consensus that research is important to nursing, not only at the level of education<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>, but also professionally. Three articles included in the sample highlighted the importance of translating theoretical knowledge into practice and how student involvement in research activities fosters this potential<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. Other researchers have reinforced not only the academic importance of research, but also its relevance to clinical practice and, consequently, to the interconnection of care with the latest scientific evidence, noting that greater exploration of research activities can more effectively enable students to acquire certain core competencies for clinical care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Evidence-based practice is a key product of adopting strategies to engage students in research projects<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. The future and current success of the correct use of evidence seems to be related to the need to bring students closer to the contexts in which it is created<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. This study corroborates the opinion of authors who argue that, although the topic of transferring knowledge and using it in clinical settings is not a recent topic in the academic and public debate, it is an emerging practice<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The sample in this literature review suggests that the participation of students in research helps develop their professional identity and, as such, acquire new knowledge and skills. This perspective is supported by the literature, because the exercise of reflecting on and questioning issues, combined with performing tasks in various real-life contexts - activities which occur in research projects - promote the complex integration of core knowledge to the profession, such as professional judgment, skills, values, and attitudes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies have also underscored the importance of supervisors as a guiding actor in the teaching-learning process. However, this should be explored in future research, because in the present study, the analysis of the evidence did not make it clear which models and strategies should be used. In fact, there is evidence that the dynamics between supervisor and supervised lacks planning that allows for the coordination of the project objectives, the supervisor's skills, and the students' monitoring needs <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>, which would prevent the potential loss of interest in research and its alienation from clinical practice. Therefore, knowledge about the best processes to support and monitor students is important to promote more effective learning<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>)</sup> and enable a more adequate use of knowledge with health gains.</p>
      <p>In the long term, investing in the training of nurses with research skills seems to contribute not only to the improvement of the quality of health services but also stimulates innovation industries in the health sector, improving the health level of the population and contributing to national competitiveness and economic growth<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>. Also in the educational sphere, there is a paradigmatic shift, with a pronounced call for the transition from research-informed education, in which students are passive consumers of knowledge, to research-based education, in which students are effectively involved in studies, thus actively assimilating knowledge<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Research is an essential competence for health professionals and implies that they are aware of the latest developments in the health field, are able to critically evaluate the scientific literature, and can use scientific knowledge in clinical decision-making<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>. Therefore, participating in research during the undergraduate programs is an emerging focus to help students develop the skills and competencies necessary for health professionals today<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The observational design of the studies included in the sample weakens the demonstration of the importance of the involvement of undergraduate students in research projects because causability cannot be attributed to the intervention in question.</p>
        <p>In addition to this factor, the use of internal and/or non-validated measuring instruments by the authors of the articles included in this ILRto assess the extent of student involvement and its impact also represents a limitation. This may have compromised the accuracy of the outcomes, generating greater uncertainty about the translation of the study phenomenon and hindering the dissemination of the instruments used for similar purposes.</p>
        <p>Although two studies were qualitative and three were quali-quantitative, which allows for a more in-depth investigation of reality<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>)</sup>, the small number of articles included in the sample and their level of evidence (level 4), makes it difficult to systematize the evidence about the phenomenon. Although the literature states that the "synthesis of knowledge of the studies included in the review reduces the uncertainty about the recommendations, practices, and [allows] (...) an accurate generalization about the phenomenon based on the available information (...)"<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>, more research is needed in the area with more solid designs to better clarify the implications involving nursing students in research projects.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to the field of nursing</title>
        <p>The results of this integrative literature review suggest that the participation of undergraduate nursing students in research projects contributes positively to their learning outcomes and the development of attitudes and scientific skills. Students can be involved in all phases of the research process, with benefits to their learning, motivation, and the development of their own research projects. This pedagogical practice enables learning, reflection and integration of knowledge, development of communication skills, scientific writing, time management, critical judgment, while increasing satisfaction with the learning process.</p>
        <p>If these results are corroborated, there are numerous gains to be gained for nursing. It would allow for the training of more qualified professionals, who are aware of the importance of evidence-based practice and health research as a driver of great advances that make a difference in people's lives. The key to a competent health workforce lies in the quality of the training of future professionals.</p>
        <p>This area should receive more investment and be further explored, with studies designed to demonstrate causality between the benefits addressed here and the involvement of undergraduate students in research projects. The construction of validated measurement instruments can add value to these same projects and maximize the potential of this topic and its operationalization.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>Based on the available evidence, this study presented an overview of the learning outcomes and skills developed by nursing students involved in research projects, promoting greater awareness about the topic. Additionally, it listed benefits that seem inherent to this participation and suggested implications for future professional exercise.</p>
      <p>Participation in research projects seems to influence student development in different domains. This includes the acquisition of knowledge and skills, defining new attitudes that promote research culture, and behavior change, which translates knowledge into the practice of health care.</p>
      <p>The results point to the importance of creating opportunities from now on to promote the participation of students in research activities during the degree in nursing. Aligned with the main guiding policies, curricular restructuring is a strategy that can bring students and research closer together, fostering its potential benefits. Higher education institutions have a double role: to promote the restructuring of their curricula and "top-down" organizational changes, and promoting changes led by researchers, who within the scope of their activities create the structure, resources, and incentives for students to explore the challenges inherent to research projects.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>FUNDING AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This work was developed as part of students&#8217; engagement in the Train4Health project. The project has received funding from the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union under the grant agreement no. 2019-1-PT01-KA203-061389. The Funder had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. The European Commission&#8217;s support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents, which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.</p>
        <p>We would also like to thank Nursing School of Lisbon for all the support in the production and publication of this article.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REVIS&#195;O</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aprendizagens de estudantes de enfermagem envolvidos em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o: revis&#227;o integrativa da literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2700-4365</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Loura</surname>
            <given-names>David de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2110-7483</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bernardes</surname>
            <given-names>Rafael Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7417-1732</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baixinho</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Lavareda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">IV</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2946-4485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Henriques</surname>
            <given-names>Helga Rafael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8186-9506</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>F&#233;lix</surname>
            <given-names>Isa Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8192-6080</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mara Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">V</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Hospitalar Universit&#225;rio de Lisboa Central, Hospital Dona Estef&#226;nia. Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa. Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra. Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>IV</label>
        <institution content-type="original">ciTechCare. Leiria, Leiria, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>V</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz. Monte de Caparica, Set&#250;bal, Portugal.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> David de Sousa Loura. E-mail: <email>davidsloura@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR CHEFE: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Hugo Fernandes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Identificar aprendizagens e compet&#234;ncias desenvolvidas pelos estudantes da Licenciatura em Enfermagem envolvidos em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Revis&#227;o integrativa da literatura, a partir de um protocolo de pesquisa nas bases de dados CINAHL Complete; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Methodology Register; MedicLatina; MEDLINE, Scopus e JBI, tendo sido inclu&#237;dos estudos prim&#225;rios e secund&#225;rios publicados entre 2015 e 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foi inclu&#237;do um total de cinco artigos, heterog&#234;neos, que foram categorizados, por meio do Modelo de Kirkpatrick's (adaptado). Identificaram-se dezessete resultados de aprendizagem adquiridos com a participa&#231;&#227;o em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o, desde a aprendizagem de novos conhecimentos e compet&#234;ncias at&#233; o desenvolvimento de novas atitudes e comportamentos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais:</title>
          <p>O envolvimento dos estudantes da licenciatura em Enfermagem em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o afigura-se extremamente importante para o seu desenvolvimento profissional. O investimento futuro na investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre essa tem&#225;tica poder&#225; contribuir para alicer&#231;ar as potencialidades desse envolvimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Pr&#225;tica Cl&#237;nica Baseada em Evid&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Pesquisa</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>As experi&#234;ncias de envolvimento de estudantes de enfermagem em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvimento t&#234;m registrado grande interesse nos &#250;ltimos anos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. Alguns estudos mostram que a participa&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes como membros de equipes desse tipo pode trazer benef&#237;cios para o seu processo de aprendizagem, para o desenvolvimento dos projetos e da institui&#231;&#227;o de ensino superior<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As principais pol&#237;ticas orientadoras da sa&#250;de, educa&#231;&#227;o graduada e p&#243;s-graduada em enfermagem, em n&#237;vel nacional e internacional, desafiam as Institui&#231;&#245;es de Ensino Superior (IES) a envolverem os estudantes na investiga&#231;&#227;o, no sentido de incrementar a sua aprendizagem sobre o processo de desenvolvimento do conhecimento cient&#237;fico em enfermagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. Em particular, existem recomenda&#231;&#245;es para que as IES criem e desenvolvam oportunidades para investiga&#231;&#227;o colaborativa, com envolvimento dos estudantes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Alguns estudos mostram que a participa&#231;&#227;o ativa e supervisionada dos estudantes promove uma maior consci&#234;ncia do objeto de estudo, estimulando simultaneamente o pensamento cr&#237;tico, promovendo a constru&#231;&#227;o de uma pr&#225;tica consciente das influ&#234;ncias contextuais e permitindo uma maior familiariza&#231;&#227;o com o processo de pesquisa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>. Esses resultados encontram eco nas correntes que advogam que &#233; fundamental incutir entre os estudantes um sentimento de paix&#227;o e entusiasmo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o e &#224; sua relev&#226;ncia cotidiana, procurando garantir que as aprendizagens que da&#237; decorram se convertam em pr&#225;tica baseada na evid&#234;ncia nos contextos de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica em que, inseridos numa rede de coopera&#231;&#227;o interprofissional, os cuidados de enfermagem se tornam cada vez mais complexos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>; essas recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre o envolvimento dos estudantes de enfermagem como co-investigadores t&#234;m ainda as vantagens de encoraj&#225;-los a incorporar a evid&#234;ncia na sua pr&#225;tica e a serem mais proativos na procura de forma&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-graduada<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, a transla&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento tem o grande potencial de melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados prestados<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup> e, eventualmente, contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o do hiato temporal que medeia a produ&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento e a sua implementa&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica. Por outro lado, a integra&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes em projetos liderados pelas IES, em todas as fases do processo de investiga&#231;&#227;o - desde a cria&#231;&#227;o das quest&#245;es de pesquisa &#224; dissemina&#231;&#227;o dos resultados - parece aumentar os n&#237;veis de motiva&#231;&#227;o para a aprendizagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>, desenvolver compet&#234;ncias de trabalho interprofissional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup> e contribuir para que a institui&#231;&#227;o de ensino superior progrida nos seus programas de pesquisa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Apesar da participa&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes de enfermagem em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o liderados pelas IES sugerir a exist&#234;ncia de v&#225;rios benef&#237;cios, n&#227;o se identificaram estudos que sistematizam os resultados de aprendizagem que decorrem dessas experi&#234;ncias de envolvimento dos estudantes em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Identificar aprendizagens e compet&#234;ncias desenvolvidas pelos estudantes da Licenciatura em Enfermagem envolvidos em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>A Revis&#227;o Integrativa de Literatura (RIL) &#233; um tipo de estudo secund&#225;rio que dispensa pedido de parecer a uma Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica por n&#227;o envolver diretamente seres humanos.</p>
          <p>Na elabora&#231;&#227;o desta pesquisa, utilizou-se um protocolo pr&#233;-definido baseado nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es de alguns autores<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>, para garantir o rigor nos diferentes procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos e assegurar a validade do estudo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. A formula&#231;&#227;o da quest&#227;o de pesquisa obedeceu aos princ&#237;pios da clareza, precis&#227;o, pertin&#234;ncia e objetividade.</p>
          <p>O processo de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra bibliogr&#225;fica, extra&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise foi efetuado com o devido respeito pelo trabalho e pelos resultados obtidos por outros investigadores. A referencia&#231;&#227;o deste artigo obedece &#224; boa pr&#225;tica acad&#234;mica e cient&#237;fica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>A Revis&#227;o Integrativa da Literatura (RIL) &#233; um m&#233;todo de investiga&#231;&#227;o que gera novo conhecimento no t&#243;pico em estudo, apresentando revis&#227;o, cr&#237;tica e s&#237;ntese da literatura mais representativa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. &#201;, dessa forma, a abordagem metodol&#243;gica mais compreensiva, uma vez que inclui estudos experimentais e n&#227;o experimentais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>, de forma a compreender o fen&#244;meno em an&#225;lise. Por outro lado, a RIL permite incluir literatura relevante para dar suporte &#224; tomada de decis&#227;o, por meio da s&#237;ntese do que se conhece sobre o fen&#244;meno em estudo e identificar, assim, lacunas que necessitam de ser esclarecidas com nova investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>A op&#231;&#227;o por uma RIL baseou-se, assim, na necessidade de compreens&#227;o aprofundada do fen&#244;meno em estudo. Trata-se de um tema atual, pertinente, pouco explorado que possibilita recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a investiga&#231;&#227;o e para a educa&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem, produzindo impacto na forma como os estudantes de enfermagem valorizam e aplicam a evid&#234;ncia na pr&#225;xis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>O protocolo pr&#233;-definido constituiu-se de seis etapas: (1) identifica&#231;&#227;o do tema e defini&#231;&#227;o da quest&#227;o de pesquisa, (2) defini&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o de estudos, (3) defini&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es a serem extra&#237;das, (4) avalia&#231;&#227;o dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, (5) interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados e (6) apresenta&#231;&#227;o da revis&#227;o/s&#237;ntese do conhecimento<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>A quest&#227;o de pesquisa "Que aprendizagens e compet&#234;ncias desenvolvem os estudantes do curso de Licenciatura em Enfermagem a partir do envolvimento em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o?" foi formulada com o apoio da mnem&#244;nica PICo (Popula&#231;&#227;o, Fen&#244;meno de interesse e Contexto) e orientou a defini&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade dos artigos, Lisboa, 2020</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="all">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
                <col width="33%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#160;</th>
                  <th align="left">Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o</th>
                  <th align="left">Crit&#233;rios de Exclus&#227;o</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Estudos</td>
                  <td align="left">Estudos prim&#225;rios: Estudos quantitativos, qualitativos ou quantitativo-qualitativos.<break/>Estudos secund&#225;rios: Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas da Literatura; Revis&#245;es Integrativas da Literatura; <italic>Scoping review</italic>.<break/>Publicados em portugu&#234;s e/ou ingl&#234;s; dispon&#237;veis na &#237;ntegra e com acesso aberto; publicados entre 2015 e 2020.</td>
                  <td align="left">Artigos de opini&#227;o, editoriais,<break/>relatos de experi&#234;ncia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Participantes</td>
                  <td align="left">Estudantes de Enfermagem da forma&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-graduada</td>
                  <td align="left">Estudantes da forma&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s- graduada (mestrado e doutorado)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fen&#244;meno de interesse</td>
                  <td align="left">Aprendizagens e compet&#234;ncias desenvolvidas pelos estudantes a partir do envolvimento em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="left">Opini&#245;es, oportunidades e outros construtos te&#243;rico-pr&#225;ticos provenientes do envolvimento em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Contexto</td>
                  <td align="left">Institui&#231;&#245;es de Ensino Superior com Licenciatura em Enfermagem</td>
                  <td align="left">Institutos de Forma&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-Graduada para Profissionais; Centros de Forma&#231;&#227;o profissional</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>A partir da quest&#227;o de pesquisa e da defini&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, efetuou-se pesquisa entre dezembro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020. Os descritores usados em l&#237;ngua portuguesa e inglesa e em associa&#231;&#245;es (AND e OR) foram: Students OR undergraduate students; AND research OR research project OR Technology and Innovation OR Activities OR R&amp;D activities or evidence based practice; AND learning or learning outcomes; AND nurs*. Para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos descritores, contribu&#237;ram a an&#225;lise da literatura efetuada e a experi&#234;ncia dos autores.</p>
          <p>A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados CINAHL Complete; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Cochrane Methodology Register; MedicLatina; MEDLINE, Scopus, JBI. Restringiu-se a pesquisa aos anos de 2015 a 2020, dada a import&#226;ncia da descri&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento atual, um pressuposto associado ao potencial da RIL para a produ&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica como consequ&#234;ncia da pesquisa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>, apresenta-se o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos at&#233; a obten&#231;&#227;o da amostra final.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Fluxograma de sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos para a revis&#227;o integrativa, Lisboa, 2020</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-75-01-e20210053-0053-gf01-pt.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A potencial amostra ficou constitu&#237;da por 107 artigos. A leitura e a an&#225;lise, por dois investigadores, do t&#237;tulo e do resumo permitiram, de imediato, eliminar 89 (4 duplicados e 85 por n&#227;o respeitarem os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade). A leitura e an&#225;lise do resumo condicionaram a sele&#231;&#227;o para 18, e a an&#225;lise do texto integral para 5. Os 13 artigos eliminados, ap&#243;s a leitura do texto integral, n&#227;o respondiam &#224; quest&#227;o de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>A maioria dos estudos triados foi eliminada por avaliar programas de forma&#231;&#227;o em PBE ou em investiga&#231;&#227;o, sem envolvimento dos estudantes em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o. A pesquisa permitiu a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica sobre o envolvimento de estudantes em investiga&#231;&#227;o, mas a sua leitura n&#227;o possibilitou identificar os ganhos espec&#237;ficos para os estudantes de enfermagem, por isso n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da na amostra<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Foi constru&#237;do um quadro para o registro dos dados coletados a partir dos artigos da amostra, o qual inclu&#237;a os seguintes dados: identifica&#231;&#227;o do t&#237;tulo do artigo; ano; autor(es), tipo de artigo; objetivo(s); m&#233;todo; n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia e principais resultados/conclus&#245;es. Posteriormente, foi produzida uma vers&#227;o sintetizada desse quadro segundo as <italic>guidelines</italic> da revista, conforme se apresenta no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Quadro 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Artigos constituintes da amostra bibliogr&#225;fica, Lisboa, 2020</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="all">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">T&#237;tulos</th>
                  <th align="center">Ano<break/>Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th align="left">Delineamento/n&#250;mero de participantes e n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia (NE)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup></th>
                  <th align="left">Interven&#231;&#245;es</th>
                  <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Student nurses' learning outcomes through participation in a clinical nursing research project: A qualitative study<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2020<break/>Noruega</td>
                  <td align="left">Estudo qualitativo transversal<break/>N = 12<break/>NE = 4</td>
                  <td align="left">Examinar as experi&#234;ncias de aprendizagem de estudantes da licenciatura de enfermagem, depois de terem participado de um projeto de investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</td>
                  <td align="left">Os autores sugerem que os estudantes desenvolvem compet&#234;ncias de comunica&#231;&#227;o e rela&#231;&#227;o com os doentes (K2), bem como de transla&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento te&#243;rico para a pr&#225;tica (K3), no &#226;mbito da avalia&#231;&#227;o e observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A otimiza&#231;&#227;o da gest&#227;o de tempo (K3) e o incremento da autoconfian&#231;a (K3) foram aspetos tamb&#233;m mencionados, bem como a melhoria na interpreta&#231;&#227;o de artigos de investiga&#231;&#227;o (K2).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Role of Students and Supervisors' Interaction in Research Projects: Expectations and Evaluations<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2015<break/>R&#250;ssia</td>
                  <td align="left">Desenho misto: quantitativo (observacional transversal) e<break/> qualitativo<break/>N=40<break/>NE = 4</td>
                  <td align="left">Identificar as expectativas dos estudantes frente &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o; e comparar a estimativa dos supervisores com as habilidades de pesquisa demonstradas por eles.</td>
                  <td align="left">A an&#225;lise das expectativas dos alunos sugere que o apoio do supervisor pode ser um dos fatores mais importantes para motivar alunos de todos os ciclos de estudo a participarem de projetos de pesquisa (K1).<break/>Parecem existir ganhos no conhecimento te&#243;rico e habilidades de investiga&#231;&#227;o (K2), a exist&#234;ncia do supervisor &#233; apontada como contribuindo para o desenvolvimento em todas as fases da investiga&#231;&#227;o (K4).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Involving Undergraduate Nursing Students in Participatory Health Research: Implications from the Netherlands <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2018<break/>Holanda</td>
                  <td align="left">Estudo quanti-<break/> qualitativo observacional, retrospetivo<break/>N=70<break/>NE = 4</td>
                  <td align="left">Descrever como se processou o envolvimento de estudantes da licenciatura em atividades de investiga&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de; e ilustrar o valor dessas atividades para o desenvolvimento do papel de co-investigadores.</td>
                  <td align="left">Os estudantes parecem obter conhecimento sobre m&#233;todos de investiga&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem e compet&#234;ncias nessa &#225;rea (K2). A autoefic&#225;cia dos estudantes na aplica&#231;&#227;o desses m&#233;todos na sua pr&#225;tica encontra-se aparentemente incrementada como resultado do envolvimento (K3).<break/>A participa&#231;&#227;o apresenta-se como uma via para ajudar o estudante a transferir o conhecimento te&#243;rico para a pr&#225;tica, aplicando-o em cada contexto e ganhando conhecimento espec&#237;fico de cada &#225;rea (K3).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Nursing students' longitudinal learning outcomes after participation in a research project in a hospital <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2019<break/>Noruega</td>
                  <td align="left">Estudo qualitativo transversal<break/>N = 52<break/>NE = 4</td>
                  <td align="left">Compreender os resultados a longo prazo, ap&#243;s a participa&#231;&#227;o ativa em pesquisas durante o segundo ano do curso e a influ&#234;ncia na aprendizagem.</td>
                  <td align="left">Emergiram quatro categorias de resultados de aprendizagem por meio das percep&#231;&#245;es dos estudantes envolvidos:<break/>maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e aten&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica (K3);<break/>ser construtivamente cr&#237;tico com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica (K2);<break/>maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre o contexto das suas a&#231;&#245;es alinhadas com a cultura organizacional (K2);<break/>tornar-se um pesquisador iniciado (conhecimento, entusiasmo, atitude) (K2).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">An Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program to Prepare Nursing Students for Future Workforce Roles <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2016<break/>EUA</td>
                  <td align="left">Estudo quanti -qualitativo observacional, longitudinal<break/>N = 20<break/>NE = 4</td>
                  <td align="left">Avaliar um programa de envolvimento dos estudantes de enfermagem em investiga&#231;&#227;o (investiga&#231;&#227;o translacional e cl&#237;nica)</td>
                  <td align="left">A participa&#231;&#227;o no programa possibilitou o conhecimento dos v&#225;rios pap&#233;is integrados no mesmo, tendo potencialmente ajudado os estudantes a:<break/>aprender a trabalhar em equipes interdisciplinares (K2);<break/>desenvolver compet&#234;ncias de an&#225;lise de dados e implementa&#231;&#227;o de projetos (K2);<break/>aprofundar o conhecimento sobre o fen&#244;meno em estudo (K2).</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>A natureza dos estudos e os resultados obtidos possibilitaram a an&#225;lise de conte&#250;do e a s&#237;ntese. Recorremos a categorias definidas <italic>a priori</italic>, a partir do modelo de Kirkpatrick's (K), para avaliar os resultados de aprendizagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>. O modelo foi posteriormente revisto e adaptado por outros autores; partimos da vers&#227;o apresentada no estudo de Steinert e colaboradores<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, adaptada &#224; presente revis&#227;o, com quatro n&#237;veis, assinalados com um K seguido da designa&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel correspondente: K1 (rea&#231;&#227;o); K2 (aprendizagens, conhecimento ou habilidades que potenciem a mudan&#231;a de atitudes); K3 (mudan&#231;a no comportamento); e K4 (mudan&#231;a na institui&#231;&#227;o/organiza&#231;&#227;o relacionada com o programa educacional) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Os resultados obtidos por meio da presente revis&#227;o integrativa foram extra&#237;dos dos artigos inclu&#237;dos na amostra a partir da leitura integral dos mesmos. Foi inclu&#237;do um total de cinco artigos que se apresentaram heterog&#234;neos quanto a objetivos, metodologia, resultados e conclus&#245;es. As cinco publica&#231;&#245;es encontram-se classificadas com n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia diferentes e foram desenvolvidas a partir de desenhos de investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o similares.</p>
        <p>Os artigos foram publicados entre 2015 e 2020, sendo evidente a distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica ampla dos autores - dois estudos noruegueses e os restantes com origem na R&#250;ssia, Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica (EUA) e Holanda. Os principais resultados dos artigos encontram-se plasmados no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 2</xref>, descrito abaixo.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Modelo de Kirkpatrick's<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, de um total de 17 resultados de aprendizagem identificados, a maioria insere-se no n&#237;vel K2, correspondente &#224; aprendizagem de novos conhecimentos e compet&#234;ncias, bem como de novas habilidades potenciadoras da mudan&#231;a de atitudes (n=10). Em seguida, encontramos os resultados inerentes &#224; mudan&#231;a de comportamento (K3; n=5) e, por &#250;ltimo, &#224; rea&#231;&#227;o sobre a import&#226;ncia do fen&#244;meno (K1; n=1) e a resultados de mudan&#231;a na institui&#231;&#227;o/organiza&#231;&#227;o relacionada com o programa educacional (K4; n=1). Descrevem-se, em seguida, os principais achados por categoria.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Aprendizagem de novos conhecimentos e compet&#234;ncias no sentido do desenvolvimento de novas atitudes</title>
          <p>Os artigos sugerem que o resultado mais comum da participa&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes de licenciatura em enfermagem em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o se relaciona com a aprendizagem de novos conhecimentos e o desenvolvimento de compet&#234;ncias e habilidades relevantes para a profiss&#227;o e a sociedade. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de saber e habilidades no n&#237;vel da investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>, em particular no que concerne &#224; an&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o de dados e implementa&#231;&#227;o de projetos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>, une-se a uma dimens&#227;o cl&#237;nica, em que o saber t&#233;cnico-cient&#237;fico geral e espec&#237;fico<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>, em conjunto com as compet&#234;ncias de coopera&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup> e relacionais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>, se destaca.</p>
          <p>Consequentemente, o surgimento de novas atitudes quanto &#224; investiga&#231;&#227;o foi tamb&#233;m real&#231;ado. A participa&#231;&#227;o em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o contribui, potencialmente, para que estes futuros profissionais se tornem elementos que questionem, construtivamente, a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e estejam capacitados para a conceber no ceptro de uma determinada cultura organizacional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Essa transforma&#231;&#227;o de atitude revela-se igualmente na aquisi&#231;&#227;o de um grau iniciado de desenvolvimento de investiga&#231;&#227;o, o que poder&#225; levar ao desenvolvimento de trabalho cient&#237;fico a curto, m&#233;dio ou longo prazo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mudan&#231;a de comportamento</title>
          <p>A mudan&#231;a comportamental emerge da capacidade de interligar os contextos de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e de produ&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento. O envolvimento dos estudantes em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o sugere, em primeiro lugar, potencializar a otimiza&#231;&#227;o da gest&#227;o de tempo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup> e o incremento da conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e aten&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>, a par do aumento da autoconfian&#231;a<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup> e autoefic&#225;cia dos estudantes participantes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, parece incit&#225;-los a incorporar, na sua pr&#225;tica, os conhecimentos que adquiriram e adquirem continuamente, efetuando uma transla&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos e potencializando uma pr&#225;tica baseada na evid&#234;ncia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rea&#231;&#227;o sobre a import&#226;ncia do fen&#244;meno</title>
          <p>O reconhecimento da import&#226;ncia do envolvimento dos estudantes em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o aparenta ser, de forma geral, transversal a toda a popula&#231;&#227;o mencionada nos artigos que constituem a amostra. Contudo, &#233; apenas mencionada de forma expressa quando da explora&#231;&#227;o do papel do supervisor para fomentar nos estudantes uma resposta incrementada de motiva&#231;&#227;o para participar da investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mudan&#231;a nas institui&#231;&#245;es/organiza&#231;&#245;es associada ao programa educacional</title>
          <p>A amostra n&#227;o &#233; vasta em resultados que permitam extrapolar mudan&#231;as nas institui&#231;&#245;es que albergam as pr&#225;ticas relatadas. No entanto, parecem coexistir diversas oportunidades para que tal suceda. Exemplo dessa perspectiva &#233; a import&#226;ncia do supervisor enquanto estrat&#233;gia de acompanhamento e orienta&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup> que, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de todas as fases dos projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o, poder&#225; revelar uma mudan&#231;a na percep&#231;&#227;o das pr&#243;prias institui&#231;&#245;es frente a sua necessidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Os artigos inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o majoritariamente de cunho observacional, com m&#233;todos e t&#233;cnicas diferentes, permitindo, com limita&#231;&#245;es, responder &#224; quest&#227;o de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O envolvimento dos estudantes em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o tem sido um tema notoriamente abordado em n&#237;vel global, coexistindo, na esfera cient&#237;fica, diversas perspectivas sobre a sua import&#226;ncia para os envolvidos, como tamb&#233;m para a sa&#250;de individual e coletiva. Os resultados espelham a import&#226;ncia de fomentar e motivar os estudantes a participarem de projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o, assim como a necessidade de sensibilizar as IES para a promo&#231;&#227;o dessas pr&#225;ticas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os aspetos descritos no &#250;ltimo par&#225;grafo s&#227;o corroborados por evid&#234;ncia que sugere ser necess&#225;rio esse investimento nas institui&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que a maioria dos estudantes de licenciatura que completam as unidades curriculares de investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o, efetivamente, competentes no que toca &#224; metodologia e condu&#231;&#227;o de processos de investiga&#231;&#227;o. Ademais, na aprendizagem em contexto real, o estudante depara-se, muitas vezes, com situa&#231;&#245;es complexas que implicam alguma reflex&#227;o e tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica bem fundamentada. Nesse sentido, a compet&#234;ncia da investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; um dos t&#243;picos que devem ser inclu&#237;dos nos curr&#237;culos o mais cedo poss&#237;vel<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>, de forma que o estudante seja capaz de enfrentar e solucionar situa&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de-doen&#231;a complexas.</p>
        <p>&#201; consensual que a investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; importante para a enfermagem, n&#227;o s&#243; na da educa&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>, mas tamb&#233;m na profiss&#227;o. Em tr&#234;s artigos da amostra bibliogr&#225;fica, &#233; abordada a import&#226;ncia da transla&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento te&#243;rico para a pr&#225;tica e a potencialidade que o envolvimento dos estudantes tem para este efeito <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. Outros pesquisadores refor&#231;am n&#227;o s&#243; a import&#226;ncia acad&#234;mica da investiga&#231;&#227;o, como tamb&#233;m a sua relev&#226;ncia para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e, consequentemente, para a interliga&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados prestados com a evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica mais recente, ao referir que uma maior explora&#231;&#227;o de atividades de investiga&#231;&#227;o pode capacitar os estudantes, de forma mais efetiva, para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de determinadas compet&#234;ncias fundamentais para a cl&#237;nica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A pr&#225;tica baseada na evid&#234;ncia assume-se, assim, indubitavelmente, como um produto chave que pode estar condicionado pela ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de envolvimento dos estudantes nesses projetos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. O sucesso futuro, e atual, do uso correto da evid&#234;ncia parece relacionar-se com a necessidade de aproximar os estudantes dos contextos em ela &#233; cultivada<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. Corroboramos a opini&#227;o dos autores que defendem que a transfer&#234;ncia do conhecimento para a cl&#237;nica e sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o sendo um assunto propriamente recente no debate acad&#234;mico e p&#250;blico sobre o tema, &#233; emergente<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Por outro lado, a amostra sugere que a participa&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o ajuda a desenvolver a sua identidade profissional e, como tal, a adquirir novos conhecimentos e compet&#234;ncias. Essa perspectiva &#233; corroborada pela literatura, uma vez que a reflex&#227;o e problematiza&#231;&#227;o aliadas &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de tarefas em v&#225;rios contextos reais - atividades levadas a cabo em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o - fomentam a integra&#231;&#227;o complexa de conhecimentos essenciais para a profiss&#227;o, como o ju&#237;zo profissional, as habilidades, os valores e as atitudes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os estudos referem, igualmente, a import&#226;ncia do papel que o supervisor desempenha, enquanto ator orientador no processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Todavia, este deve ser explorado em estudos futuros, porque n&#227;o s&#227;o claros, a partir da an&#225;lise da evid&#234;ncia, os modelos e as estrat&#233;gias a usar. De facto, existe evid&#234;ncia de que a din&#226;mica entre supervisor e supervisado carece de um planejamento que permita articular os objetivos do projeto, as compet&#234;ncias do supervisor e as necessidades de acompanhamento dos estudantes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>, prevenindo o potencial desinteresse pela pesquisa e sua aliena&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. O conhecimento dos melhores processos para apoiar e acompanhar o estudante &#233;, destarte, importante para promover uma aprendizagem mais eficaz<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>)</sup> e possibilitar um uso mais adequado do conhecimento com ganhos na sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>A longo prazo, o investimento na forma&#231;&#227;o de enfermeiros com compet&#234;ncias em investiga&#231;&#227;o parece contribuir n&#227;o s&#243; para o aperfei&#231;oamento da qualidade dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, como tamb&#233;m estimula as ind&#250;strias de inova&#231;&#227;o no setor da sa&#250;de, melhorando o n&#237;vel de sa&#250;de da popula&#231;&#227;o e contribuindo para a competitividade nacional e o crescimento econ&#244;mico<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>. Tamb&#233;m, no panorama da educa&#231;&#227;o, se escreve uma mudan&#231;a paradigm&#225;tica, com um apelo pronunciado &#224; transi&#231;&#227;o da educa&#231;&#227;o informada por pesquisa, na qual os estudantes s&#227;o consumidores passivos de conhecimento, para a educa&#231;&#227;o baseada em pesquisa, na qual os alunos est&#227;o realmente envolvidos nos estudos, assimilando, assim, o conhecimento de uma forma ativa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma compet&#234;ncia essencial para os profissionais de sa&#250;de e implica que estejam cientes dos mais recentes desenvolvimentos na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de, sejam capazes de avaliar criticamente a literatura cient&#237;fica e utilizar o conhecimento cient&#237;fico na tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>. Por isso, pesquisar durante a licenciatura &#233; um foco emergente para ajudar os alunos a desenvolverem as habilidades e compet&#234;ncias necess&#225;rias para um profissional de sa&#250;de na atualidade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>O desenho observacional das pesquisas inclu&#237;das na amostra fragiliza a demonstra&#231;&#227;o da import&#226;ncia do envolvimento dos estudantes de licenciatura em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel imputar o efeito &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o em causa.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m desse fator, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos de medida internos e/ou n&#227;o validados pelos autores dos artigos integrados na amostra da RIL para avaliar o grau de envolvimento dos estudantes e o seu impacto determina, igualmente, uma limita&#231;&#227;o, na medida em que pode comprometer a exatid&#227;o e precis&#227;o dos resultados obtidos, gerar maior incerteza sobre a tradu&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno de estudo e inviabilizar a dissemina&#231;&#227;o dos instrumentos para efeitos similares.</p>
          <p>Apesar de dois estudos serem qualitativos e tr&#234;s quanti-qualitativos, o que possibilita um conhecimento mais aprofundado da realidade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>)</sup>, o n&#250;mero reduzido de artigos inclu&#237;dos na amostra e o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia deles (n&#237;vel 4) dificultam a sistematiza&#231;&#227;o da evid&#234;ncia sobre o fen&#244;meno em estudo. Ainda que, de acordo com a literatura existente, "a s&#237;ntese do conhecimento, dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o, reduz[a] incertezas sobre recomenda&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas, [e permita] (...) generaliza&#231;&#245;es precisas sobre o fen&#244;meno a partir das informa&#231;&#245;es dispon&#237;veis (...)"<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>, considera-se necess&#225;ria mais investiga&#231;&#227;o sobre esta mat&#233;ria, com desenhos de estudo mais robustos, para melhor elucidar as implica&#231;&#245;es do envolvimento de estudantes de enfermagem em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da Enfermagem</title>
          <p>Os resultados desta revis&#227;o integrativa da literatura sugerem que a participa&#231;&#227;o de estudantes da licenciatura em enfermagem em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o contribui para diferentes aprendizagens, desenvolvimento de atitudes e compet&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas. Os estudantes podem ser envolvidos em todas as fases do processo de pesquisa, com aparentes benef&#237;cios para a sua aprendizagem, motiva&#231;&#227;o e para o pr&#243;prio desenvolvimento da investiga&#231;&#227;o. Essa pr&#225;tica pedag&#243;gica parece possibilitar aprendizagem, reflex&#227;o e integra&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento, desenvolvimento de compet&#234;ncias de comunica&#231;&#227;o, escrita cient&#237;fica, gest&#227;o do tempo, ju&#237;zo cr&#237;tico e aumento da satisfa&#231;&#227;o com o processo de aprendizagem.</p>
          <p>A confirmarem-se esses resultados, s&#227;o in&#250;meros os ganhos desse processo para a Enfermagem, permitindo formar profissionais mais capacitados, mais conscientes e cientes da import&#226;ncia da pr&#225;tica baseada na evid&#234;ncia e da investiga&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de como motora dos grandes avan&#231;os que fazem a diferen&#231;a na vida das pessoas. A chave para uma for&#231;a de trabalho em sa&#250;de competente passa, inquestionavelmente, pela qualidade da forma&#231;&#227;o dos futuros profissionais.</p>
          <p>Recomenda-se o investimento nessa &#225;rea e a sua explora&#231;&#227;o, no sentido da constru&#231;&#227;o de estudos que demonstrem causalidade entre os benef&#237;cios abordados e o envolvimento dos estudantes de licenciatura em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o. A constru&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos de medida validados poder&#225; acrescentar valor a esses mesmos projetos e maximizar o potencial dessa tem&#225;tica e a sua operacionaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>O presente trabalho apresenta, com base na evid&#234;ncia dispon&#237;vel, uma panor&#226;mica das aprendizagens e compet&#234;ncias desenvolvidas pelos estudantes da licenciatura em enfermagem no &#226;mbito de projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o, promovendo maior conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre esse t&#243;pico. Adicionalmente elenca benef&#237;cios que parecem estar inerentes a essa participa&#231;&#227;o e sugere implica&#231;&#245;es para futuro exerc&#237;cio profissional.</p>
        <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o em projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o parece influenciar o desenvolvimento do estudante em diferentes dom&#237;nios, variando entre a aprendizagem de conhecimento e compet&#234;ncias, a defini&#231;&#227;o de novas atitudes que fomentam a cultura de investiga&#231;&#227;o e a mudan&#231;a de comportamento que potencializa a transla&#231;&#227;o do saber para a pr&#225;tica de cuidados.</p>
        <p>Esses resultados sugerem que pode ser pertinente, desde j&#225;, criar oportunidades para promover a participa&#231;&#227;o dos estudantes em atividades de investiga&#231;&#227;o durante a licenciatura em enfermagem. Alinhada com as principais pol&#237;ticas orientadoras, a reestrutura&#231;&#227;o dos curr&#237;culos pode emergir como uma estrat&#233;gia para aproximar os estudantes e a investiga&#231;&#227;o, contribuindo para os potenciais benef&#237;cios. O papel das IES afigura-se dual, por um lado, promovendo a reestrutura&#231;&#227;o curricular e as mudan&#231;as organizacionais "<italic>top-down</italic>" e, por outro, acalentando mudan&#231;as lideradas pelos investigadores que, no &#226;mbito da sua atividade, criam a estrutura, os recursos e os incentivos para que os estudantes explorem os desafios inerentes a projetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>FOMENTO E AGRADECIMENTO</bold>
          </p>
          <p>A publica&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho encontra-se integrada no projeto Train4Health, tendo recebido financiamento do programa Erasmus+. O <italic>acknowledgment</italic> oficial descreve-se de seguida: &#8220;This work was developed as part of students&#8217; engagement in the Train4Health project. The project has received funding from the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union under the grant agreement no. 2019-1-PT01-KA203-061389. The Funder had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript. The European Commission&#8217;s support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents, which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.&#8221;</p>
          <p>Agradecemos tamb&#233;m &#224; Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa por todo o apoio na produ&#231;&#227;o e publica&#231;&#227;o deste artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
