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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RxqVrgpCfMnYmx3qztNyZRP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672021000800407</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2020-1164</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00407</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REFLECTION</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Women and COVID-19: reflections for a sexual and reproductive rights-based obstetric care</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Mujeres y COVID-19: reflexiones para una atenci&#243;n obst&#233;trica basada en los derechos sexuales y reproductivos</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9077-9094</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Braz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7744-8274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salim</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5928-3477</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stofel</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Sevilha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2601-8818</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fabbro</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Regina Cangiani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>I</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>S&#227;o Carlos</city>
            <state>S&#227;o Paulo</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos. S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Luciana Braz de Oliveira Paes E-mail: <email>luciana_brazsp@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>74</volume>
      <issue>Suppl 1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20201164</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This essay aims to reflect on the repercussions of the pandemic in obstetric care in the light of sexual and reproductive rights, focusing on delivery and birth care.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The reflection shows that the pandemic has accentuated the violation of these rights, which is evidenced by racial inequalities in maternal mortality, as well as restrictions and interventions in childbirth care without scientific evidence, detour of resources, interruption of services, reduced human resources, shortage of medicines and supplies, and imbalances in the provision of health services.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>It is concluded obstetric care faces even greater barriers in access to health care, just as the pandemic of COVID-19 highlighted inequities, disproportionately impacting vulnerable populations whose human rights are less protected.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Esto ensayo propone reflejarse acerca de repercusiones de la pandemia de COVID-19 en atenci&#243;n obst&#233;trica de acuerdo con los derechos sexuales y reproductivos, basado en la atenci&#243;n al parto y nacimiento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Reflexi&#243;n demuestra que la pandemia acentu&#243; la violaci&#243;n de esos derechos, que se evidencia por desigualdades raciales en la mortalidad materna, as&#237; como restricciones e intervenciones en asistencia al parto sin evidencia cient&#237;fica, desv&#237;o de recursos, interrupci&#243;n de servicios, recursos humanos reducidos, escasez de medicamentos y suministros y desequilibrios en prestaci&#243;n de servicios de salud.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusi&#243;n:</title>
          <p>Concluy&#243; que a&#250;n la atenci&#243;n obst&#233;trica enfrenta barreras mayores en acceso a la salud, as&#237; como la pandemia de COVID-19 resalt&#243; las iniquidades, impactando desproporcionadamente poblaciones vulnerables, cuyos derechos humanos son menos protegidos.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus Infections</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Obstetrics</kwd>
        <kwd>Sexual and Reproductive Rights</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Mujeres</kwd>
        <kwd>Infecciones por Coronavirus</kwd>
        <kwd>Atenci&#243;n a la Salud</kwd>
        <kwd>Obstetricia</kwd>
        <kwd>Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>The pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in December 2019. Women are being disproportionately affected by the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic - for example, increased gender-based violence as a result of social isolation with their abusive partner. Another reason why there is a greater impact on them is that they are the majority among informal and health care workers. Thus, this health crisis has worsened the inequalities experienced by girls and women and other groups in vulnerable situations<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In reproductive health, studies already point to the hypersexualization of women, inequalities regarding the responsibility for child rearing; the detour of resources from routine health services, exacerbating the lack of access to continuity of prenatal care, puerperium, contraception, prevention of sexually transmitted infections, cancer screening; unsafe abortion; among others<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. In addition, situations of obstetric violence are accentuated<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>There are deep structures of inequality, which makes the pandemic affect people in different ways, so that its effects and impacts are not equal. In the context of sexual and reproductive health care, the pandemic has made conditions of care even more precarious, which under normal circumstances were already precarious in many countries, with increased risk of life. As evidence of this, one can cite an intersectional feminist approach whose results reveal that the pandemic reinforces racial, class and gender inequalities, as well as the confinement perspective makes groups of people more vulnerable to gender violence<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this sense, there is a need to analyze the effects of the pandemic from a gender perspective, which rescues reproductive rights, understood as human rights that guarantee the individual, free and responsible exercise of sexuality, autonomy over one&#8217;s body and reproductive choice. Furthermore, reproductive rights must guarantee obstetric care and access to quality care that includes the different dimensions of women&#8217;s lives<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, this essay aims to reflect on obstetric care in the context of the pandemic of COVID-19 and implications for the guarantee of reproductive rights. To do so, it proposes to problematize the repercussions of the pandemic on women&#8217;s health care in light of sexual and reproductive rights, focusing on delivery and birth care.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Pandemic and mishaps in sexual and reproductive rights</title>
        <p>In the care of women in the gravid-puerperal cycle, the pandemic of COVID-19 directly impacts the violation of human rights. This is because health services around the world, renowned for providing quality maternity care in recent years, are regressing during the pandemic of COVID-19. Some of the restrictions and interventions implemented in childbirth due to this pandemic are not necessary, are not able to limit the contamination of the virus nor have scientific evidence, thus disrespecting human dignity. Therefore, they constitute forms of obstetric violence and result in unnecessary interventions, made without obstetric indication, such as cesarean sections or accelerated and/or instrumental deliveries and the prohibition of the companion in labor<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>In this sense, with limited understanding of the effects of COVID-19 during pregnancy, physicians are making uninformed decisions not based on scientific evidence. The medical and academic community should recognize the gaps in knowledge, rather than trying to fill them with speculation<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>When it comes to newborn care, there is evidence that isolating the newborn, early cord clamping, and restricting breastfeeding can lead to long-term detrimental consequences if applied to the general population<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. Moreover, the isolation of the newborn may hinder infection prevention mechanisms, disrupt their physiology, considering that, when separated from their mothers, they present higher heart and respiratory rates and lower glucose levels than those who are placed in skin-to-skin contact. The separation interferes with breastfeeding and can interrupt the innate immune protection and the benefits of breast milk, impact the construction of the bond, in addition to overloading the health system, because the isolation of mother and baby requires double the resources for the care of the binomial<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The WHO guidelines for the clinical management of COVID-19 recommend that all pregnant women, including those with confirmed or suspected coronavirus infection, should have access to woman-centered, respectful, skilled care. In this discussion, the route of delivery should be individualized, and a cesarean section should be performed only when clinically justified-there is no evidence to suggest a contraindication to vaginal delivery. Also, it is indicated to practice skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and co-housing with the continuous presence of the newborn regardless of suspicion, probability, or confirmation of COVID-19. Information about precautions - such as hand washing, wearing a mask if you cough, disinfecting rooms and surfaces - should be part of routine care in maternal health services<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>In Brazil, maternal deaths as a result of COVID-19 are worrisome. The first survey describing the outcomes of the disease in pregnant and postpartum women, conducted in the period from February 26 to June 18, 2020, shows 978 diagnosed and 124 deaths of pregnant or postpartum women, showing a number 3.4 times higher than the total number of COVID-19-related maternal deaths worldwide. This represents a mortality rate of 12.7% in the Brazilian obstetric population, also higher than the international rates reported so far. This study explains that several factors contribute to high mortality rate in Brazil, such as low quality prenatal care, insufficient resources to manage critical and emergency care, obstetric violence, high rates of caesarean sections. Moreover, another fact is the racial and social disparities in access to maternity services, as evidenced by social determinants, since 71% of maternal deaths were of black women, and 68% of deaths were of women living in the North or Northeast Region<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The same study highlights barriers to accessing ventilators and intensive care. It also showed that of 978 positive cases in pregnant or postpartum women, 207 (21.2%) were admitted to the ICU (134 recovered cases and 73 fatal cases), 22.6% of the women who died were not admitted to the ICU, only 64% were on invasive ventilation, and no ventilatory support was offered in 14.6% of all fatal cases, while the remaining 21.4% received only non-invasive ventilation<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Therefore, in addition to the negative repercussions on obstetric care, another study evidenced that there is a disproportionate racial impact of COVID-19 between black and white women. The age profile and associated morbidities are equivalent, but black women are hospitalized in worse conditions. While 30% of white women are hospitalized with low oxygen saturation, 50% of black women are hospitalized with this parameter, demonstrating less access to care for this group. Furthermore, they are more likely to be admitted to the ICU (19.4%) with mechanical ventilation (7.3%) and to die (8.9%)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>These data show that limited policies that do not target vulnerable populations and do not include the social determinants of health increase social inequities and sexual and reproductive inequities<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. For example, the current situation of women&#8217;s human rights in childbirth during this pandemic is a perfect example of how little it takes for health systems to violate the rights of mothers and their babies<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. In addition, pregnant women face specific challenges due to their responsibilities in the workforce, as caregivers for children and other family members, in contact with maternity services, and in clinical settings where the risk of exposure to infection is higher<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Globally, women&#8217;s health studies reinforce an arduous path to securing women&#8217;s rights during the pandemic of COVID-19. The rigorous implementation of science-driven approaches may not keep pace with the threats of this disease due to reduced human capacity, drug and supply shortages, and increased demand on already overburdened sexual and reproductive health services<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Thus, the pandemic of COVID-19 interferes with human rights in many ways, across people, systems, and social levels, whether through the harm caused during pregnancy, the implementation of strict isolation and infection control recommendations, as well as imbalances in health service delivery, disruption of routine essential services, and reallocation of scarce health care workers. The pandemic also showed an increase in interventions without scientific evidence&#178;, and detour of resources from essential sexual and reproductive health care by prioritizing the COVID-19 response. Furthermore, the risks of maternal and child morbidity and mortality have increased due to unplanned pregnancies and lack of access to services<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Therefore, adversities in reproductive health can only be overcome when public health responses to COVID-19 leverage intersectoral structures based on human rights. That said, there is an urgent need to ensure actions aimed at maternal health in the assistance, during and after the pandemic, which value the access to qualified health care team and services for a model of obstetric care centered on women<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>Worldwide, the consequences of COVID-19 are falling hardest on women, both because of the economic and social impacts evidenced in working conditions, especially in the private sphere, and because of the inequities in sexual and reproductive health, which do not recognize the inequalities of gender, race and social class, which, besides being structural, are avoidable, unfair and maintain different forms of violence. In Brazil, the assistance to women in the gravidic-puerperal cycle is weakened, either by lack of planning of specific public policies, or by frequent changes in the management of the Brazilian Ministry of Health, or by the lack of monitoring of the Stork Network. An example is the contraception policy that, when not strongly offered and accompanied in its risks, can aggravate the increase in maternal and neonatal mortality, the increase in unsafe abortions and unwanted pregnancies. Thus, the adequate access to services of care to the gravidic puerperal cycle, the reproductive planning and the complaints that bring threat to the women&#8217;s health must be considered essential.</p>
      <p>Such instability has shamefully placed Brazil in the first place within the ranking of maternal deaths by COVID-19 until August 2020. The recommendations that include pregnant women as a risk group do not enable adequate policies for timely social isolation. Moreover, other proposals are moving through the Brazilian Congress at a pace that does not meet the current need, collaborating so that women remain exposed and vulnerable.</p>
      <p>Containment measures that prioritize maternal health are urgent, as well as transparency from the Brazilian Ministry of Health in the disclosure of data for timely intervention. These facts impose an obstacle to the country to achieve the priorities of the global agenda and meet the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, especially by the cases of maternal near miss and maternal mortality.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Mitzy Reichembach</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REFLEX&#195;O</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mulheres e COVID-19: reflex&#245;es para uma aten&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica baseada nos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9077-9094</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Braz de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7744-8274</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Salim</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5928-3477</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stofel</surname>
            <given-names>Nat&#225;lia Sevilha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2601-8818</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fabbro</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia Regina Cangiani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>I</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos. S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> Luciana Braz de Oliveira Paes E-mail: <email>luciana_brazsp@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR CHEFE: Dulce Barbosa</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Este ensaio se prop&#245;e a refletir sobre as repercuss&#245;es da pandemia na aten&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica &#224; luz dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, com enfoque na aten&#231;&#227;o ao parto e nascimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A reflex&#227;o demonstra que a pandemia acentuou a viola&#231;&#227;o desses direitos, o que se evidencia pelas desigualdades raciais na mortalidade materna, bem como restri&#231;&#245;es e interven&#231;&#245;es na assist&#234;ncia ao parto sem evid&#234;ncia cient&#237;fica, desvio de recursos, interrup&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os, recursos humanos reduzidos, escassez de medicamentos e suprimentos e desequil&#237;brios na presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Conclui-se que a aten&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica enfrenta barreiras ainda maiores no acesso &#224; sa&#250;de, assim como a pandemia da COVID-19 ressaltou as iniquidades, impactando desproporcionalmente popula&#231;&#245;es vulner&#225;veis, cujos direitos humanos s&#227;o menos protegidos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#245;es por Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Obstetr&#237;cia</kwd>
        <kwd>Direitos Sexuais e Reprodutivos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>A pandemia causada pela doen&#231;a do novo coronav&#237;rus (COVID-19) foi declarada pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), em dezembro 2019, como uma emerg&#234;ncia global de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Mulheres est&#227;o sendo desproporcionalmente afetadas pelas consequ&#234;ncias da pandemia da COVID-19 - por exemplo, o aumento da viol&#234;ncia de g&#234;nero, em decorr&#234;ncia do isolamento social com o companheiro agressor. Outro motivo de haver maior impacto sobre elas est&#225; no fato de serem maioria entre trabalhadores informais e de sa&#250;de. Assim, essa crise sanit&#225;ria vem agravando as desigualdades vivenciadas por meninas e mulheres e outros grupos em situa&#231;&#245;es de vulnerabiliza&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Na sa&#250;de reprodutiva, estudos j&#225; apontam a hipersexualiza&#231;&#227;o das mulheres, as desigualdades em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; responsabiliza&#231;&#227;o pela cria&#231;&#227;o dos filhos; o desvio de recursos dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de de rotina, exacerbando a falta de acesso &#224; continuidade do pr&#233;-natal, ao puerp&#233;rio, contracep&#231;&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#245;es sexualmente transmiss&#237;veis, rastreamento do c&#226;ncer; aborto inseguro; entre outros<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, acentuam-se situa&#231;&#245;es de viol&#234;ncia obst&#233;trica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Existem profundas estruturas de desigualdades, o que faz a pandemia atingir as pessoas de maneiras diferentes, de modo que seus efeitos e impactos n&#227;o s&#227;o iguais. No contexto de cuidados em sa&#250;de sexual e reprodutiva, a pandemia precarizou ainda mais as condi&#231;&#245;es de atendimento, que, em circunst&#226;ncias normais, j&#225; eram prec&#225;rias em v&#225;rios pa&#237;ses, com aumento do risco de vida. Como evid&#234;ncia disso, pode-se citar uma abordagem feminista interseccional cujos resultados revelam que a pandemia refor&#231;a desigualdades raciais, de classe e g&#234;nero, bem como a perspectiva de confinamento faz com que grupos de pessoas se tornem mais vulner&#225;veis &#224; viol&#234;ncia de g&#234;nero<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, h&#225; necessidade de analisar os efeitos da pandemia pelo vi&#233;s do g&#234;nero, o qual resgata os direitos reprodutivos, entendidos como direitos humanos que garantem o exerc&#237;cio individual, livre e respons&#225;vel, da sexualidade, da autonomia sobre o pr&#243;prio corpo e da escolha reprodutiva. Ademais, os direitos reprodutivos devem garantir a aten&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica e acesso ao cuidado de qualidade que contemple as diferentes dimens&#245;es da vida das mulheres<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Portanto, este ensaio tem como objetivo refletir sobre a aten&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 e implica&#231;&#245;es na garantia dos direitos reprodutivos. Para tanto, se prop&#245;e a problematizar as repercuss&#245;es da pandemia na aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de das mulheres &#224; luz dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, com enfoque na aten&#231;&#227;o ao parto e nascimento.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Pandemia e descaminhos nos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos</title>
          <p>Na assist&#234;ncia &#224;s mulheres no ciclo grav&#237;dico puerperal, a pandemia da COVID-19 impacta diretamente a viola&#231;&#227;o dos direitos humanos. Isso porque, servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de ao redor do mundo, reconhecidos por oferecerem assist&#234;ncia de qualidade &#224; maternidade nos &#250;ltimos anos, est&#227;o regredindo durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Algumas das restri&#231;&#245;es e interven&#231;&#245;es implementadas no parto devido a essa pandemia n&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rias, n&#227;o s&#227;o capazes de limitar a contamina&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;rus nem apresentam evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas, desrespeitando, assim, a dignidade humana. Portanto, constituem formas de viol&#234;ncia obst&#233;trica e resultam em interven&#231;&#245;es desnecess&#225;rias, feitas sem indica&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica, como cesarianas ou partos acelerados e/ou instrumentais e proibi&#231;&#227;o do acompanhante no trabalho de parto<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Nesse sentido, com uma compreens&#227;o limitada dos efeitos da COVID-19 durante a gravidez, m&#233;dicos/as est&#227;o tomando decis&#245;es desinformadas, n&#227;o baseadas em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas. A comunidade m&#233;dica e acad&#234;mica deveria reconhecer as lacunas de conhecimento, em vez de tentar preench&#234;-las com especula&#231;&#245;es<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Em se tratando da aten&#231;&#227;o ao rec&#233;m-nascido, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o isolamento dele, o clampeamento precoce do cord&#227;o e a restri&#231;&#227;o do aleitamento materno podem levar a consequ&#234;ncias prejudiciais em longo prazo, se aplicados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. Ademais, o isolamento do rec&#233;mnascido pode atrapalhar os mecanismos de preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#245;es, perturbar sua fisiologia, considerando que, quando separados das m&#227;es, apresentam frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e respirat&#243;rias mais altas e n&#237;veis mais baixos de glicose do que os que s&#227;o colocados no contato pele a pele. A separa&#231;&#227;o interfere no aleitamento materno e pode interromper a prote&#231;&#227;o imunol&#243;gica inata e os benef&#237;cios do leite materno, impactar a constru&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;nculo, al&#233;m de sobrecarregar o sistema de sa&#250;de, pois o isolamento da m&#227;e e do beb&#234; requer o dobro dos recursos para atendimento do bin&#244;mio<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>As diretrizes da OMS para o manejo cl&#237;nico da COVID-19 recomendam que todas as gestantes, incluindo aquelas com infec&#231;&#227;o confirmada ou suspeita pelo coronav&#237;rus, devem ter acesso aos cuidados centrados na mulher, respeitosos e qualificados. Nessa discuss&#227;o, a via de parto deve ser individualizada, e a ces&#225;rea deve ser realizada apenas quando justificada clinicamente - n&#227;o h&#225; evid&#234;ncias para sugerir uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao parto vaginal. Tamb&#233;m, indica-se praticar o contato pele a pele, a amamenta&#231;&#227;o e o alojamento conjunto com a presen&#231;a cont&#237;nua do rec&#233;mnascido independentemente de suspei&#231;&#227;o, probabilidade ou confirma&#231;&#227;o da COVID-19. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre as precau&#231;&#245;es - tais como lavagem das m&#227;os, uso de uma m&#225;scara se tiver tosse, desinfec&#231;&#227;o de ambientes e superf&#237;cies - devem fazer parte da rotina de cuidados nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de materna<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>No Brasil, s&#227;o preocupantes as mortes maternas em consequ&#234;ncia da COVID-19. A primeira pesquisa que descreve os resultados da doen&#231;a em mulheres gr&#225;vidas e no p&#243;s-parto, realizada no per&#237;odo de 26 de fevereiro a 18 de junho de 2020, aponta 978 diagnosticadas e 124 mortes de mulheres gr&#225;vidas ou pu&#233;rperas, mostrando um n&#250;mero 3,4 vezes maior que o n&#250;mero total de mortes maternas relacionadas &#224; COVID-19 em todo o mundo. Isso representa uma taxa de mortalidade de 12,7% na popula&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica brasileira, tamb&#233;m superior &#224;s taxas internacionais relatadas at&#233; o momento. Este estudo explica que v&#225;rios fatores contribuem para elevada taxa de mortalidade no Brasil, como atendimento pr&#233;-natal de baixa qualidade, recursos insuficientes para administrar cuidados cr&#237;ticos e de emerg&#234;ncia, viol&#234;ncia obst&#233;trica, altas taxas de cesarianas. Al&#233;m disso, outro fato s&#227;o as disparidades raciais e sociais no acesso aos servi&#231;os de maternidade, conforme se evidencia pelos determinantes sociais, j&#225; que 71% dos &#243;bitos maternos foram de mulheres pretas, e 68% dos &#243;bitos foram de mulheres que moravam na Regi&#227;o Norte ou Nordeste<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O mesmo estudo ressalta barreiras para acessar ventiladores e cuidados intensivos. Ainda, demonstrou que, dos 978 casos positivos em gestantes ou pu&#233;rperas, 207 (21,2%) foram admitidos na UTI (134 casos recuperados e 73 casos fatais), 22,6% das mulheres que morreram n&#227;o foram admitidas na UTI, apenas 64% estavam sob ventila&#231;&#227;o invasiva, bem como nenhum suporte ventilat&#243;rio foi oferecido em 14,6% de todos os casos fatais, enquanto os 21,4% restantes receberam apenas ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Portanto, al&#233;m das repercuss&#245;es negativas na aten&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica, outro estudo evidenciou que h&#225; um impacto racial desproporcional da COVID-19 entre mulheres pretas e brancas. O perfil de idade e de morbidades associadas s&#227;o equivalentes, mas as mulheres pretas s&#227;o hospitalizadas em piores condi&#231;&#245;es. Enquanto 30% das mulheres brancas s&#227;o internadas com satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio baixa, 50% das mulheres pretas s&#227;o internadas com esse par&#226;metro, demonstrando menor acesso &#224; assist&#234;ncia para esse grupo. Ademais, elas t&#234;m maior probabilidade de interna&#231;&#227;o em UTI (19,4%) com ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (7,3%) e de morrer (8,9%)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Esses dados mostram que pol&#237;ticas limitadas que n&#227;o visam a popula&#231;&#245;es vulner&#225;veis e n&#227;o incluem os determinantes sociais de sa&#250;de aumentam as iniquidades sociais e as injusti&#231;as sexuais e reprodutivas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Por exemplo, a situa&#231;&#227;o atual dos direitos humanos das mulheres no parto durante esta pandemia &#233; um exemplo perfeito de qu&#227;o pouco &#233; necess&#225;rio para os sistemas de sa&#250;de violarem os direitos das m&#227;es e de seus beb&#234;s<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. Al&#233;m do que, mulheres gr&#225;vidas enfrentam desafios espec&#237;ficos devido &#224;s suas responsabilidades na for&#231;a de trabalho, como cuidadoras de crian&#231;as e outros membros da fam&#237;lia, no contato com servi&#231;os de maternidade e ambientes cl&#237;nicos, onde o risco de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; maior<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Em &#226;mbito global, os estudos referentes &#224; sa&#250;de da mulher refor&#231;am um &#225;rduo caminho para a garantia de seus direitos durante a pandemia da COVID-19. A implementa&#231;&#227;o rigorosa de abordagens orientadas pela ci&#234;ncia pode n&#227;o corresponder ao ritmo das amea&#231;as dessa doen&#231;a, devido &#224; capacidade humana reduzida, escassez de medicamentos e suprimentos bem como aumento da demanda por servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de sexual e reprodutiva j&#225; sobrecarregados<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Dessa forma, a pandemia da COVID-19 interfere nos direitos humanos de v&#225;rias formas, em pessoas, sistemas e n&#237;veis sociais, seja pelos danos causados durante a gravidez, seja pela implementa&#231;&#227;o de recomenda&#231;&#245;es rigorosas de controle de isolamento e infec&#231;&#227;o, assim como pelos desequil&#237;brios na presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, interrup&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os essenciais de rotina e realoca&#231;&#227;o de escassos profissionais de sa&#250;de. A pandemia tamb&#233;m mostrou aumento de interven&#231;&#245;es sem evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas&#178;, al&#233;m de desvio de recursos dos cuidados essenciais de sa&#250;de sexual e reprodutiva ao se priorizar a resposta da COVID-19. Ainda, os riscos de morbimortalidade materna e infantil aumentaram diante de gesta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o planejadas e falta de acesso aos servi&#231;os<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Portanto, adversidades na sa&#250;de reprodutiva poder&#227;o ser superadas apenas quando as respostas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica &#224; COVID-19 alavancarem estruturas intersetoriais baseadas em direitos humanos. Isso posto, &#233; urgente a necessidade de garantir a&#231;&#245;es voltadas &#224; sa&#250;de materna na assist&#234;ncia, durante e ap&#243;s a pandemia, que valorizem o acesso &#224; equipe e servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de qualificados para um modelo de aten&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;trica centrado nas mulheres<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>Mundialmente, as consequ&#234;ncias da COVID-19 est&#227;o recaindo com mais for&#231;a sobre as mulheres, seja pelos impactos econ&#244;micos e sociais evidenciados nas condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho, em especial na esfera privada, seja pelas iniquidades na sa&#250;de sexual e reprodutiva, que n&#227;o reconhecem as desigualdades de g&#234;nero, ra&#231;a e classe social, as quais, al&#233;m de estruturais, s&#227;o evit&#225;veis, injustas e mantenedoras de diferentes formas de viol&#234;ncias. No Brasil, a assist&#234;ncia &#224; mulher no ciclo grav&#237;dico-puerperal encontra-se fragilizada, ora por aus&#234;ncia de planejamento de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas espec&#237;ficas, ora por mudan&#231;as frequentes na gest&#227;o do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de brasileiro, ora pela aus&#234;ncia de monitoramento da Rede Cegonha. Um exemplo &#233; a pol&#237;tica de contracep&#231;&#227;o que, quando n&#227;o fortemente ofertada e acompanhada nos seus riscos, pode agravar o aumento da mortalidade materna e neonatal, o aumento de abortos inseguros e gesta&#231;&#245;es indesejadas. Assim, o acesso adequado aos servi&#231;os de aten&#231;&#227;o ao ciclo grav&#237;dico puerperal, o planejamento reprodutivo e as queixas que tragam amea&#231;a &#224; sa&#250;de da mulher devem ser considerados essenciais.</p>
        <p>Tal instabilidade colocou, vergonhosamente, o Brasil no primeiro lugar dentro do ranking das mortes maternas por COVID-19 at&#233; agosto de 2020. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es que incluem as gestantes como grupo de risco n&#227;o possibilitam pol&#237;ticas adequadas para isolamento social oportuno. Ademais, outras propostas transitam em projetos pelo Congresso brasileiro em um ritmo que n&#227;o atende &#224; necessidade atual, colaborando para que as mulheres continuem expostas e vulner&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>Medidas de conten&#231;&#227;o que priorizem a sa&#250;de materna s&#227;o urgentes, assim como transpar&#234;ncia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de brasileiro na divulga&#231;&#227;o de dados para interven&#231;&#227;o oportuna. Tais fatos imp&#245;em ao pa&#237;s um obst&#225;culo para atingir as prioridades da agenda global e cumprir os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent&#225;vel at&#233; 2030, em especial pelos casos de <italic>near miss</italic> materno e mortalidade materna.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Mitzy Reichembach</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
