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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZYy9vW8mPmHTRfzLQRWdBZC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672021001000202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0736</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Burnout Syndrome prevalence among nursing technicians of an Adult Intensive Care Unit</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Prevalencia de S&#237;ndrome de Burnout em t&#233;cnicos em enfermer&#237;a de una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva Adulto</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1650-5308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Cardoso e Cardozo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8635-6029</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barilli</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Louise Santin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8997-3279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Specht</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8483-4576</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Herbert</surname>
            <given-names>No&#233;li Dai&#227;m Raymundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Porto Alegre</city>
          <state>Rio Grande do Sul</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Michelle Cardoso e Cardozo Alves. E-mail: <email>michelle2cardozo@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Andrea Bernardes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>74</volume>
      <issue>suppl 3</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20190736</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to verify Burnout Syndrome prevalence among nursing technicians of an adult Intensive Care Unit and associate prevalence with sociodemographic and clinical data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>a cross-sectional study carried out in an adult Intensive Care Unit of a large public hospital in southern Brazil, between March and April/2018. Prevalence was assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>122 nursing technicians participated (aged 39&#177;2.5 years), 76% being women. Burnout Syndrome prevalence was 19.7% and 62.9%. There was a significant association between Burnout Syndrome and depression (p=0.004), as well as Burnout Syndrome and comorbidities (p=0.033), when less conservative criteria were adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>the findings are relevant to professionals in this area and may contribute to adopting strategies to combat Burnout Syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>verificar laprevalencia de agotamiento profesional (S&#237;ndrome de Burnout) en t&#233;cnicos de enfermer&#237;a de una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de adultos y asociar la prevalencia con datos sociodemogr&#225;ficos y cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>estudio transversal, desarrollado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos para adultos de un gran hospital p&#250;blico delsur de Brasil, entre marzo y abril de 2018. La prevalencia se evalu&#243; mediante el Maslach Burnout Inventory.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>participaron 122 t&#233;cnicos de enfermer&#237;a (edad 39&#177;2,5 a&#241;os), de los cuales 76% eran mujeres. La prevalencia del s&#237;ndrome de Burnout fue del 19,7% y del 62,9%. Hubo asociaci&#243;n significativa entre S&#237;ndrome de Burnout y depresi&#243;n (p=0,004), as&#237; como S&#237;ndrome de Burnout y comorbilidades (p=0,033), cuando se adopt&#243; un criterio menos conservador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusi&#243;n:</title>
          <p>los hallazgos son relevantes para los profesionales de esta &#225;rea y pueden contribuir a laadopci&#243;n de estrategias para combatir el S&#237;ndrome de Burnout.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Burnout, Professional</kwd>
        <kwd>Occupational Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Intensive Care Units</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing, Staff</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Agotamiento Profesional</kwd>
        <kwd>Salud Laboral</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Grupo de Enfermeria</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermeria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Intensive Care Units (ICUs) are specialized units that serve severely affected patients daily. Patients&#8217; suffering and death, work overload, complexity of actions, lack of human and material resources, performance of high-risk procedures, excessive noise, closed environment and artificial lighting, among others, are factors that generate stress and fatigue in workers of these units<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering that there is a significant relationship between Burnout Syndrome and mental health, the hospital reality - particularly in ICUs - has been a cause for the professional stress of workers, which may evolve to Burnout Syndrome (BS)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>, defined as syndrome psychological related to service provision and due to chronic emotional overload at work. Vulnerability to development increases when it involves a significant burden of responsibility, protection and care for others<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Professional activities directly linked to patients have been considered to trigger BS. Thus, professionals such as nursing technicians, who perform their activities at the bedside, are more vulnerable<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. Clinical manifestations of BS can involve physical, psychological, behavioral and defensive symptoms, such as fatigue, sleep and/or appetite disorders, muscle pain, anxiety, frustration, irritability, difficulty concentrating, tendency to isolation, among others<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. The translation of the word Burnout summarizes how exhausted professionals feel: &#8220;being consumed by fire&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>As a consequence, workers who suffer from BS are demotivated at work, are absent regularly, do their tasks as little as possible, leave early and resign<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.Both absenteeism and the reduction in the number of workers can compromise the care provided. In this context, too, nursing professionals may suffer from high levels of stress, workload, inadequate work environment and professional dissatisfaction, which can compromise patient safety<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the instruments used to verify BS occurrence, currently the most used by the international scientific community is the one developed by Christina Maslach and Susan Jackson. The scale is made up of personal, social and institutional variables. The factors that define BS standard are<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>: a) Emotional exhaustion (EE): lack of energy/enthusiasm and feeling depleted of resources. Here, it is possible to identify feelings of tension, frustration and lack of energy; b) Depersonalization (DP): when professionals start to treat co-workers, clients and the organization as objects. There may be emotional instability; c) Personal accomplishment (PA): related to the tendency of workers to negatively assess themselves. There is dissatisfaction and unhappiness with professional development.</p>
      <p>In ICU practice, the influence of the environment on workers&#8217; health conditions, both physical and psychological, is perceived. The consequences of BS can affect not only individuals, but also co-workers. Research on workers&#8217; health in Brazil has gained significant space, since, for adequate, safe and qualified assistance, it is necessary that workers are satisfied and in conditions to perform their work properly. However, there are still few studies that consider BS prevalence specifically in nursing technicians, a share that makes up 57.3% of the total nursing professionals in Brazil<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Knowing BS prevalence in nursing technicians who work at ICU can support strategies and interventions directed at work conditions and organization, as well as social relationships, constituting important tools for people management and workers&#8217; health.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To verify Burnout Syndrome prevalence among nursing technicians of an adult Intensive Care Unit, to associate prevalence with sociodemographic and clinical data.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHOD</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>This study followed the Regulatory Guidelines and Norms for Research involving Human Beings, Resolution 466 of 2012<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. It was approved by the institution&#8217;s Ethics and Research Committee. All participants signed an Informed Consent Form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Design, place of study, and period</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional study, designed according to the Protocol Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>. Data collection took place between the months of March to April 2018, in an ICU of complexity level III, with 59 beds, 100% focused on serving users of the Unified Health System (SUS &#8211; <italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Population or sample; inclusion and exclusion criteria</title>
        <p>To calculate the sample, an estimated population of 209 nursing technicians was considered, expected prevalence of 9%, absolute error margin of 5% and confidence level of 95%. The sample was defined by 117 employees, with a 10% increase for eventual losses or refusals.</p>
        <p>Nursing technicians aged 18 years or over, of both sexes, who performed at least 20 daily hours per day of care at ICU and were exercising their functions during the collection period were included.</p>
        <p>Workers on vacation, on medical leave, on maternity leave and who were new to the sector were excluded (less than three months).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study protocol</title>
        <p>Data related to BS were collected through the application of the Human Services Survey - Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) scale, in its version validated for Brazilian Portuguese, intended for professionals whose work has an assistance character. This scale consists of 22 items, divided into three subscales: EE (nine items), DP (five items), and PA (eight items)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. Each item is accompanied by a response scale, from 0 to 6 points, which measures the frequency of feelings related to the syndrome (0=never; 1=sometimes a year; 2=once a month or less; 3=sometimes per month; 4=once a week; 5=a few times a week; 6=daily)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.For the scale score, each dimension is divided into three levels (high, moderate, and low). For EE, a high-level score of 27 or more is considered; moderate, from 19 to 26 points; low level, with 19 points or less. For DP, a high score of 10 or more is considered; moderate, 6 to 9 points; low level, less than 6 points. PA has the opposite direction to the other subscales: considered a high level between 0 and 33 points; moderate, from 34 to 39 points; low level, equal to or above 40 points<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The instrument used in data collection was self-applied and provided in the work environment, leaving participants to choose the best place to answer it, in order to provide an environment in which they felt comfortable, since the MBI contains personal information.</p>
        <p>Due to the lack of consensus in the literature for the diagnosis and also to the risk of underestimating the BS rate of individuals who present only one of the unbalanced dimensions, in this study, two criteria were used to verify BS:a) The first and most conservative, according to the guidelines of Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, considers for the diagnosis simultaneously a high score in EE and DP dimensions and a low score in the PA dimension, i.e., changes in the three dimensions; b) The second, according to Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, considers a high score in at least one of the dimensions (EE or DP), or a low score in PA, i.e., changes in at least one of the dimensions.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Analysis of results, and statistics</title>
        <p>For statistical analysis, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0 was used. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages and relative frequencies. To compare means, Student&#8217;s t test was used. In case of asymmetry, Mann-Whitney test was applied. Associations were performed using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact test. A two-tailed p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample</title>
        <p>Thus, 209 potentially eligible nursing technicians were selected. Of these, 47 were excluded by at least one of the exclusion criteria, 34 did not return the questionnaire and six did not accept to participate. At the end, 122 nursing technicians were included. To calculate BS prevalence, 117 nursing technicians were considered, according to the criteria of Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup> and 116 according to the criteria of Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, due to failure to complete some MBI questionnaires in their entirety.</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows participants&#8217; sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Table1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the interviewed workers, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">n= 122</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Age (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">39 &#177; 2.5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Female(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">92 (76)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">With a companion(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">79 (72.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">With children(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">87 (72)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Withreligion (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">101 (84)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family income (minimum wages)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 2.2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Years of study (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;13 to 16</td>
                <td align="center">98 (80)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;16 and more</td>
                <td align="center">24 (20)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Completing higher education (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">29 (24)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Possui another job (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">16 (13)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Professional career span (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">13.6 &#177; 6.3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Professional career spanat ICU (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">8.7 &#177; 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total weekly hours worked<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 17.7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comorbidities(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">55 (45.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                <td align="center">62 (52)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Depression</td>
                <td align="center">15 (12)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Hypertension</td>
                <td align="center">13 (11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Smoking</td>
                <td align="center">9 (7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Anxiety</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Bipolarity</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1.7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Note:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Continuous variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>categorical variables expressed as n (%).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Human Services Survey scores among workers</title>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the data related to MBI application and the levels of each dimension.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Distribution of the threeHuman Services Survey dimensions with the respective percentages among the workers interviewed, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="80%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Emotional exhaustion (EE)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;High</td>
                <td align="center">61 (52.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">30 (25.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Low</td>
                <td align="center">25 (21.6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Depersonalization (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;High</td>
                <td align="center">47 (40.9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">51 (44.3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Low</td>
                <td align="center">17 (14.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Personal accomplishment (PA)</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;High</td>
                <td align="center">10 (8.5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Moderate</td>
                <td align="center">16 (13.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Low</td>
                <td align="center">91 (77.8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Burnout Syndrome</td>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">23 (19.7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                <td align="center">73 (62.9)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>In EE, just over half of participants had a high score (52.6%). In DP, most of them presented scores at a moderate level (44.3%). In PA, most scored low (77.8%).</p>
        <p>BS prevalence in the studied sample was 19.7%, 23 individuals, according to the criteria established by Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, and 62.9%, 73 individuals, using the criteria proposed by Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between Burnout Syndrome, sociodemographic and clinical data of the sample, according to the criteria proposed by Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup></title>
        <p>The associations between the sociodemographic and clinical data of the sample and BS, according to the criteria proposed by Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref>, which shows that there was no significant association between variables.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between sociodemographic and clinical data of the sample and Burnout Syndrome, according to Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">With<break/>Burnout<break/>Syndrome<break/>(n=23)</th>
                <th align="center">Without<break/>Burnout<break/>Syndrome<break/>(n=94)</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>p</italic>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Professional career span (years)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 6.4</td>
                <td align="center">13.6 &#177; 5.6</td>
                <td align="center">0.900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Professional career spanat ICU (months)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8225;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">108 [57 - 147]</td>
                <td align="center">96 [60 - 144]</td>
                <td align="center">0.491</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family income (minimum wages)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">6.6 &#177; 2.3</td>
                <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 1.7</td>
                <td align="center">0.005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total weekly hours worked<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">40.2 &#177; 19.0</td>
                <td align="center">37.6 &#177; 7.5</td>
                <td align="center">0.509</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Another job</td>
                <td align="center">2 (13.3)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (86.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.755</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Completing higher education(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">5 (17.9)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (82.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.998</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Religion(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">19 (19.4)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (80.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.754</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comorbidities(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">14 (60.9)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (39.4)</td>
                <td align="center">0.103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Smoking(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">4 (17.4)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.073</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Depression(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">4 (17.4)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (10.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.471</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Bipolarity(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Anxiety(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">1 (4.3)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0.356</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sedentary lifestyle(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">10 (43.5)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (55.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.431</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Note:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Continuous variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>categorical variables expressed as n (%);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>asymmetric variables presented as median and interquartile range.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Association between Burnout Syndrome, sociodemographic and clinical data of the sample, according to the criteria proposed by Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup></title>
        <p>The associations between the sociodemographic and clinical data of the sample and BS, according to the criteria of Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>, are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref>, which shows a statistically significant association between BS and comorbidities (p=0.033) and between BS and depression (p=0.004).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Association between sociodemographic and clinical data of the sample and Burnout Syndrome, according to Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="40%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
              <col width="20%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Variables</th>
                <th align="center">With<break/>Burnout<break/>Syndrome<break/>(n=73)</th>
                <th align="center">Without<break/>Burnout<break/>Syndrome<break/>(n=43)</th>
                <th align="center">
                  <italic>p</italic>
                </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Professional career span<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">14.5 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center">13.3 &#177; 5.9</td>
                <td align="center">0.330</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Professional career spanat ICU<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#8225;</xref></td>
                <td align="center">96 [51 - 144]</td>
                <td align="center">96 [60 - 156]</td>
                <td align="center">0.730</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Family income (minimum wages)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">6.1 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center">0.397</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Total weekly hours worked<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref></td>
                <td align="center">41.0 &#177; 25.5</td>
                <td align="center">39.8 &#177; 11.8</td>
                <td align="center">0.729</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Another job(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">12 (16.4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (9.3)</td>
                <td align="center">0.425</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Completing higher education(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">18 (24.7)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (25.6)</td>
                <td align="center">1.000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Religion(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">59 (80.8)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (90.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0.269</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comorbidities(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">40 (54.8)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (32.6)</td>
                <td align="center">0.033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Smoking(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">7 (9.6)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0.481</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Depression(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">15 (20.5)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Bipolarity(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.529</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Anxiety(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (2.7)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0.0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.529</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sedentary lifestyle(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center">38 (52.8)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (44.2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.485</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Note:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Continuous variables expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>categorical variables expressed as n (%);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>asymmetric variables presented as median and interquartile range.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>This study sought to identify BSprevalence in nursing technicians in an adult ICU of a large public hospital in southern Brazil, correlating it with sociodemographic and clinical data. As there is no consensus regarding the diagnosis and in order to avoid measurement bias, BS prevalence was calculated according to the more conservative criteria of Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup> (23 cases=19.7%) and also according to the criteria of Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup> (73 cases=62.9%). Although distinct, both deserve attention, as they lead to reflection and better understanding about the health situation of these workers. Adopting a less conservative criterion for the diagnosis of BS, in addition to having a higher prevalence, also revealed a statistically significant association when compared to the presence of comorbidities and depression.</p>
      <p>The sociodemographic characteristics presented are similar to those of other studies<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup> that assessed BS in nursing professionals, in which the mean age of participants is close to 40 years, the female sex predominates and most live with a partner. The fact that nursing is a predominantly female profession<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup> must be considered, as stress and BS are predominant in women, since they expose their feelings more<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>When it comes to BS prevalence, the data found in the literature are heterogeneous, varying according to the professional category and the method used to assess it; this makes comparison between studies difficult. Furthermore, the professional category composed of nursing technicians is present in the Brazilian health care network, not being provided for, regulated and, therefore, existing abroad. Even so, in the national scenario, most of the findings in the literature refer to the nursing staff as a whole, considering nurses and nursing technicians<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.Few studies specifically consider BS of nursing technicians<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>, although the specificity of their attributions is known, since they develop a more direct and continuous degree of interaction with patients, as they are practically all the time on the edge of the bed, which generates greater vulnerability to develop BS<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A cross-sectional study conducted with 50 nursing professionals (27 technicians, 7 assistants and 16 nurses) working at ICU and Semi-Intensive Care Unit of a university hospital in S&#227;o Paulo showed a prevalence of 12% of BS among participants. Of these, about 66% were nursing technicians, indicating BS predominance in this professional category<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>High BS prevalence presented in the present study is corroborated by results previously presented in a Brazilian observational study<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>, conducted with 130 general and cardiac ICU nursing professionals from two large hospitals in Rio de Janeiro, which demonstrated BS prevalence of 55.3%.The findings showed that more than a third of workers had high EE (37.7%), in addition to the inverse association between this variable and work performance<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. It should also be noted that there was no discrimination by the authors between the different professional categories (nurses, technicians and nursing assistants)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The above findings show the susceptibility to BS development in professionals who works at ICU, particularly nursing technicians, for being at the bedside, and directly exposed to emotionally intense situations such as illness, death and family<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In relation to the subscale score, in the studied sample, high levels of EE were found in 52.6% of individuals. Similar results were evidenced in a cross-sectional study with 502 nursing professionals working at ICU, with 54.4% of the sample consisting of nursing technicians<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>, in which 57% of day shift workers had high EE. The scientific literature indicates that EE can be considered an initial factor in BS, since workload, the characteristics of the environment and the interpersonal demands of the worker are items considered in this subscale<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.In fact, a recent publication presented data obtained from professionals from 40 institutions in S&#227;o Paulo, revealing that EE was more intense in nurses who worked in institutions that had the worst working conditions regarding autonomy over the environment.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our findings also indicated DP in 40.9% of nursing technicians, a percentage similar to that found in a study with 50 nursing professionals (54% of the sample composed of technicians), ICU and Semi-Intensive Unit (44%) workers<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. It is known that DP is generally represented by attitudes that involve withdrawal and harsh treatment to individuals, as a way to mitigate exhaustion<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. In Spanish research, with 140 nurses who worked in different sectors of a hospital, DP levels were associated with uncertainty regarding patient treatment, inadequate preparation of professionals and problems among the nursing staff<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, a low PA level was found in 77.8% of the sample. Findings from a cross-sectional study<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>, carried out in Paran&#225; State, corroborate the data presented. The authors showed that nursing assistants and technicians are more likely to have a low PA when compared to other members of the health staff<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. Despite the importance of their work, they have less autonomy in relation to other professionals, are little recognized and valued, which can generate feelings of worthlessness and incompetence<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the present study, when considering the criteria of Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, there was a statistically significant association between BS and depression. Recently, a Brazilian study carried out with 72 nursing professionals working in four ICUs in three different hospitals, 95.8% of the sample consisting of technicians and the rest by assistants, showed a suggestive picture of depression in 11.1% of participants<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>. This relationship had also been described in a previous study, carried out in S&#227;o Paulo, in 2011, with 67 ICU nursing workers (66% of the sample composed of technicians), in which a prevalence of 28.4% of depression was evidenced, 8.4% of the sample had sufficient scores for depression or severe depression. There was no stratification regarding the professional category, i.e., this percentage involves not only nursing technicians, but also nurses. Differing from the results presented, the authors showed a statistically significant association between depression and marital status (OR=1.5), night work (OR=1.4), and double working hours (OR=2.1)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The above considerations lead to reflections regarding the proximity between BS and depression among nursing technicians. Although depressive conditions can occur as a manifestation of BS, they are different constructs, although they have common aspects<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>)</sup>. Thus, BS should receive as much attention as any other psychological disorder. In an integrative review, in which ten articles were included, it was pointed out that high BS rate in nursing professionals has been receiving more and more focus in the health sector and many times individuals have comorbidities associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression. The authors stressed that it is necessary to assess the relationship between these disorders and aspects related to company (hours worked, working conditions, conflicts, turnover), individuals (physical, mental, family) and/or professionals (accomplishment, productivity)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The findings of this study also demonstrated a significant association between BS and comorbidities. It is known that a higher level of stress at work can adversely affect the physical and psychological health of nursing workers<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>. The high proportion of sedentary workers in this sample is similar to that presented in a cross-sectional study conducted with 502 nursing workers from a philanthropic hospital, 273 (54.4%) of whom were technicians. Most of the employees on the day shift were sedentary, and this factor was associated with high DP and low PA<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.In this regard, it is known that physical activity should be encouraged, since it results in benefits on health professionals&#8217; mental health. In addition to providing mental energy, it helps to reduce work fatigue due to the release of neurotransmitters, causing a feeling of well-being. Moreover, physical activity is recommended as a protective factor for several chronic diseases<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for strategies to cope with BS, a recent Brazilian integrative review showed three different possible axes of actions taken by health institutions with the aim of reducing stress among the nursing staff: management and education, dialogue and reflections of work, and spaces for biopsychosocial and physical well-being. It is necessary that the development and implementation of strategies are carried out considering the suggestion of the professionals involved in the processes, so that they feel valued and so that it is possible to make everyday life more productive<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Either through changes in the environment in order to make it more suitable and favorable, or through efforts aimed at increasing motivation and improving workers&#8217; mental health, occupational stress prevention is essential to promote better results, both for patients and for professionals and institutions.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>A possible limitation of the study was the failure to complete some questionnaires in their entirety and the non-return of some instruments by participants. Another possible obstacle is related to the cross-sectional design, which is limited to punctually analyzing professionals&#8217; characteristics in a short period of time, not being able to establish cause and effect relationships.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to nursing, health, and public policies</title>
        <p>Studies like this can assist nursing managers in planning actions aimed at these professionals, in order to mobilize resources and proposals for improvements that favor a better perception of self-esteem among these professionals and a more positive perception related to the work environment. Acting directly on factors associated with exhaustion will allow health managers to prevent BS from spreading among their workers.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSION</title>
      <p>BS prevalence among the nursing technicians assessed - regardless of the method used for measurement - should be considered. In the sample, high levels of EE, moderate levels of DP and low PA were evidenced, which denotes the exposure of these workers to factors that determine stress.</p>
      <p>In addition to these findings, a statistically significant association was found between BS and depression, and also between BS and comorbidities, allowing us to infer that the level of stress at work can result in damage to workers&#8217; physical and psychological health.</p>
      <p>BS is a very broad topic, although there is still room for further investigation specifically considering the technical nursing professional, due to the direct and constant attention to the main needs of patients. Based on studies like this, it is expected to envision alternatives that make these professionals less stressful professional practice.</p>
      <p>Prevention strategies related to habits and lifestyles should be encouraged and promoted, especially with regard to physical inactivity and alcohol consumption, aiming to modify the profile of morbidity and modifiable risk factors related to chronic non-communicable diseases in the population studied.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>REFERENCES</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1 Dorigan GH, Guirardello EB. Effect of the practice environment of nurses on job outcomes and safety climate. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2018;26:e3056. doi: 10.1590/1518-8345.2633.3056</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dorigan</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guirardello</surname>
              <given-names>EB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of the practice environment of nurses on job outcomes and safety climate</article-title>
          <source>Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem</source>
          <year>2018</year>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preval&#234;ncia de esgotamento profissional em t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem de uma unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1650-5308</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Michelle Cardoso e Cardozo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8635-6029</contrib-id>
          <name>
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            <given-names>Sofia Louise Santin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8997-3279</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Specht</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8483-4576</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Herbert</surname>
            <given-names>No&#233;li Dai&#227;m Raymundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Hospitalar Concei&#231;&#227;o. Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> Michelle Cardoso e Cardozo Alves. E-mail: <email>michelle2cardozo@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR CHEFE: Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Andrea Bernardes</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>verificar a preval&#234;ncia de esgotamento profissional (S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic>) em t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva adulto e associar a preval&#234;ncia a dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>estudo transversal, desenvolvido em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva adulto de hospital p&#250;blico de grande porte do Sul do Brasil, entre mar&#231;o e abril de 2018. A preval&#234;ncia foi avaliada com o <italic>Maslach Burnout Inventory</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>participaram 122 t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem (idade 39 &#177; 2,5 anos), sendo 76% mulheres. As preval&#234;ncias de S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic> foram 19,7% e 62,9%. Houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic> e depress&#227;o (p=0,004), assim como S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic> e comorbidades (p=0,033), quando adotado crit&#233;rio menos conservador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>os achados s&#227;o relevantes para os profissionais desta &#225;rea, podendo contribuir para ado&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de combate &#224; S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Esgotamento Profissional</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de do Trabalhador</kwd>
        <kwd>Unidade de Terapia Intensiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipe de Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>As Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs) s&#227;o unidades especializadas que atendem diariamente pacientes gravemente acometidos. O sofrimento e a morte de pacientes, a sobrecarga de trabalho, a complexidade das a&#231;&#245;es, a falta de recursos humanos e materiais, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos de alto risco, os ru&#237;dos excessivos, o ambiente fechado e com ilumina&#231;&#227;o artificial, dentre outros, s&#227;o fatores geradores de estresse e fadiga nos trabalhadores dessas unidades<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Considerando que existe uma rela&#231;&#227;o significativa entre esgotamento profissional e sa&#250;de mental, a realidade hospitalar &#8211; particularmente das UTIs &#8211; tem sido causa para o estresse profissional dos trabalhadores, podendo evoluir &#224; S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic> (SB) ou esgotamento profissional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>, definida como s&#237;ndrome psicol&#243;gica relacionada &#224; presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os e decorrente dasobrecarga emocional cr&#244;nica no trabalho. A vulnerabilidade ao desenvolvimento aumenta quando envolve uma carga significativa de responsabilidade, prote&#231;&#227;o e cuidado com o outro<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Atividades profissionais ligadas diretamente ao paciente t&#234;m sido consideradas desencadeadoras da SB. Assim, profissionais, como t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem, que realizam suas atividades &#224; beira do leito, apresentam maior vulnerabilidade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. As manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas da SB podem envolver sintomas f&#237;sicos, ps&#237;quicos, comportamentais e defensivos, como fadiga, dist&#250;rbios do sono e/ou do apetite, dores musculares, ansiedade, frusta&#231;&#227;o, irritabilidade, dificuldade de concentra&#231;&#227;o, tend&#234;ncia ao isolamento, dentre outras<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. A tradu&#231;&#227;o da palavra <italic>Burnout</italic> resume como o profissional esgotado se sente: &#8220;sendo consumido pelo fogo&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Como consequ&#234;ncia, os trabalhadores que sofrem de SB apresentam desmotiva&#231;&#227;o no trabalho, faltam regularmente, fazem o m&#237;nimo poss&#237;vel de suas tarefas, v&#227;o embora mais cedo e pedem demiss&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Tanto o absente&#237;smo quanto a redu&#231;&#227;o do quantitativo de trabalhadores podem comprometer o cuidado prestado. Nesse contexto, tamb&#233;m, os profissionais de enfermagem podem sofrer com os n&#237;veis elevados de estresse, carga de trabalho, ambiente de trabalho inadequado e insatisfa&#231;&#227;o profissional, que podem comprometer a seguran&#231;a dos pacientes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Dentre os instrumentos utilizados para verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de SB<sup>,</sup> atualmente, o mais empregado pela comunidade cient&#237;fica internacional &#233; o elaborado por Christina Maslach e Susan Jackson. A escala &#233; composta por vari&#225;veis pessoais, sociais e institucionais. Os fatores que definem o padr&#227;o da SB s&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>: a) Exaust&#227;o Emocional (EE): car&#234;ncia ou falta de energia/entusiasmo e sentimento de esgotamento de recursos. Aqui, &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar sentimentos de tens&#227;o, frustra&#231;&#227;o e falta de energia; b) Despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o (DP): quando o profissional come&#231;a a tratar os colegas, clientes e a organiza&#231;&#227;o como objetos. Pode haver instabilidade emocional; c) Realiza&#231;&#227;o Profissional (RP): relacionada &#224; tend&#234;ncia do trabalhador em se autoavaliar negativamente. H&#225; insatisfa&#231;&#227;o e infelicidade com o desenvolvimento profissional.</p>
        <p>Na pr&#225;tica da UTI, percebe-se a influ&#234;ncia do ambiente sobre as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, tanto f&#237;sicas quanto psicol&#243;gicas, dos trabalhadores. As consequ&#234;ncias do esgotamento profissional podem afetar n&#227;o somente o indiv&#237;duo, mas tamb&#233;m o coletivo de trabalho. Pesquisas sobre a sa&#250;de do trabalhador no Brasil t&#234;m ganhado espa&#231;o significativo, pois, para uma assist&#234;ncia adequada, segura e qualificada, &#233; preciso que os trabalhadores estejam satisfeitos e em condi&#231;&#245;es de desempenhar o trabalho de forma adequada. Todavia, ainda s&#227;o poucos os estudos que consideram a preval&#234;ncia de SB especificamente em t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem, parcela que perfaz 57,3% do total de profissionais de enfermagem do Brasil<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O conhecimento da preval&#234;ncia da SB em t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem que atuam em UTI pode subsidiar estrat&#233;gias e interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es e &#224; organiza&#231;&#227;o do trabalho, bem como &#224;s rela&#231;&#245;es sociais, constituindo importantes ferramentas para a gest&#227;o de pessoas e para a sa&#250;de do trabalhador.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Verificar a preval&#234;ncia de esgotamento profissional (S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic>) em t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva adulto e associar a preval&#234;ncia a dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O estudo segue as Diretrizes e Normas Regulamentadoras de Pesquisas envolvendo Seres Humanos, Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466, de 2012<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. Foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desenho, local do estudo e per&#237;odo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo transversal, delineado conforme o protocolo <italic>Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology</italic> (STROBE)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre os meses de mar&#231;o a abril de 2018, em uma UTI de n&#237;vel de complexidade III, com 59 leitos, voltada 100% ao atendimento de usu&#225;rios do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o ou amostra; crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Para o c&#225;lculo da amostra, considerou-se uma popula&#231;&#227;o estimada de 209 t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem, preval&#234;ncia esperada de 9%, margem de erro absoluta de 5% e n&#237;vel de confian&#231;a de 95%. A amostra foi definida em 117 colaboradores, sendo acrescido ainda 10% para eventuais perdas ou recusas.</p>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, que realizassem no m&#237;nimo 20 horas diurnas semanais de atendimento assistencial na UTI e estivessem exercendo suas fun&#231;&#245;es no per&#237;odo da coleta.</p>
          <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos trabalhadores em f&#233;rias, em per&#237;cia m&#233;dica, atestados m&#233;dicos, licen&#231;a maternidade e que fossem novos no setor (menos de tr&#234;s meses).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
          <p>Dados relativos &#224; SB foram coletados por meio da aplica&#231;&#227;o da escala <italic>Human Services Survey&#8211;Maslach Burnout Inventory</italic> (MBI), em sua vers&#227;o validada para o portugu&#234;s do Brasil, destinada aos profissionais cujo trabalho tem car&#225;ter assistencial. Essa escala &#233; composta por 22 itens, distribu&#237;dos em tr&#234;s subescalas: EE (nove itens), DP (cinco itens) e RP (oito itens)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. Cada item est&#225; acompanhado por uma escala de resposta, de 0 a 6 pontos, que mensura a frequ&#234;ncia de sentimentos relacionados &#224; s&#237;ndrome (0 = nunca; 1 = algumas vezes por ano; 2 = uma vez por m&#234;s ou menos; 3 = algumas vezes por m&#234;s; 4 = uma vez por semana; 5 = algumas vezes por semana e 6 = diariamente)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>. Para a pontua&#231;&#227;o da escala, cada dimens&#227;o &#233; dividida em tr&#234;s n&#237;veis (alto, moderado e baixo). Para EE, &#233; considerado n&#237;vel alto pontua&#231;&#227;o de 27 ou mais; moderado, de 19 a 26 pontos; n&#237;vel baixo, com 19 pontos ou menos. Para DP, &#233; considerado n&#237;vel alto pontua&#231;&#227;o de 10 ou mais; moderado, de 6 a 9 pontos; n&#237;vel baixo, com menos de 6 pontos. A subescala de RP tem dire&#231;&#227;o oposta &#224;s demais subescalas: considerado n&#237;vel alto entre 0 e 33 pontos; moderado, de 34 a 39 pontos; n&#237;vel baixo, igual ou acima de 40 pontos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O instrumento utilizado na coleta foi auto aplicado e fornecido no ambiente de trabalho, ficando a crit&#233;rio do participante a escolha do melhor local para respond&#234;-lo, a fim de proporcionar um ambiente no qual se sentisse confort&#225;vel, j&#225; que o MBI cont&#233;m informa&#231;&#245;es de cunho pessoal.</p>
          <p>Devido &#224; falta de consenso na literatura para o diagn&#243;stico e tamb&#233;m ao risco de subestimar a taxa da SB de indiv&#237;duos que apresentam apenas uma das dimens&#245;es em desequil&#237;brio, neste estudo, foram utilizados dois crit&#233;rios para verifica&#231;&#227;o da SB: a) O primeiro e mais conservador, conforme as diretrizes de Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, considera para o diagn&#243;stico simultaneamente pontua&#231;&#227;o elevada nas dimens&#245;es EE e DP e baixa pontua&#231;&#227;o na dimens&#227;o RP, ou seja, altera&#231;&#245;es nas tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es; b) O segundo, conforme Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, considera pontua&#231;&#227;o elevada em pelo menos uma das dimens&#245;es (EE ou DP), ou baixa pontua&#231;&#227;o na dimens&#227;o RP, ou seja, altera&#231;&#227;o em pelo menos uma das dimens&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos resultados e estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, foi utilizado <italic>o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>, vers&#227;o 21.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como percentuais e frequ&#234;ncias relativas. Para comparar m&#233;dias, foi utilizado o teste-t de <italic>Student</italic>. Em caso de assimetria, o teste de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado. Foram realizadas associa&#231;&#245;es utilizando-se teste Qui-Quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher. Foi considerado significativo um valor de p bicaudal menor do que 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra</title>
          <p>Foram selecionados 209 t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem potencialmente eleg&#237;veis. Desses, 47 foram exclu&#237;dos por pelo menos um dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 34 n&#227;o devolveram o question&#225;rio e seis n&#227;o aceitaram participar. Ao final, foram inclu&#237;dos 122 t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem. Para o c&#225;lculo da preval&#234;ncia da SB, foram considerados 117 t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem segundo os crit&#233;rios de Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, e 116 segundo os crit&#233;rios de Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, devido ao n&#227;o preenchimento de alguns question&#225;rios MBI na sua totalidade.</p>
          <p>As caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos participantes est&#227;o dispostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos trabalhadores entrevistados, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="80%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">n= 122</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Idade (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">39 &#177; 2,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Sexo feminino (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">92 (76)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Com companheiro (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">79 (72,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Com filhos (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">87 (72)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Possui religi&#227;o (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">101 (84)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Renda familiar (sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 2,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Anos de estudo (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;13 a 16</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (80)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;16 ou mais</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cursando n&#237;vel superior (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">29 (24)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Possui outro emprego (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de profiss&#227;o (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">13,6 &#177; 6,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de trabalho em UTI (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">8,7 &#177; 6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total de horas semanais trabalhadas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 17,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Comorbidades (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">55 (45,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sedentarismo</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (52)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Depress&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (12)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Sist&#234;mica (HAS)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Ansiedade</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Bipolaridade</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN12">
                <p>Nota:</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN13">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN14">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas expressas como n (%).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pontua&#231;&#245;es do <italic>Human Services Survey</italic> entre os trabalhadores</title>
          <p>Os dados relativos &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do MBI e os n&#237;veis de cada dimens&#227;o est&#227;o dispostos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Distribui&#231;&#227;o das tr&#234;s dimens&#245;es do <italic>Human Services Survey</italic> com os respectivos percentuais entre os trabalhadores entrevistados, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Exaust&#227;o emocional (EE)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Alto</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (52,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (25,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (21,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Despersonaliza&#231;&#227;o (DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Alto</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (40,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (44,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (14,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Realiza&#231;&#227;o Profissional (RP)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Alto</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (8,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Moderado</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Baixo</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (77,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic></td>
                  <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">23 (19,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">73 (62,9)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Na subescala EE, pouco mais que a metade dos participantes apresentou pontua&#231;&#227;o elevada (52,6%). Na subescala DP, a maior parte apresentou pontua&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel moderado (44,3%). Na subescala RP, a maioria pontuou n&#237;vel baixo (77,8%).</p>
          <p>A preval&#234;ncia da SB na amostra estudada foi de 19,7%, 23 indiv&#237;duos, conforme os crit&#233;rios estabelecidos por Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, e de 62,9%, 73 indiv&#237;duos, utilizando os crit&#233;rios propostos por Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic>, dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos da amostra, conforme os crit&#233;rios propostos por Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup></title>
          <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre os dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos da amostra e o esgotamento profissional, conforme os crit&#233;rios de Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>,est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 3</xref>, na qual se evidencia que n&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre as vari&#225;veis.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos da amostra e S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic>, conforme Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Com<break/>S&#237;ndrome<break/>de <italic>Burnout</italic><break/>(n=23)</th>
                  <th align="center">Sem<break/>S&#237;ndrome<break/>de <italic>Burnout</italic><break/>(n=94)</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <italic>p</italic>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de profiss&#227;o (anos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 6,4</td>
                  <td align="center">13,6 &#177; 5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,900</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de trabalho em UTI (meses)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">108 [57 - 147]</td>
                  <td align="center">96 [60 - 144]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,491</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Renda familiar (sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 &#177; 2,3</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total de horas semanais trabalhadas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">40,2 &#177; 19,0</td>
                  <td align="center">37,6 &#177; 7,5</td>
                  <td align="center">0,509</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outro emprego</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (86,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,755</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cursando n&#237;vel superior(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5 (17,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (82,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Religi&#227;o (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">19 (19,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (80,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,754</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Comorbidades (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">14 (60,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (39,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Tabagismo (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Depress&#227;o (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4 (17,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (10,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,471</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Bipolaridade (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Ansiedade (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,356</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sedentarismo (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN17">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">10 (43,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (55,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,431</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN15">
                <p>Nota:</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN16">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN17">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas expressas como n (%);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN18">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>vari&#225;veis assim&#233;tricas apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre <italic>S&#237;ndrome de Burnout</italic>, dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos da amostra, conforme os crit&#233;rios propostos por Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup></title>
          <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre os dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos da amostra e o esgotamento profissional, conforme os crit&#233;rios de Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>,est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 4</xref>, que demonstra associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre SB e comorbidades (p=0,033) e entre SB e depress&#227;o (p=0,004).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos da amostra e S&#237;ndrome de <italic>Burnout</italic>, conforme Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="40%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
                <col width="20%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="center">Com<break/>S&#237;ndrome<break/>de <italic>Burnout</italic><break/>(n=73)</th>
                  <th align="center">Sem<break/>S&#237;ndrome<break/>de <italic>Burnout</italic><break/>(n=43)</th>
                  <th align="center">
                    <italic>p</italic>
                  </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de profiss&#227;o<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">14,5 &#177; 7,1</td>
                  <td align="center">13,3 &#177; 5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Tempo de trabalho em UTI<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8225;</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">96 [51 - 144]</td>
                  <td align="center">96 [60 - 156]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,730</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Renda familiar (sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 &#177; 2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Total de horas semanais trabalhadas<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">*</xref></td>
                  <td align="center">41,0 &#177; 25,5</td>
                  <td align="center">39,8 &#177; 11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,729</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Outro emprego (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12 (16,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,425</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Cursando n&#237;vel superior(%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">18 (24,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (25,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Religi&#227;o (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">59 (80,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (90,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,269</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Comorbidades (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">40 (54,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (32,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Tabagismo (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7 (9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,481</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Depress&#227;o (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">15 (20,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Bipolaridade (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,529</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Ansiedade (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,529</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;Sedentarismo (%)<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN21">&#8224;</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center">38 (52,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (44,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,485</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN19">
                <p>Nota:</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN20">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN21">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas expressas como n (%);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN22">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>vari&#225;veis assim&#233;tricas apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Este estudo buscou identificar a preval&#234;ncia de esgotamento profissional em t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem de uma UTI adulto de um hospital p&#250;blico de grande porte do Sul do Brasil, correlacionando-a com dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos. Uma vez que n&#227;o h&#225; consenso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao diagn&#243;stico e a fim de evitar vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o, a preval&#234;ncia de SB foi calculada segundo os crit&#233;rios mais conservadores de Maslach et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup> (23 casos = 19,7%) e tamb&#233;m segundo os crit&#233;rios de Grunfeld et al.<sup>16</sup> (73 casos = 62,9%). Embora distintos, ambos merecem aten&#231;&#227;o, pois levam &#224; reflex&#227;o e melhor compreens&#227;o acerca da situa&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de desses trabalhadores. A ado&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rio menos conservador para o diagn&#243;stico de SB, al&#233;m de apresentar preval&#234;ncia superior, tamb&#233;m revelou associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa quando comparada &#224; presen&#231;a de comorbidades e de depress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas apresentadas s&#227;o similares &#224;s de outros estudos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>,que avaliaram SB em profissionais de enfermagem, nos quais a idade m&#233;dia dos participantes &#233; pr&#243;xima dos 40 anos, predomina o sexo feminino e a maior parte vive com companheiro. O fato de a enfermagem ser uma profiss&#227;o predominantemente feminina<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>, deve ser considerado, na medida em que estresse e SB s&#227;o predominantes em mulheres, uma vez que elas exp&#245;em mais seus sentimentos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Quando se trata de preval&#234;ncia da SB, os dados verificados na literatura s&#227;o heterog&#234;neos, variando conforme a categoria profissional e o m&#233;todo empregado para avali&#225;-la, o que dificulta a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos. Al&#233;m disso, a categoria profissional composta por t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem est&#225; presente na rede de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de brasileira, n&#227;o sendo prevista, regulamentada e, portanto, existente no exterior. Ainda assim, no cen&#225;rio nacional, a maior parte dos achados na literatura se refere &#224; equipe de enfermagem como um todo, considerando enfermeiros e t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. Poucos estudos consideram especificamente o esgotamento profissional do t&#233;cnico de enfermagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup> apesar de ser conhecida a especificidade das suas atribui&#231;&#245;es, uma vez que desenvolvem um grau de intera&#231;&#227;o mais direto e cont&#237;nuo com o paciente, por estarem praticamente todo o tempo &#224; beira do leito, o que gera maior vulnerabilidade ao desenvolvimento de SB<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Estudo transversal, realizado com 50 profissionais de enfermagem (27 t&#233;cnicos, 7 auxiliares e 16 enfermeiros) atuantes em UTI e Unidade de Terapia Semi-Intensiva de um hospital universit&#225;rio de S&#227;o Paulo, evidenciou preval&#234;ncia de 12% de SB entre os participantes. Desses, cerca de 66% eram t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem, indicando o predom&#237;nio do dist&#250;rbio nessa categoria profissional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A elevada preval&#234;ncia de SB apresentada no presente estudo &#233; corroborada por resultados apresentados anteriormente em um estudo observacional brasileiro<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>, conduzido com 130 profissionais de enfermagem de UTI gerais e coronarianas de dois hospitais de grande porte do Rio de Janeiro, o qual demonstrou preval&#234;ncia de SB de 55,3%. Os achados demonstraram que mais de um ter&#231;o dos trabalhadores apresentou elevado esgotamento emocional (37,7%), al&#233;m da associa&#231;&#227;o inversa entre essa vari&#225;vel e desempenho no trabalho<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. Tamb&#233;m &#233; preciso destacar que n&#227;o houve, por parte dos autores, discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre as diferentes categorias profissionais (enfermeiros, t&#233;cnicos e auxiliares em enfermagem)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os achados acima evidenciam a suscetibilidade para o desenvolvimento de SB do profissional que atua em UTI, particularmente o t&#233;cnico de enfermagem, por estar &#224; beira do leito e exposto diretamente a situa&#231;&#245;es emocionalmente intensas como doen&#231;a, morte e fam&#237;lia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; pontua&#231;&#227;o das subescalas, na amostra estudada, foram encontrados n&#237;veis elevados de EE em 52,6% dos indiv&#237;duos. Resultados semelhantes foram evidenciados em estudo transversal com 502 profissionais de enfermagem atuantes em UTI, sendo 54,4% da amostra composta por t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>, no qual 57% dos trabalhadores do turno diurno apresentaram elevada EE. A literatura indica que o desgaste emocional pode ser considerado um fator inicial no esgotamento profissional, uma vez que a carga de trabalho, as caracter&#237;sticas do ambiente e as demandas interpessoais do trabalhador s&#227;o itens considerados nessa subescala<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.De fato, publica&#231;&#227;o recente apresentou dados obtidos com profissionais de40 institui&#231;&#245;es de S&#227;o Paulo, revelando que a EE foi mais intensa em enfermeiros que trabalhavam nas institui&#231;&#245;es que apresentaram as piores condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho quanto &#224; autonomia sobre o ambiente<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nossos achados indicaram DP em 40,9% dos t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem, percentual similar ao encontrado em estudo com 50 profissionais de enfermagem (54% da amostra composta por t&#233;cnicos), trabalhadores de UTI e Unidade Semi-Intensiva (44%)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. Sabe-se que a DP &#233; representada, geralmente, por atitudes que envolvem afastamento e tratamento com rispidez para com os indiv&#237;duos como forma de amenizar o desgaste<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. Em pesquisa espanhola com 140 enfermeiros que atuavam em diferentes setores de um hospital, os n&#237;veis de DP foram associados &#224; incerteza em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento dos pacientes, &#224; prepara&#231;&#227;o inadequada dos profissionais e a problemas entre a equipe de enfermagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, foi evidenciado baixo n&#237;vel de RP em 77,8% da amostra. Achados de um estudo transversal<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>, realizado no Paran&#225;, corroboram os dados apresentados. Os autores evidenciaram que auxiliares e t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem t&#234;m maiores chances de uma baixa RP quando comparados aos demais membros da equipe de sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. Apesar da import&#226;ncia do seu trabalho, possuem menor autonomia em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros profissionais, s&#227;o pouco reconhecidos e valorizados, o que pode gerar sentimento de inutilidade e incompet&#234;ncia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, quando considerados os crit&#233;rios de Grunfeld et al.<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>, verificou-se associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre SB e depress&#227;o. Recentemente, estudo brasileiro realizado com 72 profissionais de Enfermagem atuantes em quatro UTIs de tr&#234;s hospitais distintos, sendo 95,8% da amostra composta por t&#233;cnicos e o restante por auxiliares, evidenciou quadro sugestivo de depress&#227;o em 11,1% dos participantes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>. Tal rela&#231;&#227;o havia sido tamb&#233;m descrita em estudo anterior, realizado em S&#227;o Paulo, no ano de 2011, com 67 trabalhadores de enfermagem de UTI (66% da amostra composta por t&#233;cnicos), no qual se evidenciou preval&#234;ncia de 28,4% de depress&#227;o, sendo que 8,4% da amostra apresentou escores suficientes para depress&#227;o ou depress&#227;o grave. Salienta-se que n&#227;o houve estratifica&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; categoria profissional, ou seja, esse percentual envolve n&#227;o somente t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem, mas tamb&#233;m enfermeiros. Diferindo dos resultados apresentados, os autores evidenciaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre depress&#227;o e estado civil (OR=1,5), trabalho noturno (OR=1,4) e dupla jornada (OR=2,1)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As considera&#231;&#245;es acima conduzem a reflex&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; proximidade entre SB e depress&#227;o entre os t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem. Ainda que os quadros depressivos possam ocorrer como uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o da SB, s&#227;o constructos diferentes, embora apresentem aspectos comuns<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>)</sup>. Assim, a SB deve receber tanta aten&#231;&#227;o quanto qualquer outro dist&#250;rbio psicol&#243;gico. Em uma revis&#227;o integrativa, em que foram inclu&#237;dos dez artigos, sinalizou-se que o elevado &#237;ndice de SB em profissionais de enfermagem vem recebendo cada vez mais enfoque no meio da sa&#250;de, e, muitas vezes, os indiv&#237;duos apresentam comorbidades associadas a transtornos psiqui&#225;tricos, dentre esses a depress&#227;o. Os autores ressaltaram que &#233; necess&#225;rio avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o desses dist&#250;rbios com aspectos ligadosao estabelecimento (horas trabalhadas, condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho, conflitos, rotatividade), ao indiv&#237;duo (f&#237;sico, mental, familiar) e/ou ao profissional (realiza&#231;&#227;o, produtividade)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os achados deste estudo tamb&#233;m demonstraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre SB e comorbidades. Sabe-se que um maior n&#237;vel de estresse no trabalho pode afetar, de modo adverso, a sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e psicol&#243;gica dos trabalhadores de enfermagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>. A elevada propor&#231;&#227;o de trabalhadores sedent&#225;rios nessa amostra &#233; semelhante &#224; apresentada em estudo transversal desenvolvido com 502 trabalhadores de enfermagem de uma institui&#231;&#227;o hospitalar filantr&#243;pica, sendo 273 (54,4%) deles t&#233;cnicos. A maior parte dos colaboradores do turno diurno era sedent&#225;ria, e esse fator foi associado &#224; alta DP e &#224; baixa RP<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. Neste sentido, sabe-se que a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica deve ser encorajada, uma vez que resulta em benef&#237;cios sobre a sa&#250;de mental dos profissionais de sa&#250;de. Al&#233;m de fornecer energia mental, auxilia na redu&#231;&#227;o da fadiga laboral, devido &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de neurotransmissores, causando a sensa&#231;&#227;o de bem-estar. Ademais, a pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica &#233; recomendada como fator de prote&#231;&#227;o para diversas doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Quanto a estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento ao esgotamento profissional, revis&#227;o integrativa brasileira recente evidenciou tr&#234;s diferentes eixos poss&#237;veis de a&#231;&#245;es realizadas pelas institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de com o objetivo de reduzir o estresse entre a equipe de enfermagem: gest&#227;o e educa&#231;&#227;o, di&#225;logo e reflex&#245;es do trabalho, e espa&#231;os para bem-estar biopsicossocial e f&#237;sico. &#201; necess&#225;rio que o desenvolvimento e a implanta&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias sejam realizados considerando a sugest&#227;o dos profissionais envolvidos nos processos para que se sintam valorizados e para que seja poss&#237;vel tornar o cotidiano mais produtivo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Seja por meio de mudan&#231;as no ambiente, a fim de torn&#225;-lo mais adequado e favor&#225;vel, seja por meio de esfor&#231;os orientados para o aumento da motiva&#231;&#227;o e melhoria da sa&#250;de mental dos trabalhadores, a preven&#231;&#227;o do estresse ocupacional &#233; essencial para promover melhores resultados tanto para pacientes quanto para profissionais e institui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Uma poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi o n&#227;o preenchimento de alguns question&#225;rios na sua totalidade e a n&#227;o devolu&#231;&#227;o de alguns instrumentos pelos participantes. Outro poss&#237;vel entrave se relaciona ao desenho transversal, que se limita a analisar pontualmente as caracter&#237;sticas dos profissionais em um curto espa&#231;o de tempo, n&#227;o sendo capaz de estabelecer rela&#231;&#245;es de causa e efeito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da enfermagem, sa&#250;de ou pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica</title>
          <p>Estudos como este podem auxiliar gestores de enfermagem no planejamento de a&#231;&#245;es voltadas a esses profissionais, com o objetivo de mobilizar recursos e propostas de melhorias que favore&#231;am uma melhor percep&#231;&#227;o de autoestima entre esses profissionais e uma percep&#231;&#227;o mais positiva relacionada ao ambiente de trabalho. Atuar diretamente nos fatores associados ao desgaste permitir&#225; aos gestores de sa&#250;de prevenir o avan&#231;o da SB entre seus trabalhadores.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUS&#195;O</title>
        <p>A preval&#234;ncia de SB entre os t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem avaliados &#8211; independentemente do m&#233;todo utilizado para aferi&#231;&#227;o &#8211;deve ser considerada. Na amostra, foram evidenciados n&#237;veis elevados de EE, n&#237;veis moderados de DP e baixa RP, o que denota a exposi&#231;&#227;o desses trabalhadores a fatores determinantes do estresse.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m desses achados, constatou-se associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre SB e depress&#227;o, e tamb&#233;m entre SB e comorbidades, permitindo inferir que o n&#237;vel de estresse no trabalho pode resultar em preju&#237;zos &#224; sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e psicol&#243;gica dos trabalhadores.</p>
        <p>A SB &#233; um tema bastante amplo, embora ainda haja espa&#231;o para investiga&#231;&#245;es complementares considerando especificamente o profissional t&#233;cnico em enfermagem, devido &#224; aten&#231;&#227;o direta e constante &#224;s principais necessidades dos pacientes. A partir de estudos como este, espera-se vislumbrar alternativas que possibilitem uma pr&#225;tica profissional menos desgastante a esses profissionais.</p>
        <p>Deve-se estimular e promover estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o relacionadas aos h&#225;bitos e estilos de vida, principalmente no que se refere &#224; inatividade f&#237;sica e ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica, visando modificar o perfil de morbidade e fatores de risco modific&#225;veis relacionados &#224;s doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
