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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gwX6t7GvJPjvV5trMDXcdNQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672021000500166</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0761</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00166</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Historical aspects in pain management in palliative care in an oncological reference unit</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Aspectos hist&#243;ricos en el manejo del dolor en cuidados paliativos en una unidad de referencia oncol&#243;gica</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8960-1571</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Fraga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2325-4532</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Cristina Franco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3176-2134</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aperibense</surname>
            <given-names>Pacita Geovana Gama de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3868-7173</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Gizele da Concei&#231;&#227;o Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4496-8270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ennes</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2547-9906</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>I </label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Rio de Janeiro</city>
            <state>Rio de Janeiro</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1">Corresponding author: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho E-mail: <email>ajafilhos@eean.ufrj.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: Dulce Babrosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Maria Itayra Padilha</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>74</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20200761</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective: </title>
          <p>Describe the actions implemented for pain management in palliative care oncology and analyze the contribution of <italic>Hospital do C&#226;ncer IV</italic>, as a reference unit at the National Cancer Institute.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p> Study of the history of the present time, whose sources were written documents and interviews with five participants. The collection took place from February to June 2018. The analysis of the written sources took place through internal and external criticism of the documents, considering their chronology and theme.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p> Professionals contributed with actions for pain management in palliative oncology care: in discussions and final drafting of ordinances, as rapporteurs at national and international events, in the elaboration of humanization conducts and systematization of assistance in addressing pain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Final considerations: </title>
          <p>These actions favored assistance in palliative oncology care at various levels of health care for patients and families, with greater technical and scientific recognition for all.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo: </title>
          <p>Describir acciones implementadas al manejo del dolor en asistencia en cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos y analizar la contribuci&#243;n del Hospital do C&#226;ncer IV, mientras unidad de referencia en el National Cancer Institute.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudio de historia del tiempo presente, cuyas fuentes fueron documentos escritos y entrevistas con cinco participantes. Recolecta ocurri&#243; de febrero a junio de 2018. An&#225;lisis de fuentes escritas mediante cr&#237;tica interna y externa a documentos, considerando su cronolog&#237;a y tem&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Profesionales contribuyeron con acciones al manejo del dolor en cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos: en las discusiones y redacci&#243;n final de decretos, como relatores en eventos nacionales e internacionales, en la elaboraci&#243;n de conductas de humanizaci&#243;n y sistematizaci&#243;n de la asistencia en el abordaje del dolor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones finales: </title>
          <p>Esas acciones favorecieron la asistencia en cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos en los varios niveles de atenci&#243;n de salud a los pacientes y familiares, con mayor reconocimiento t&#233;cnico y cient&#237;fico para todos.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Palliative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>History of Nursing</kwd>
        <kwd>Life Quality</kwd>
        <kwd>Medical Oncology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cancer Pains</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Cuidados Paliativos</kwd>
        <kwd>Historia de la Enfermer&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Calidad de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Oncolog&#237;a M&#233;dica</kwd>
        <kwd>Dolor en C&#226;ncer</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>The first Palliative Care Service was officially opened, in Brazil, in 1991, at the National Cancer Institute (INCA)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. Records point to the country as the second in Latin America in which people with cancer report feeling the symptom of pain more, with cancer pain affecting 70% to 90% of patients who were in an advanced stage<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>. This Service has developed over the years and, in 1998, gained exclusive space for specialized assistance. In that year, the construction of a new INCA unit was completed, exclusively for palliative care, initially called the Oncological Therapeutic Support Center (CSTO), whose name was changed, in 2004, to <italic>Cancer Hospital IV</italic> (HC IV)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>That same year, a movement to reconfigure assistance and reorganize health services began, at HC IV, with a view to the accreditation process. The set of care activities offered was based on comprehensive and humanized care, from physical control to psychological suffering, whose goals were to improve the environment and working conditions of those involved in the care process, in search of qualified assistance at a high level of care. excellence, based on a holistic and humanized vision. This care was aimed at creating a safe and supportive environment, maintaining the dignity of the patient and family and limiting emotional and physical suffering, allowing individuals to choose<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is noteworthy that the approach of the multidisciplinary team, the promotion of quality of life and the humanization of care, including the accompaniment in mourning, are extremely important for meeting human needs. This integration is a way of observing all dimensions of the patient and family; in addition, the composition of this team is relevant to develop an expanded and meaningful assistance<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. </p>
      <p>The World Health Organization (WHO), attentive to the needs of comprehensive and humanized assistance to the person in need of palliative care and his family, published, in 1986, ten principles that guided the performance of the multi-professional team in palliative care. Among them, pain management was recorded as follows: &#8220;promoting pain relief and other unpleasant symptoms&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The importance of pain control was also recorded by WHO in its first publication defining palliative care, in 1990, reinforced in the redefinition in 2002. Thus, an approach that aims at the quality of life of patients and their families should be considered, facing the problems associated with diseases with risk of death, through the prevention and relief of suffering. That is, this is done through early identification, evaluation and impeccable treatment of pain and other problems - physical, psychosocial and spiritual<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>. </p>
      <p>Such care must focus on the relief of pain and suffering, directly associated with clinical conditions or the end of life, as they are symptoms considered serious, which compromise all physical, social or emotional functioning<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Thus, specific knowledge is required for pharmacological prescription or not, as well as for addressing psychosocial and spiritual aspects. All of these factors must be taken into account, contributing to the exacerbation or attenuation of symptoms<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>. In this context, in 2002 - following the national and international movement of pain management in palliative care as well as WHO publications and in view of the growing demands of pain management -, important ordinances were instituted to subsidize and encourage the development of this approach.</p>
      <p>In view of the exposed historical situation, we present the following investigative question: What actions adopted for pain management contributed to the development of palliative cancer care in HC IV and what were the repercussions of these actions in HC IV?</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>Describe the actions implemented for pain management in palliative care oncology care and analyze the contribution of HC IV, as a reference unit, at INCA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>Ethical aspects were respected, as recommended by Resolutions 466/12 and 510/16 of the National Health Council, being approved by the Research Ethics Committees of the proposing and co-participating institution.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study type</title>
        <p>It is a study of the history of the present time, with a qualitative approach, whose corpus was composed of direct historical sources (written and oral); and indirect sources. </p>
        <p>The time frame covers the years 2002 to 2005, a period in which publications of relevant ordinances for palliative oncology care took place and the participation of the director of the unit in its elaborations. In 2002, Ordinance No. 859, of November 12<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>, approved the clinical protocol and therapeutic guidelines, as well as the use of opiates in the relief of chronic pain, contributing to the management of pain in palliative care. In 2005, Ordinance No. 2,439, of December 8<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>, introduced palliative care, for the first time, at all levels of national health care.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodological procedures</title>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Study scenario and data sources</italic>
          </title>
          <p>The scenario was the HC IV, INCA&#8217;s reference and exclusive palliative care unit, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, state of Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>
          <italic>Data collection and organization</italic>
        </title>
        <p>The total number of professionals who met the inclusion criteria was 12. Of these, three refused to participate, one was on a medical certificate, one had died, so seven participated in the research. Among the sample group, five had excerpts from the interview presented for portraying content similar to those of the other participants, in direct contribution to the phenomenon studied in this article. </p>
        <p>These were the inclusion criteria: professionals who held positions of leadership of services, including a doctor who held a leadership position in the management of the hospital; those who contributed to the elaboration of actions that strengthened and supported pain management in palliative oncology care, according to the time frame of this research. Participants were identified by accessing the staff and by referring others from the sample group. </p>
        <p>The interviews were carried out from February to June 2018. The instrument that guided them followed a pre-established script, addressing issues related to the development of actions that strengthened and supported pain management in palliative oncology care. The technique used was Thematic Oral History. The interviews - preceded by the signature of the Informed Consent Form - were recorded digitally and, later, transcribed and validated by the participants, through reading and written authorization for use. The location was defined by the participants, and the average time was 65 minutes. In the identification, the initial letter of the profession was used, followed by the Arabic number corresponding to the sequential order of the interviews: nurses (E1; E2; E3; E4); medical (M1).</p>
        <p>The written sources comprised: Ordinance No. 859, of November 12, 2002<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>; Ordinance No. 2,439, of December 8, 2005<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>; 2005 annual management report of HC IV; 2004 Nursing Division Management report; having also been selected on the official website and in the HC IV/INCA collection. The indirect sources consisted of articles from scientific journals produced on the subject. The study followed the COREQ guidelines.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>
          <italic>Data analysis</italic>
        </title>
        <p>The data were organized, classified, and analyzed in accordance with the historical method. The written sources were analyzed through internal and external criticism of the documents, in order to assess their veracity and the validity of the information contained therein, as well as to guarantee their interpretation according to the reality in which they were produced, seeking to eliminate or make explicit any contradictions<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. The reliability of the results was ensured with the valorization of the documentary set - and not by the documents alone -, considering the chronology and the theme/content. In view of this, the following axes emerged: publications related to pain management; leadership of the unit related to humanization initiatives; and strengthening representativeness on the national scene. The data were analyzed based on articles on the topic, useful for understanding the context in which the sources were produced, aiming to apprehend the discourse contained in the texts, that is, the indirect sources.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>All research participants had at least one specialization in the area, broken down as follows: four with a specialization in Nursing, along the lines of residency, by the National Cancer Institute (INCA); two with a specialization in Nursing in Oncology, by INCA; a specialization in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, by <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</italic> (FIOCRUZ); one specializing in Oncology Nursing Residency in the Palliative Care Area, by INCA; one with a specialization in the molds Medical residency in oncology surgery by INCA, coloproctological surgery by the <italic>Hospital dos Servidores do Estado</italic> and Medical residency in general surgery by the <italic>Hospital Geral de Jacarepagu&#225;</italic>. All participants were graduated in nursing and medicine, with an average working time at the institution, until the time of data collection, of 15.2 years.</p>
      <p>The practices related to pain management in palliative oncology care aimed to promote the quality of life of patients and their families, having professional support through assistance with measures of comfort and relief of physical, psychosocial, and spiritual suffering, capable of providing understanding of the finitude of life. Such practices required great investment in the elaboration of the professionals&#8217; actions within the first exclusive palliative care unit in Brazil. </p>
      <p>In this perspective, it was necessary to adapt the care supported by publications made available by WHO, referring to pain management in palliative care. The interview excerpt shows the participation of HC IV professionals in the development of activities related to humanization and pain care, which officially contributed as a model of national assistance:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>We were going to do a pain ordinance and a palliative care ordinance, but the palliative care ordinance did not happen</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>all the other ordinances that we started for palliative care I participated in</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>I was there elaborating the 2002 ordinance, of pain [Ordinance No. 859, of November 12, 2002]. I was the one who was going to do it</italic> [at the Ministry of Health] [&#8230;] <italic>I was representing INCA</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>it was the only ordinance that has [pain] initial pain ordinance that talks about morphine use, opioid use</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>specifically for use of analgesic drugs</italic> [...]. <italic>I was participating in this ordinance</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>it is still in use today and it was built at the Ministry of Health, in Brasilia</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (M1)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>The continuity of participation in the development of these actions was recorded, again, by the director of HC IV, highlighting priority to the humanization of care and the strengthening of the interpersonal relationship, which is configured as the main activity for the promotion of quality of care. The actions were aimed at adopting pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Humanization, at that time</italic> [...] <italic>we had here</italic> [at HC IV] <italic>Pet&#8217;s day [the day when HC IV took animals to visit hospitalized patients].</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>We had music for the patients</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>the musicians, harpers, flutists went to perform once a month</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>There was a patient who had VAS 10</italic> [Visual Pain Scale] <italic>up there</italic> [in the infirmary], <italic>she went down and started to do the activities and there was no more pain</italic> [...]. <italic>Pain is multifactorial</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>people embraced that space, there was time that there were 20 patients doing activity there</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (M1)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>They were also described by another participant:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>[&#8230;] <italic>We worked a lot on this part of humanization</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>It offered qualified assistance</italic> [...] <italic>the most important was the patient and the family. The patient with advanced cancer, you have to give the best</italic> [...]. <italic>Another important thing in the humanization process is that each floor of the ward was painted in a color</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>to encourage patients and family members. There was a lilac floor, another water green</italic> [...] <italic>For them to think that it was not just a hospital environment.</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>I had a day to play music</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>it was very good for everyone</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>this is all humanization.</italic> (E3)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>The actions developed by the professionals, related to humanization initiatives and also centered on pain relief, left the internal institutional sphere for contribution at the national level, strengthening the unit&#8217;s attributions in the Ministry of Health (MOH). The excerpt from the following interview confirms these actions:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>[&#8230;] <italic>Within humanization, we had to act according to the Ministry of Health&#8217;s booklet on humanization, so we worked within that booklet.</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>So, within this booklet, we started to participate, and then there was the humanization congress, and I was asked to speak. We participated in humanization meetings together with the Ministry</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>we had big meetings</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>the meetings left the INCA limit and went to other federal hospitals</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>there was a bad news communication book that was very based on what we used to do it here</italic> [at HC IV], <italic>this book is not from HC IV, but it was built on the expertise of HC IV&#8217;s professional performance, it was especially useful</italic> [&#8230;]. (M1)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>In addition to traveling to events, the professionals represented the unit in important positions at the tables and also as speakers at the events:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>I traveled, I went to many events, I traveled twice to the South to participate in the congresses, in nursing week</italic> [...]. <italic>And the people at HC IV were well represented</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>we participated in several pain tables, dressing tables</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>it gave the girls</italic> [or other nurses] <italic>the opportunity, but always together with them, setting up the lectures</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>we did a Forum, at UERJ</italic> [State University of Rio de Janeiro], <italic>which was almost a week</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>we did several lectures talking about palliative care and humanization</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>each nurse talking about an area</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>I went to the Brazilian Nursing Congress ;</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>For international congress;</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>We went to INCA [HCI] to teach nursing residents</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (E3)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>Another action described was the reception of professionals from other hospitals, who moved to HC IV with the intention of improving their palliative care practices.:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>[&#8230;] <italic>there was a group, also from Ipanema Hospital, who came to train with us</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>this group came to do training with our team</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>at their hospital they created a palliative care service</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>they went to visit and know how was that it was the technical part of HC IV, about pain assessment, subcutaneous hydration that, at the time, nobody did</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (E4)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>Several actions have also contributed to pain management in palliative oncology care, such as the holding of two events in the second half of 2004: the I Forum of the 5th Vital Sign, which took place on August 20; and the 1st International Congress on Palliative Care and Pain - Humanization: a matter of respect. Both were recorded in the Annual Report of HC IV, referring to the activities of 2004: &#8220;Increase of 7% in the consultations of the Home Visit; Opening of the HC IV Auditorium; Creation of the Pain Group, to improve the monitoring of patients with constant pain; 5th Vital Sign Forum; International Congress on Palliative Care and Pain; Creation of the Nursing Division; Creation of the Tumor Dressings and Ostomy Clinic&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The registration of the international event was also carried out on the official INCA website, with greater detail. The director general of INCA, Jos&#233; Gomes Tempor&#227;o, on October 21, 2004, at 6 pm, proceeded to the opening of the &#8220;International Congress on Palliative Care and Pain - Humanization: a matter of respect&#8221;. On the occasion, an agreement would be signed for the exchange between professionals from INCA and the Spanish hospital Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, represented by its director Marcos G&#243;mez Sancho, an international exponent in the field of palliative medicine and the author of several books on the subject. The event took place between October 21 and 23, 2004.</p>
      <p>These actions were also reported in the following interview, in which the participant referred to her role in planning, creating, and participating during the events.:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>In 2004, in my management, when I created the Nursing Division, we managed to make the I Forum of the 5th Vital Sign</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>the HC IV that created</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>I organized everything</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>the first hospital to hold a Forum of the 5th Vital Sign was HC IV</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>it was very good because the participation of palliative care at the level of Brazil was disclosed.</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>We also had the 1st International Congress on Palliative Care and Pain</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>a big event here in Rio de Janeiro</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>a lot of people came from outside</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>we had a Pre-Congress Nursing Course</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>wound tables, pain table</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>everything always with the participation of nursing, multidisciplinary team, doctor, social service</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>It was after the 1st International Palliative Care Congress that nursing showed what it could do to improve the quality of life of the cancer patient</italic> [&#8230;]. (E3)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>Another participant registers the presence of internationally recognized professionals:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>[&#8230;] <italic>We did the 1st International Congress of Palliative Care in Brazil</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>we brought several people</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>came Marcos Gomes Sancho, an exemplary figure in palliative care, he is a Spanish anesthetist and has a hospice in Gran Canaria, Spain</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>He is one of the popes of palliative care</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>Sebastiano Mercadante came</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>he has a hospice in Italy.</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>It talks about controlled sedation</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>one of the popes of pain in the world</italic> [&#8230;]. (M1)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>These actions, in parallel with the development of the events, strengthened and evidenced pain management in palliative care at HC IV; and also contributed to the reconfiguration of assistance by implementing a specific protocol for pain assessment and recording:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Pain control has always been our focus, very strong</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>We have revised our form in order to leave room for the beginning of the</italic> [pain] <italic>assessment</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>what we offered, the pain response and the record</italic> [in the form] [&#8230;] <italic>We remodeled our form</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>we had a stamp called the EVA stamp</italic> [Visual Analogue Scale] [&#8230;] <italic>we were concerned that, when administering</italic> [the drug], [&#8230;] <italic>knowing the same location of the dose and the EVA</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>Reassess and record after 40</italic> [minutes] <italic>to an hour</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>then we attach a nursing prescription sheet.</italic> (E2)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>A strategy in the development of these actions was the creation of tools to support professionals in favor of the quality of the assistance offered.:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>[&#8230;] <italic>we created stamps of the 5th Vital Sign to be used in developments</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>we trained the technicians on how to assess</italic> [the pain] <italic>and take notes</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>they were trained on how to assess</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>always training everyone.</italic> (E3)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>[&#8230;] <italic>these changes were already coming, but some things had to improve</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>the technical part, routines, documentation</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>A lot was already done, but it wasn&#8217;t written</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>the Division together with the team did a lot of internal training with everyone , with the nursing team, with nurses and technicians</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>there was a lot of investment in the questions of the classes</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>we had training on pain, on subcutaneous hydration, palliative care and what was this care once a month</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (E1)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
      <p>In the following year, in 2005, an important ordinance was published (Ordinance No. 2,439, of December 8), also with the participation of a professional from HC IV/INCA, determining the insertion of palliative care in all levels of health care in Brazil:</p>
      <p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p><italic>Ordinance No. 2,439, of December 8, 2005, which revoked Ordinance No. 3,535, of September 2, 1998, and instituted the National Policy for Oncological Care, was built within INCA</italic> [...]. <italic>The National Oncology Care Policy was built within INCA and we took it there</italic> [Ministry of Health, in Brasilia] [&#8230;] <italic>the palliative care part has my participation</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>This ordinance was a milestone</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>placed palliative care in all levels of health care</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>the entire INCA worked together, the director general of INCA and the palliative care part, I participated</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>INCA was within the Ministry</italic> [of Health], <italic>there was an office inside</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>The INCA that made the Policies</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>All the policies related to oncology were the ones that did the INCA</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>it was an organ for them.</italic> (M1)</p>
        </disp-quote>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>HC IV, in Brazil, constituted an important space, which brought together a group of professionals whose expertise put him in a position to act as an authorized spokesman regarding palliative oncology care. This is because, since 1990, under the Organic Health Law No. 8,080, INCA was included as a reference body to assess and establish parameters for the provision of health services<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>. In this capacity, he led the development and creation of several internal, strategic actions and publications focusing on the first principle of WHO palliative care: &#8220;promoting pain relief and other unpleasant symptoms&#8221;. With that, it reaffirmed the importance of providing specialized and excellent assistance.</p>
      <p>Regarding the qualification of this care, HC IV was supported by publications such as the &#8220;Ten Principles&#8221;, by WHO; and Ordinance No. 881, of June 19, 2001, which instituted the National Program for the Humanization of Hospital Assistance<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>, whose objective was to promote the humanization of assistance in hospital spaces. Since then, initiatives for planning humanized care actions - aimed at qualified comprehensive care and pain management - have taken place through the director&#8217;s contribution at the time, with emphasis on the discussion and final version of Ordinance No. 859, of 12 November 2002<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>. </p>
      <p>Such contribution seems to us to be related to the director&#8217;s connection with INCA during her medical training and throughout her professional life. In addition, it has accumulated an important volume of scientific capital in the field of palliative care, which has been updated and expanded as a result of its experience at St. Christopher&#8217;s Hospice, founded by Cicely Saunders (pioneer of palliative care in the world), in addition to studies in Brazil and other countries that developed this type of assistance. The acquisition of scientific capital is understood, in terms of specialization, through a systematic process of inculcation that, over time, was incorporated by it<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The scientific capital of HC IV professionals, related to pain relief, represents an advance in palliative cancer care, as unrelieved pain is a critical public health problem. With regard to pharmacological treatment, opioids are among the most powerful and widely available drugs, constituting the mainstay of the treatment of moderate to severe cancer pain<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>. Regarding pharmacological measures, the WHO published a list of drugs, doses and routes of administration for assistance in palliative care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>, the first being published in 1977<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. The purpose of this list was to guide countries regarding the prioritization of products and their wide availability and accessibility to cancer patients in all health systems<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is worth considering the importance of the pharmacological approach aimed at pain relief and interventions in physical and psychological symptoms. One of the recommendations in patients with advanced cancer refers to the importance of adequate relief through the use of opioid analgesics to improve quality of life<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>. However, there is a huge difference between the need and the availability of opioids, which increases considerably when it comes to people living in low and middle socioeconomic income countries<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in view of this situation of need and availability of opioids, the importance of designing and implementing laws, regulations and guidelines that include the safe management of controlled drugs is highlighted, preventing unnecessary barriers of access for patients; in addition, it is relevant to support services that develop palliative care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. Despite the scientific evidence that supports the use of opioids in the control of cancer pain<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>, and also the WHO recommendations to ensure adequate availability, studies have reported that 75% of the world population still need adequate access to these analgesics<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this context, in Brazil, the approval of the clinical protocol and therapeutic guidelines stands out, regulating the use of opioids through the publication of Ordinance No. 859, of November 12, 2002<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>, developed with the participation of professionals from the HC IV. The Ordinance recorded the general concept of the disease, criteria for inclusion/exclusion of patients, diagnostic criteria, therapeutic scheme and mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating this treatment. Being of national character, it should be used by the Health Departments of the states, the Federal District and the municipalities, in the regulation of the dispensation of medicines<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Early identification, assessment and treatment of pain are relevant, in view of the WHO definition of palliative care as an approach that, in addition to promoting the quality of life of patients and their families, contributes to coping, through prevention and relief from suffering, from advanced diseases that threaten the continuity of life<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.<sup>( )</sup></p>
      <p>With the active participation of nurses and nursing technicians, the initiative of the group of professionals, committed to the development of actions with a strong impact on the quality of care and focused on pain management and comprehensive care, gave itself specialized knowledge and, thus, also a prominent position in the oncological field. Thus, they acted as legitimate spokespersons in the treatment of pain in palliative oncology care in the country. As HC IV professionals diversified and strengthened care actions, with special attention to pain management and comprehensive care for patients and family members, they also shared this knowledge with other institutions in the country.</p>
      <p>According to the WHO, the lack of adequate pain care is a public health problem. It is estimated that patients with advanced cancer suffer without specific treatment for moderate to severe pain, the relief of which cannot be achieved without improving the availability and accessibility of opioids<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. Alongside this, it is important to encourage education and awareness campaigns, development and implementation of comprehensive palliative care, pain management and management guidelines and national plans<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>HC IV&#8217;s involvement also occurred through actions that stimulated the development of technical and scientific knowledge, through internal events, such as the I Forum of the 5th Vital Sign and the I International Congress of Palliative Care in Brazil, as well as participation in external events<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. Thus, HC IV supported itself in the development of these proposals, maintaining its effort and participation in carrying out and disseminating activities. The actions related to the creation, development and support of humanization initiatives, with a focus also on pain relief, left the internal sphere to contribute to the development of palliative care at the national level<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>, affirming its role as a technical and executive instance of the MOH.</p>
      <p>In these events, the performance and strategies in palliative oncology care were discussed in relation to pain; in addition, the unit planned to include it, in routine records, as the fifth vital sign. In this way, care protocols were improved through the insertion of new strategies in the approach to care - with an effect on the quality of pain management - and by increasing the visibility of HC IV, both in front of other INCA units and before other hospital institutions throughout the national territory<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the importance of looking beyond the presence or absence of evidence for analgesic therapy is stressed, as pain causes not only physical suffering, but also mental suffering. Still, it is directly influenced by the patient&#8217;s bio-psycho-sociocultural context, the origin and complicating factors being equally considered for the treatment<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>. In this context, pain has a major impact on health and quality of life. Therefore, it is necessary to have culturally adapted and validated instruments that specifically measure knowledge about the management of chronic pain, being of great relevance to support and direct the professional, since the level of knowledge of painful conditions can influence the way they are treated<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The pain is immeasurable, and several factors are related to the stage of the disease. Assessing the difference in intensity facilitates the understanding of pain reduction in cancer patients during repeated hospitalizations<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>. Pain management is complex and multifactorial, so a deeper understanding of the barriers to adequate and ideal treatment needs to be obtained to remedy the deficiencies among professionals<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>)</sup>. Thus, the actions implemented aiming at pain management were adequate and effective to improve care for cancer patients and ensured comprehensive care, as well as holistic and humanized care. </p>
      <p>Some participants also narrated the development of care actions with a non-pharmacological approach, which were in line with WHO recommendations, with a view to comprehensive and humanized care. Among these, there are actions that were directly reflected in care, such as a warm and pleasant environment to be in, contact with animals, music and an entire space for carrying out activities. The initiative to create this space was based on the experience of the doctor (director at HC IV at the time) as a researcher of national reference, when she was at the hospice of world reference, St. Christopher&#180;s.</p>
      <p>In parallel to the aforementioned initiatives, humanization was an important tool for the benefit of users, workers and managers in the health production process, providing value to those involved. In addition, it provided autonomy, aiming to transform the reality in which they lived through collective participation in management and production processes. Humanizing is closely related to the element of a holistic approach, it refers to the need to take into account all the biopsychosocial and spiritual dimensions of the patient, the disease and the care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>. Taking care of the patient&#8217;s pain does not mean exclusively performing technical procedures: it requires showing interest, compassion and effectiveness<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The limitations of the study are the impossibility of accessing other historical documents (perhaps, discovered in the future) despite the intense investment made in the search for these materials, which would allow adjustments to the historical version now presented.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to the nursing field</title>
        <p>The contribution of this study consists of highlighting the need for careful reflection regarding the care support focused on the management of cancer pain, which could be used by health professionals at all levels of care. It also contributed to the expansion of the knowledge of those who work in this area, in order to promote a greater possibility of understanding and appropriating this approach, aiming at the quality of health care at all levels. This work also serves as an important analytical tool to broaden the understanding of the trajectory of nursing in this type of assistance in the country.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>The participation in the discussions and the final text of Ordinance No. 859, of November 12, 2002, in addition to the constant updating of professionals, in the organization and execution of events and courses aimed at palliative oncology care - with emphasis on pain management -, supported the assistance of this type of care at all levels of health care. That is, such events were able to redesign the care related to the management of total pain in patients with advanced cancer, in all dimensions (physical, psychological, social and spiritual) of a person.</p>
      <p>In addition, the importance of publications, ordinances and standardization of care protocols is perceived for the development of care - with a focus on pain, within HC IV -, as these, in addition to systematizing the attributions and care, reflected directly in the context in which that the unit was a national reference (by means of the Organic Health Law), as an organ of the Ministry of Health responsible for the standardization of cancer control actions.</p>
      <p>The humanization of care and the strengthening of interpersonal relationships, which are important aspects for the quality of care, involved pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures. Among the latter, were: Pet Day, when animals were allowed to visit inpatients; monthly music sessions for patients, featuring harpists, flutists. In addition, each floor of the infirmary was painted in a different color for greater well-being of patients and family members. </p>
      <p>It is possible to show that, in the study, professionals contributed to the development of publications and new protocols, aiming at a better quality of care routine. Furthermore, it constituted a fruitful scenario for the development of the principle related to pain in palliative care, published by WHO, with a view to the evolution and national strengthening of palliative care in the face of the challenges that were imposed.</p>
      <p>The performance of HC IV professionals was also marked by actions that contributed to the technical and scientific development of palliative oncology care for professionals from other health institutions, national and foreign. Thus, they organized and held an event both national (the I Forum of the 5th Vital Sign) and international (the I International Congress of Palliative Care in Brazil), in addition to participating in external events. With that, HC IV consolidated a prominent condition in a field of specialized knowledge.</p>
      <p>It is concluded that, in HC IV, professionals participated in the implementation of effective actions in view of the challenges inherent to palliative oncology care and pain management. Thus, they consolidated the technical and scientific recognition of that INCA unit in this field of specialized care, as a reference in the Brazilian health scenario. Likewise, HC IV professionals have also capitalized on the effects of working at a national and international reference institution.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>FUNDING</label>
        <p> This work was carried out with the support of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Capes).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aspectos hist&#243;ricos no manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos em uma unidade de refer&#234;ncia oncol&#243;gica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8960-1571</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Fraga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2325-4532</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Cristina Franco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3176-2134</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aperibense</surname>
            <given-names>Pacita Geovana Gama de Sousa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3868-7173</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Gizele da Concei&#231;&#227;o Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4496-8270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ennes</surname>
            <given-names>Lilian Dias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2547-9906</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>de Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>I</label>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro,Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2">Autor Correspondente: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho E-mail: <email>ajafilhos@eean.ufrj.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR CHEFE: Dulce Babrosa</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Maria Itayra Padilha</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo: </title>
          <p>Descrever as a&#231;&#245;es implementadas para o manejo da dor na assist&#234;ncia em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos e analisar a contribui&#231;&#227;o do Hospital do C&#226;ncer IV, enquanto unidade de refer&#234;ncia no Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p> Estudo de hist&#243;ria do tempo presente, cujas fontes foram documentos escritos e entrevistas com cinco participantes. A coleta ocorreu de fevereiro a junho de 2018. A an&#225;lise das fontes escritas deu-se mediante cr&#237;tica interna e externa aos documentos, considerando sua cronologia e tem&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p> Profissionais contribu&#237;ram com a&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos: nas discuss&#245;es e reda&#231;&#227;o final de portarias, como relatores em eventos nacionais e internacionais, na elabora&#231;&#227;o de condutas de humaniza&#231;&#227;o e sistematiza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia na abordagem da dor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais: </title>
          <p>Essas a&#231;&#245;es favoreceram a assist&#234;ncia em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos nos v&#225;rios n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de aos pacientes e familiares, com maior reconhecimento t&#233;cnico e cient&#237;fico para todos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>
          <bold>Descritores:</bold>
        </title>
        <kwd>Cuidados Paliativos</kwd>
        <kwd>Hist&#243;ria da Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Oncologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Dor do C&#226;ncer</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>O primeiro Servi&#231;o de Cuidados Paliativos foi inaugurado oficialmente, no Brasil, em 1991, no Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer (INCA)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. Registros apontam o pa&#237;s como o segundo da Am&#233;rica Latina em que as pessoas com c&#226;ncer relatam sentir mais o sintoma da dor, sendo que a dor oncol&#243;gica afetou entre 70% a 90% dos pacientes que se encontravam em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>. Esse Servi&#231;o se desenvolveu ao longo dos anos e, em 1998, ganhou espa&#231;o exclusivo para a assist&#234;ncia especializada. Nesse ano, foi finalizada a constru&#231;&#227;o de uma nova unidade do INCA, exclusiva para cuidados paliativos, inicialmente chamada de Centro de Suporte Terap&#234;utico Oncol&#243;gico (CSTO), cuja denomina&#231;&#227;o foi alterada, em 2004, para Hospital do C&#226;ncer IV (HC IV)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nesse mesmo ano, iniciou-se, no HC IV, um movimento de reconfigura&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia e reorganiza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, com vista ao processo de acredita&#231;&#227;o. O conjunto das atividades assistenciais ofertadas baseava-se no cuidado integral e humanizado, do controle f&#237;sico ao sofrimento psicol&#243;gico, cujas metas eram o aprimoramento do ambiente e das condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho dos envolvidos no processo de cuidar, em busca da assist&#234;ncia qualificada em alto n&#237;vel de excel&#234;ncia, pautada na vis&#227;o hol&#237;stica e humanizada. Esses cuidados visavam criar um ambiente seguro e de apoio, manter a dignidade do paciente e da fam&#237;lia e limitar o sofrimento emocional e f&#237;sico, possibilitando uma escolha aos indiv&#237;duos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. </p>
        <p>Destaca-se que a abordagem da equipe multiprofissional, a promo&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida e humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidar, incluindo-se o acompanhamento no luto, s&#227;o de extrema import&#226;ncia para o atendimento das necessidades humanas. Essa integra&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma forma de observar todas as dimens&#245;es do paciente e familiares; al&#233;m disso, &#233; relevante a composi&#231;&#227;o dessa equipe para elaborar uma assist&#234;ncia ampliada e significativa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. </p>
        <p>A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS), atenta &#224;s necessidades de assist&#234;ncia integral e humanizada &#224; pessoa com necessidade de cuidados paliativos e sua fam&#237;lia, publicou, em 1986, dez princ&#237;pios que norteavam a atua&#231;&#227;o da equipe multiprofissional em cuidados paliativos. Dentre eles, o manejo da dor foi assim registrado: &#8220;promover o al&#237;vio da dor e outros sintomas desagrad&#225;veis&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A import&#226;ncia do controle da dor tamb&#233;m foi registrada pela OMS em sua primeira publica&#231;&#227;o de defini&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados paliativos, em 1990, refor&#231;ada na redefini&#231;&#227;o em 2002. Assim, deve-se considerar uma abordagem que objetive a qualidade de vida dos pacientes e suas fam&#237;lias, enfrentando os problemas associados a doen&#231;as com risco de morte, por meio da preven&#231;&#227;o e al&#237;vio do sofrimento. Ou seja, isso &#233; feito mediante identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce, avalia&#231;&#227;o e tratamento impec&#225;vel da dor e de outros problemas - f&#237;sicos, psicossociais e espirituais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>. </p>
        <p>Esses cuidados devem se concentrar no al&#237;vio da dor e do sofrimento, diretamente associados &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas ou ao fim da vida, pois s&#227;o sintomas considerados graves, que comprometem todo o funcionamento f&#237;sico, social ou emocional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Dessa forma, &#233; necess&#225;rio conhecimento espec&#237;fico para a prescri&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica ou n&#227;o, bem como para a abordagem dos aspectos psicossociais e espirituais. Todos esses fatores devem ser levados em considera&#231;&#227;o, contribuindo para a exacerba&#231;&#227;o ou atenua&#231;&#227;o dos sintomas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.<sup>( )</sup>Nesse contexto, em 2002 - acompanhando o movimento nacional e internacional do manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos bem como as publica&#231;&#245;es da OMS e diante das crescentes demandas do manejo da dor -, portarias importantes foram institu&#237;das para subsidiar e estimular o desenvolvimento dessa abordagem.</p>
        <p>Em face da situa&#231;&#227;o hist&#243;rica exposta, apresentamos a seguinte quest&#227;o investigativa: Quais a&#231;&#245;es adotadas para o manejo da dor contribu&#237;ram no desenvolvimento dos cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos no HC IV e quais foram as repercuss&#245;es dessas a&#231;&#245;es no HC IV?</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Descrever as a&#231;&#245;es implementadas para o manejo da dor na assist&#234;ncia em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos e analisar a contribui&#231;&#227;o do HC IV, enquanto unidade de refer&#234;ncia, no INCA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>Os aspectos &#233;ticos foram respeitados, conforme recomenda&#231;&#245;es das Resolu&#231;&#245;es n.&#186; 466/12 e n.&#186; 510/16 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, sendo aprovados pelos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o proponente e coparticipante.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo de hist&#243;ria do tempo presente, de abordagem qualitativa, cujo corpus se comp&#244;s de fontes hist&#243;ricas diretas (escritas e orais); e de fontes indiretas. </p>
          <p>O recorte temporal compreende os anos de 2002 a 2005, per&#237;odo em que ocorreram publica&#231;&#245;es de portarias relevantes para os cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos e a participa&#231;&#227;o da diretora da unidade nas suas elabora&#231;&#245;es. Em 2002, a Portaria n.&#186; 859, de 12 de novembro<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>, aprovou o protocolo cl&#237;nico e diretrizes terap&#234;uticas, bem como o uso de opi&#225;ceos no al&#237;vio da dor cr&#244;nica, contribuindo para o manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos. Em 2005, a Portaria n.&#186; 2.439, de 8 de dezembro<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>, inseriu os cuidados paliativos, pela primeira vez, em todos os n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de<bold> </bold>nacional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>
              <italic>Cen&#225;rio do estudo e fontes de dados</italic>
            </title>
            <p>O cen&#225;rio foi o HC IV, unidade de refer&#234;ncia e exclusiva de cuidados paliativos do INCA, no munic&#237;pio do Rio de Janeiro, estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</italic>
          </title>
          <p>O total de profissionais que atendeu aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o era 12. Destes, tr&#234;s se recusaram a participar, um encontrava-se de atestado m&#233;dico, um havia falecido, portanto sete participaram da pesquisa. Dentre o grupo amostral, cinco tiveram excertos da entrevista apresentados por retratarem conte&#250;dos similares aos dos demais participantes, em contribui&#231;&#227;o direta com o fen&#244;meno estudado neste artigo. </p>
          <p>Estes foram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: profissionais que exerceram cargos de chefia de servi&#231;os, dentre os quais uma m&#233;dica que ocupava posi&#231;&#227;o de lideran&#231;a na gest&#227;o do hospital; aqueles que contribu&#237;ram na elabora&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es que fortaleceram e respaldaram o manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos, conforme o recorte temporal desta pesquisa. Identificaram-se os participantes mediante acesso ao quadro de funcion&#225;rios e por indica&#231;&#227;o de outros do grupo amostral. </p>
          <p>As entrevistas foram realizadas no per&#237;odo de fevereiro a junho de 2018. O instrumento que as norteou seguiu um roteiro pr&#233;-estabelecido, abordando quest&#245;es referentes &#224; elabora&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es que fortaleceram e respaldaram o manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos. A t&#233;cnica utilizada foi a Hist&#243;ria Oral Tem&#225;tica. As entrevistas - precedidas da assinatura do TCLE - foram gravadas por meio digital e, posteriormente, transcritas e validadas pelos participantes, por meio de leitura e autoriza&#231;&#227;o escrita para o uso. O local foi definido pelos participantes, e o tempo m&#233;dio foi de 65 minutos. Na identifica&#231;&#227;o, foi utilizada a letra inicial da profiss&#227;o, seguida do n&#250;mero ar&#225;bico correspondente &#224; ordem sequencial das entrevistas: enfermeiras (E1; E2; E3; E4); m&#233;dica (M1).</p>
          <p>Constitu&#237;ram as fontes escritas: Portaria n.&#186; 859, de 12 de novembro de 2002<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>; Portaria n.&#186; 2.439, de 8 de dezembro de 2005<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>; relat&#243;rio de gest&#227;o anual de 2005 do HC IV; relat&#243;rio da Gest&#227;o da Divis&#227;o de Enfermagem, do ano de 2004; tendo sido selecionadas tamb&#233;m no site oficial e no acervo do HC IV/INCA. As fontes indiretas foram constitu&#237;das de artigos de peri&#243;dicos cient&#237;ficos produzidos sobre a tem&#225;tica. O estudo seguiu as diretrizes do COREQ.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>An&#225;lise dos dados</italic>
          </title>
          <p>Os dados foram organizados, classificados e analisados em conformidade com o m&#233;todo hist&#243;rico. Analisaram-se as fontes escritas mediante cr&#237;tica interna e externa aos documentos, a fim de avaliar a sua veracidade e a validade das informa&#231;&#245;es neles contidas, bem como garantir a sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a realidade em que foram produzidos, buscando eliminar ou explicitar eventuais contradi&#231;&#245;es<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. A confiabilidade dos resultados foi assegurada com a valoriza&#231;&#227;o do conjunto documental - e n&#227;o pelos documentos isoladamente -, a considerar a cronologia e a tem&#225;tica/conte&#250;do. Diante disso, emergiram os seguintes eixos: publica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao manejo da dor; lideran&#231;a da unidade relacionada a iniciativas de humaniza&#231;&#227;o; e fortalecimento da representatividade no cen&#225;rio nacional. Os dados foram analisados com base em artigos sobre o tema, &#250;teis &#224; compreens&#227;o do contexto em que as fontes foram produzidas, visando apreender o discurso contido nos textos, ou seja, as fontes indiretas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Todas as participantes da pesquisa tinham pelo menos uma especializa&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea, assim discriminadas: quatro com especializa&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem, nos moldes de Resid&#234;ncia, pelo Instituto Nacional de C&#226;ncer (INCA); duas com especializa&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem em Oncologia, pelo INCA; uma especializa&#231;&#227;o em Doen&#231;as Infectoparasit&#225;rias, pela Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ); uma com Especializa&#231;&#227;o em Resid&#234;ncia em Enfermagem Oncol&#243;gica na &#193;rea de Cuidados Paliativos, pelo INCA; uma com especializa&#231;&#227;o nos moldes Resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em cirurgia oncol&#243;gica pelo INCA, cirurgia coloproctol&#243;gica pelo Hospital dos Servidores do Estado e Resid&#234;ncia m&#233;dica em cirurgia geral pelo Hospital Geral de Jacarepagu&#225;. Todas as participantes eram graduadas em enfermagem e medicina, com um tempo m&#233;dio de trabalho na institui&#231;&#227;o, at&#233; o momento da coleta dos dados, de 15,2 anos.</p>
        <p>As pr&#225;ticas relacionadas ao manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos tinham por objetivo promover a qualidade de vida de pacientes e de suas fam&#237;lias, tendo respaldo profissional por meio de assist&#234;ncia com medidas de conforto e al&#237;vio do sofrimento f&#237;sico, psicossocial e espiritual, capazes de proporcionar compreens&#227;o da finitude da vida. Tais pr&#225;ticas exigiram grande investimento na elabora&#231;&#227;o das a&#231;&#245;es dos profissionais dentro da primeira unidade exclusiva de cuidados paliativos do Brasil. </p>
        <p>Nessa perspectiva, fez-se necess&#225;ria a adequa&#231;&#227;o de cuidados respaldados por publica&#231;&#245;es disponibilizadas pela OMS, referentes ao manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos. O excerto da entrevista evidencia a participa&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais do HC IV no desenvolvimento de atividades relacionadas &#224; humaniza&#231;&#227;o e ao cuidado da dor que, oficialmente, contribu&#237;ram como modelo de assist&#234;ncia nacional:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A gente ia fazer uma portaria de dor e uma portaria de cuidados paliativos, mas a de cuidados paliativos n&#227;o aconteceu</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>todas as outras portarias que a gente come&#231;ava para cuidados paliativos eu participava</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>Eu estava l&#225; elaborando a portaria de 2002, da dor</italic> [Portaria n.&#186; 859, de 12 de novembro de 2002]<italic>. Era eu que ia l&#225; fazer</italic> [no Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de] [&#8230;] <italic>ia representando o INCA</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>era a &#250;nica portaria que tem [de dor] portaria inicial da dor que fala sobre uso de morfina, uso de opioides</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>especificamente para uso de drogas analg&#233;sicas</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>Estava participando dessa portaria</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>est&#225; em uso at&#233; hoje e foi constru&#237;da no Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, l&#225; em Bras&#237;lia</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (M1)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>A continuidade da participa&#231;&#227;o no desenvolvimento dessas a&#231;&#245;es foi registrada, novamente, pela diretora do HC IV, destacando prioridade &#224; humaniza&#231;&#227;o do cuidado e ao fortalecimento da rela&#231;&#227;o interpessoal, que se configura como principal atividade para a promo&#231;&#227;o de qualidade da assist&#234;ncia. As a&#231;&#245;es foram voltadas para ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A humaniza&#231;&#227;o, nessa &#233;poca</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>a gente tinha aqui</italic> [no HC IV] <italic>o dia do Pet</italic> [dia que o HC IV levava animais para visitar os pacientes internados]<italic>.</italic> [&#8230;] t&#237;nhamos m&#250;sica para os pacientes [&#8230;] <italic>os m&#250;sicos, harpistas, flautistas iam uma vez por m&#234;s se apresentar</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>. Tinha paciente que estava com EVA 10</italic> [Escala Visual da Dor] <italic>l&#225; em cima</italic> [na enfermaria]<italic>, descia e come&#231;ava a fazer as atividades e n&#227;o tinha mais dor</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>. A dor &#233; multifatorial</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>as pessoas abra&#231;aram aquele espa&#231;o, tinha tempo que tinha 20 pacientes ali fazendo atividade</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (M1)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Tamb&#233;m foram descritas por outra participante:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[&#8230;] <italic>a gente trabalhou muito essa parte de humaniza&#231;&#227;o</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>Oferecia assist&#234;ncia qualificada</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>o mais importante era o paciente e a fam&#237;lia. O paciente com c&#226;ncer avan&#231;ado, voc&#234; tem que dar o melhor</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>Outra coisa importante no processo de humaniza&#231;&#227;o &#233; que cada andar de enfermaria foi pintado de uma cor</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>para estimular pacientes e familiares. Tinha um andar lil&#225;s, outro verde-&#225;gua</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>Para eles pensarem que ali n&#227;o era somente um ambiente hospitalar.</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>tinha um dia para tocar m&#250;sica</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>era muito bom para todo mundo</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>isso tudo &#233; humaniza&#231;&#227;o.</italic> (E3)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>As a&#231;&#245;es desenvolvidas pelos profissionais, relacionadas &#224;s iniciativas de humaniza&#231;&#227;o e tamb&#233;m centradas no al&#237;vio da dor, sa&#237;ram da esfera institucional interna para contribui&#231;&#227;o em n&#237;vel nacional, fortalecendo as atribui&#231;&#245;es da unidade no Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (MS). O trecho da entrevista a seguir confirma essas a&#231;&#245;es:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[&#8230;] <italic>dentro da humaniza&#231;&#227;o, t&#237;nhamos que atuar de acordo com a cartilha do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de sobre humaniza&#231;&#227;o, ent&#227;o atu&#225;vamos dentro dessa cartilha.</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>Ent&#227;o, dentro dessa cartilha, a gente come&#231;ou a participar, e a&#237; teve o congresso de humaniza&#231;&#227;o e me pediram para falar. Particip&#225;vamos das reuni&#245;es de humaniza&#231;&#227;o junto com o Minist&#233;rio</italic> [&#8230;] t&#237;nhamos as grandes reuni&#245;es [&#8230;] <italic>as reuni&#245;es sa&#237;ram do limite do INCA e foram para outros hospitais federais</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>teve um livro de comunica&#231;&#227;o de m&#225;s not&#237;cias que foi muito baseado no que a gente fazia aqui</italic> [no HC IV]<italic>, esse livro n&#227;o &#233; do HC IV, mas ele foi constru&#237;do em cima da expertise da atua&#231;&#227;o profissional do HC IV, era muito prof&#237;cuo</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (M1)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m de se deslocarem para eventos, os profissionais representavam a unidade em posi&#231;&#245;es importantes nas mesas e tamb&#233;m como palestrantes nos eventos:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Eu viajei, fui a muitos eventos, viajei duas vezes para o Sul para participar dos congressos, na semana da enfermagem</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>E a gente do HC IV era bem representada</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>participamos de v&#225;rias mesas de dor, mesas de curativo</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>dava oportunidade para as meninas</italic> [ou outras enfermeiras]<italic>, mas sempre junto com elas, montando as palestras</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>fizemos um F&#243;rum, na UERJ</italic> [Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro]<italic>, que foi quase uma semana</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>fizemos v&#225;rias palestras falando sobre cuidados paliativos e humaniza&#231;&#227;o</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>cada enfermeiro falando de uma &#225;rea</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>Fui para o Congresso Brasileiro de Enfermagem;</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>para congresso internacional;</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>&#237;amos para o INCA</italic> [HCI] <italic>dar aulas para residentes de enfermagem</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (E3)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Outra a&#231;&#227;o descrita foi a recep&#231;&#227;o de profissionais de outros hospitais, que se deslocavam para o HC IV com a inten&#231;&#227;o de aperfei&#231;oarem suas pr&#225;ticas em cuidados paliativos:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[&#8230;] <italic>teve um grupo, tamb&#233;m do Hospital de Ipanema, que veio treinar com a gente</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>esse grupo veio para fazer um treinamento com a nossa equipe</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>no hospital deles criaram um servi&#231;o de cuidado paliativo</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>foram visitar e saber como &#233; que era a parte t&#233;cnica do HC IV, sobre a avalia&#231;&#227;o da dor, a hidrata&#231;&#227;o subcut&#226;nea que, na &#233;poca, ningu&#233;m fazia</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (E4)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Diversas a&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m contribu&#237;ram para o manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos, como a realiza&#231;&#227;o de dois eventos no segundo semestre do ano de 2004: o I F&#243;rum do 5&#186; Sinal Vital, ocorrido em 20 de agosto; e o I Congresso Internacional de Cuidados Paliativos e Dor - Humaniza&#231;&#227;o: uma quest&#227;o de respeito. Ambos foram registrados no Relat&#243;rio Anual do HC IV, referente &#224;s atividades de 2004: &#8220;Incremento de 7% nas consultas da Visita Domiciliar; Inaugura&#231;&#227;o do Audit&#243;rio do HC IV; Cria&#231;&#227;o do Grupo da Dor, para melhorar o acompanhamento dos pacientes que possuem quadros constantes de dor; F&#243;rum do 5&#186; Sinal Vital; Congresso Internacional de Cuidados Paliativos e Dor; Cria&#231;&#227;o da Divis&#227;o de Enfermagem; Cria&#231;&#227;o do Ambulat&#243;rio de Curativos Tumorais e Ostomias&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O registro do evento internacional foi realizado tamb&#233;m no site oficial do INCA, com maior riqueza de detalhes. O diretor geral do INCA, Jos&#233; Gomes Tempor&#227;o, no dia 21 de outubro de 2004, &#224;s 18h, procedeu &#224; abertura do &#8220;Congresso Internacional de Cuidados Paliativos e Dor - Humaniza&#231;&#227;o: uma quest&#227;o de respeito&#8221;. Na ocasi&#227;o, seria assinado um conv&#234;nio para o interc&#226;mbio entre profissionais do INCA e do hospital espanhol Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, representado por seu diretor Marcos G&#243;mez Sancho, expoente internacional na &#225;rea da medicina paliativa e autor de v&#225;rios livros sobre o assunto. O evento aconteceu entre os dias 21 e 23 de outubro de 2004.</p>
        <p>Essas a&#231;&#245;es tamb&#233;m foram relatadas na entrevista a seguir, na qual a participante refere sua atua&#231;&#227;o no planejamento, cria&#231;&#227;o e participa&#231;&#227;o durante os eventos:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Em 2004, na minha gest&#227;o, quando criei a Divis&#227;o de Enfermagem, conseguimos fazer o I F&#243;rum do 5&#186; Sinal Vital</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>o HC IV que criou</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>. Organizei tudo</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>o primeiro hospital a fazer um F&#243;rum do 5&#186; Sinal Vital foi o HC IV</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>foi muito bom porque foi divulgada a participa&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados paliativos em n&#237;vel do Brasil.</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>Tamb&#233;m tivemos o 1&#176; Congresso Internacional de Cuidados Paliativos e Dor</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>um evento grande aqui no Rio de Janeiro</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>veio muita gente de fora</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>tivemos curso Pr&#233;-Congresso de Enfermagem</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>mesas de ferida, mesa de dor</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>tudo sempre com a participa&#231;&#227;o da enfermagem, da equipe multidisciplinar, m&#233;dico, servi&#231;o social</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>Foi a partir do I Congresso de Cuidados Paliativos Internacional que a enfermagem mostrou o que poderia fazer para melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente oncol&#243;gico</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (E3)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Outra participante registra a presen&#231;a de profissionais reconhecidos internacionalmente:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[&#8230;] <italic>fizemos o I Congresso Internacional de Cuidados Paliativos do Brasil</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>trouxemos v&#225;rias pessoas</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>veio o Marcos Gomes Sancho, uma figura exemplar em cuidados paliativos, ele &#233; um anestesista espanhol e tem um</italic> hospice <italic>em Gran Can&#225;ria, na Espanha</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>&#233; um dos papas dos cuidados paliativos</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>veio o Sebastiano Mercadante</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>ele tem um</italic> hospice <italic>na It&#225;lia.</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>fala tudo sobre seda&#231;&#227;o controlada</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>um dos papas de dor no mundo</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (M1)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>As referidas a&#231;&#245;es, em paralelo com o desenvolvimento dos eventos, fortaleceram e evidenciaram o manejo da dor em cuidados paliativos no HC IV; e tamb&#233;m contribu&#237;ram para a reconfigura&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia ao implantar um protocolo espec&#237;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o e registro da dor:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>O controle da dor sempre foi o nosso foco, muito forte</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>Revimos nosso formul&#225;rio no sentido de deixarmos espa&#231;o para o in&#237;cio da avalia&#231;&#227;o</italic> [da dor] [&#8230;] <italic>o que oferec&#237;amos, a resposta da dor e o registro</italic> [no formul&#225;rio] [&#8230;] <italic>Remodelamos nosso impresso</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>t&#237;nhamos um carimbo chamado de carimbo de EVA</italic> [Escala Visual Anal&#243;gica] [&#8230;] <italic>t&#237;nhamos a preocupa&#231;&#227;o de, ao administrar</italic> [a droga]<italic>,</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>saber o mesmo local da dose e da EVA</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>reavaliar e registrar ap&#243;s 40</italic> [minutos] <italic>a uma hora</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>depois anexamos folha de prescri&#231;&#227;o de enfermagem.</italic> (E2)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Uma estrat&#233;gia no desenvolvimento dessas a&#231;&#245;es foi a cria&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas visando respaldar os profissionais em prol da qualidade da assist&#234;ncia oferecida:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[&#8230;] <italic>criamos carimbos do 5&#186; Sinal Vital para colocar nas evolu&#231;&#245;es</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>treinamos os t&#233;cnicos de como avaliar</italic> [a dor] <italic>e fazer anota&#231;&#227;o</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>eles eram treinados de como tinha que ser feita a avalia&#231;&#227;o</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>sempre treinando todo mundo.</italic> (E3)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[&#8230;] <italic>essas mudan&#231;as j&#225; vinham, mas algumas coisas tinham que melhorar</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>a parte t&#233;cnica, rotinas, documenta&#231;&#227;o</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>J&#225; se fazia muita coisa, mas n&#227;o era escrito</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>a Divis&#227;o junto com a equipe fez muito treinamento interno com todo mundo, com a equipe de enfermagem, com os enfermeiros e t&#233;cnicos</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>teve muito investimento nas quest&#245;es das aulas</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>t&#237;nhamos uma vez por m&#234;s treinamento sobre dor, sobre hidrata&#231;&#227;o subcut&#226;nea, cuidados paliativos e o que era esse cuidado</italic> [&#8230;]<italic>.</italic> (E1)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>No ano seguinte, em 2005, uma importante portaria foi publicada (Portaria n&#186; 2.439, de 8 de dezembro), tamb&#233;m com a participa&#231;&#227;o de profissional do HC IV/INCA, determinando a inser&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados paliativos em todos os n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de no Brasil:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A Portaria n.&#186; 2.439, de 8 de dezembro de 2005, que revogou a Portaria n.&#186; 3.535, de 2 de setembro de 1998, e instituiu a Pol&#237;tica Nacional de Aten&#231;&#227;o Oncol&#243;gica, foi constru&#237;da dentro do INCA</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>A Pol&#237;tica Nacional de Aten&#231;&#227;o Oncol&#243;gica foi constru&#237;da dentro do INCA e levamos para l&#225;</italic> [Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, em Bras&#237;lia] [&#8230;] <italic>a parte de cuidados paliativos tem minha participa&#231;&#227;o</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>Essa portaria foi um marco</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>colocou os cuidados paliativos em todos os n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>o INCA inteiro trabalhou junto, a dire&#231;&#227;o-geral do INCA e a parte de cuidados paliativos, eu participei</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>o INCA estava dentro do Minist&#233;rio</italic> [da Sa&#250;de]<italic>, tinha um escrit&#243;rio l&#225; dentro</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>o INCA que fazia as Pol&#237;ticas</italic> [&#8230;]. <italic>Todas as pol&#237;ticas relacionadas &#224; oncologia quem fazia era o INCA</italic> [&#8230;] <italic>era um &#243;rg&#227;o para eles.</italic> (M1)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>O HC IV, no Brasil, se constituiu em importante espa&#231;o, que reuniu um grupo de profissionais cuja expertise o colocava em condi&#231;&#227;o de atuar como porta-voz autorizado no tocante aos cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos. Isso porque, desde 1990, por for&#231;a da Lei Org&#226;nica da Sa&#250;de n.&#186; 8.080, o INCA foi inclu&#237;do como &#243;rg&#227;o referencial para avaliar e estabelecer par&#226;metros da presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>. Nessa condi&#231;&#227;o, liderou o desenvolvimento e cria&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rias a&#231;&#245;es internas, estrat&#233;gicas e publica&#231;&#245;es com foco no primeiro princ&#237;pio dos cuidados paliativos da OMS: &#8220;promover o al&#237;vio da dor e outros sintomas desagrad&#225;veis&#8221;. Com isso, reafirmava a import&#226;ncia de se realizar uma assist&#234;ncia especializada e de excel&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>No que tange &#224; qualifica&#231;&#227;o desses cuidados, o HC IV estava respaldado por publica&#231;&#245;es como os &#8220;Dez Princ&#237;pios&#8221;, da OMS; e pela Portaria n.&#176; 881, de 19 de junho de 2001, que instituiu o Programa Nacional de Humaniza&#231;&#227;o da Assist&#234;ncia Hospitalar<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>, cujo objetivo era promover a humaniza&#231;&#227;o da assist&#234;ncia nos espa&#231;os hospitalares. Desde ent&#227;o, iniciativas de planejamento de a&#231;&#245;es de cuidado humanizado - voltadas para o atendimento integral qualificado e manejo da dor - ocorreram por interm&#233;dio da contribui&#231;&#227;o da diretora &#224; &#233;poca, com destaque para a discuss&#227;o e vers&#227;o final da Portaria n.&#186; 859, de 12 de novembro de 2002<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>. </p>
        <p>Tal contribui&#231;&#227;o parece-nos relacionar-se &#224; vincula&#231;&#227;o da diretora com o INCA durante sua forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica e ao longo da vida profissional. Al&#233;m disso, acumulou importante volume de capital cient&#237;fico no campo dos cuidados paliativos, o qual foi atualizado e ampliado em decorr&#234;ncia da sua experi&#234;ncia no St. Christopher&#180;s Hospice, fundado por Cicely Saunders (pioneira dos cuidados paliativos no mundo), al&#233;m de estudos no Brasil e outros pa&#237;ses que desenvolviam essa modalidade de assist&#234;ncia. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o do capital cient&#237;fico &#233; compreendida, em termos de especializa&#231;&#227;o, por meio de um processo sistem&#225;tico de inculca&#231;&#227;o que, no decurso do tempo, foi por ela incorporado<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O capital cient&#237;fico dos profissionais do HC IV, relativo ao al&#237;vio da dor, representa um avan&#231;o no cuidado paliativo oncol&#243;gico, pois a dor n&#227;o aliviada &#233; um problema cr&#237;tico de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. No que se refere ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, os opioides est&#227;o entre os f&#225;rmacos mais poderosos e de ampla disponibilidade, constituindo o pilar do tratamento da dor oncol&#243;gica de moderada a intensa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s medidas farmacol&#243;gicas, a OMS publicou uma lista com os medicamentos, doses e vias de administra&#231;&#227;o para a assist&#234;ncia em cuidados paliativos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>, sendo a primeira publica&#231;&#227;o em 1977<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. A finalidade dessa lista era orientar os pa&#237;ses quanto &#224; prioriza&#231;&#227;o de produtos e sua ampla disponibilidade e acessibilidade aos doentes oncol&#243;gicos em todos os sistemas de sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Cabe considerar a import&#226;ncia da abordagem farmacol&#243;gica voltada para o al&#237;vio da dor e interven&#231;&#245;es nos sintomas f&#237;sicos e psicol&#243;gicos. Uma das recomenda&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com c&#226;ncer avan&#231;ado refere-se &#224; import&#226;ncia do al&#237;vio adequado mediante uso de analg&#233;sicos opioides para melhora da qualidade de vida<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>. Todavia, existe uma enorme diferen&#231;a entre a necessidade e a disponibilidade de opioides, que aumenta consideravelmente quando se trata de pessoas que vivem em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda socioecon&#244;mica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Por conseguinte, diante desse quadro de necessidade e disponibilidade dos opioides, destacase a import&#226;ncia da proje&#231;&#227;o e implementa&#231;&#227;o de leis, regulamentos e diretrizes que incluam o gerenciamento seguro de medicamentos controlados, impedindo barreiras desnecess&#225;rias de acesso para os pacientes; al&#233;m disso, torna-se relevante respaldar os servi&#231;os que desenvolvam os cuidados paliativos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. Apesar das evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas que apoiam o uso de opioides no controle da dor oncol&#243;gica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>,<sup>( )</sup>e tamb&#233;m das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da OMS para garantir a disponibilidade adequada, estudos registraram que 75% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial ainda necessitam de acesso adequado a esses analg&#233;sicos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, no Brasil, destaca-se a aprova&#231;&#227;o do protocolo cl&#237;nico e diretrizes terap&#234;uticas, regulamentando o uso de opi&#225;ceos mediante a publica&#231;&#227;o da Portaria n.&#186; 859, de 12 de novembro de 2002<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>, desenvolvida com a participa&#231;&#227;o de profissionais do HC IV. A Portaria registrou o conceito geral da doen&#231;a, crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o de pacientes, crit&#233;rios de diagn&#243;stico, esquema terap&#234;utico e mecanismos de acompanhamento e avalia&#231;&#227;o desse tratamento. Sendo de car&#225;ter nacional, deveria ser utilizada pelas Secretarias de Sa&#250;de dos estados, do Distrito Federal e dos munic&#237;pios, na regula&#231;&#227;o da dispensa&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>S&#227;o relevantes a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce, a avalia&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento da dor, tendo em vista a defini&#231;&#227;o de cuidados paliativos da OMS enquanto uma abordagem que, al&#233;m de promover a qualidade de vida de pacientes e seus familiares, contribui no enfrentamento, por meio da preven&#231;&#227;o e al&#237;vio do sofrimento, de doen&#231;as avan&#231;adas que amea&#231;am a continuidade da vida<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.<sup>( )</sup></p>
        <p>Com a participa&#231;&#227;o ativa dos enfermeiros e t&#233;cnicos de enfermagem, a iniciativa do grupo de profissionais, comprometido no desenvolvimento de a&#231;&#245;es de forte impacto para a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia e centrado no manejo da dor e da integralidade do cuidado, conferiu a si mesmo um conhecimento especializado e, desse modo, tamb&#233;m uma posi&#231;&#227;o de destaque no campo oncol&#243;gico. Assim, atuavam como porta-vozes leg&#237;timos no tratamento da dor em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos no pa&#237;s. &#192; medida que os profissionais do HC IV diversificavam e fortaleciam as a&#231;&#245;es do cuidado, com especial aten&#231;&#227;o para o manejo da dor e cuidado integral ao paciente e familiares, tamb&#233;m compartilhavam esses conhecimentos com outras institui&#231;&#245;es no pa&#237;s.</p>
        <p>Segundo a OMS, a aus&#234;ncia de cuidado adequado da dor &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Estima-se que pacientes com c&#226;ncer avan&#231;ado sofram sem tratamento espec&#237;fico para dores moderadas a graves, cujo al&#237;vio n&#227;o pode ser conseguido sem a melhoria da disponibilidade e acessibilidade aos opioides<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.<sup>( )</sup>Paralelamente a isso, &#233; importante o incentivo a campanhas de educa&#231;&#227;o e conscientiza&#231;&#227;o, desenvolvimento e implementa&#231;&#227;o de cuidados paliativos abrangentes, abordagem da dor e diretrizes de gest&#227;o e planos nacionais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O envolvimento do HC IV tamb&#233;m ocorreu mediante a&#231;&#245;es que davam est&#237;mulo para desenvolver o conhecimento t&#233;cnico e cient&#237;fico, por meio de realiza&#231;&#227;o de eventos internos, como o I F&#243;rum do 5&#186; Sinal Vital e o I Congresso Internacional de Cuidados Paliativos do Brasil, bem como participa&#231;&#227;o em eventos externos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. Dessa forma, o HC IV se apoiava no desenvolvimento dessas propostas, mantendo seu esfor&#231;o e participa&#231;&#227;o em realizar e difundir atividades. As a&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; cria&#231;&#227;o, desenvolvimento e sustenta&#231;&#227;o de iniciativas de humaniza&#231;&#227;o, com foco tamb&#233;m no al&#237;vio da dor, sa&#237;ram da esfera interna para a contribui&#231;&#227;o do desenvolvimento dos cuidados paliativos em n&#237;vel nacional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>, afirmando seu papel como inst&#226;ncia t&#233;cnica e executiva do MS.</p>
        <p>Nesses eventos, foram discutidas a atua&#231;&#227;o e as estrat&#233;gias em cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; dor; al&#233;m disso, a unidade previa inclui-la, nos registros de rotina, como quinto sinal vital. Desse modo, protocolos assistenciais foram aprimorados mediante inser&#231;&#227;o de novas estrat&#233;gias na abordagem do cuidado - com efeito na qualidade no manejo da dor -, e amplia&#231;&#227;o da visibilidade ao HC IV, tanto diante das demais unidades do INCA quanto perante as outras institui&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em todo o territ&#243;rio nacional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Salienta-se, ent&#227;o, a import&#226;ncia de se enxergar para al&#233;m da presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncias para uma terapia analg&#233;sica, pois a dor causa n&#227;o apenas sofrimento f&#237;sico, mas tamb&#233;m sofrimento mental. Ainda, &#233; diretamente influenciada pelo contexto biopsicossociocultural do paciente, sendo a origem e os fatores complicadores igualmente considerados para o tratamento<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>. Nesse contexto, a dor tem um grande impacto na sa&#250;de e na qualidade de vida. Portanto, &#233; preciso ter instrumentos culturalmente adaptados e validados que me&#231;am especificamente o conhecimento sobre o manejo da dor cr&#244;nica, sendo de grande relev&#226;ncia para respaldar e direcionar o profissional, uma vez que o n&#237;vel de conhecimento das condi&#231;&#245;es dolorosas pode influenciar a forma como estas s&#227;o tratadas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A dor &#233; imensur&#225;vel, e v&#225;rios fatores est&#227;o relacionados ao est&#225;gio da doen&#231;a. Avaliar a diferen&#231;a na intensidade facilita a compreens&#227;o da redu&#231;&#227;o da dor em pacientes com c&#226;ncer durante repetidas hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>. O manejo da dor &#233; complexo e multifatorial, portanto um entendimento mais profundo das barreiras para o tratamento adequado e ideal precisa ser obtido para remediar as defici&#234;ncias entre os profissionais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>)</sup>. Assim, as a&#231;&#245;es implementadas visando ao manejo da dor foram adequadas e eficazes para a melhoria da assist&#234;ncia ao paciente oncol&#243;gico e asseguraram a integralidade do cuidado, bem como o cuidado hol&#237;stico e humanizado. </p>
        <p>Alguns participantes tamb&#233;m narraram o desenvolvimento de a&#231;&#245;es assistenciais com abordagem n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, que iam ao encontro das recomenda&#231;&#245;es da OMS, tendo em vista o cuidado integral e humanizado. Dentre estas, citam-se a&#231;&#245;es que se refletiam diretamente no cuidado, tais como um ambiente acolhedor e agrad&#225;vel de se estar, contato com animais, m&#250;sica e um espa&#231;o inteiro para realiza&#231;&#227;o de atividades. A iniciativa de cria&#231;&#227;o desse espa&#231;o pautou-se na viv&#234;ncia da m&#233;dica (diretora no HC IV &#224; &#233;poca) enquanto pesquisadora de refer&#234;ncia nacional, quando esteve no <italic>hospice</italic> de refer&#234;ncia mundial, St. Christopher&#180;s.</p>
        <p>Em paralelo &#224;s iniciativas citadas, a humaniza&#231;&#227;o era uma ferramenta importante em prol dos usu&#225;rios, trabalhadores e gestores no processo de produ&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, proporcionando valoriza&#231;&#227;o dos envolvidos. Ademais, oportunizava a autonomia, objetivando transformar a realidade em que viviam por meio da participa&#231;&#227;o coletiva nos processos de gest&#227;o e de produ&#231;&#227;o. Humanizar est&#225; intimamente relacionado ao elemento de uma abordagem hol&#237;stica, refere-se &#224; necessidade de levar em considera&#231;&#227;o todas as dimens&#245;es biopsicossociais e espirituais do paciente, da doen&#231;a e do cuidado<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>. Cuidar da dor do paciente n&#227;o significa exclusivamente executar procedimentos t&#233;cnicos: exige a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de interesse, compaix&#227;o e efetividade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo est&#227;o na impossibilidade de acessar outros documentos hist&#243;ricos (talvez, descobertos futuramente) a despeito do intenso investimento realizado na busca desses materiais, o que permitiria ajustes na vers&#227;o hist&#243;rica ora apresentada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da enfermagem</title>
          <p>A contribui&#231;&#227;o deste estudo consiste em evidenciar a necessidade de reflex&#227;o cuidadosa no que se refere ao respaldo assistencial voltado para o manejo da dor oncol&#243;gica, que poderia ser utilizada pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de em todos os n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o. Contribuiu ainda na amplia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento dos que atuam nessa &#225;rea, a fim de promover maior possibilidade de entendimento e apropria&#231;&#227;o dessa abordagem, visando &#224; qualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de em todos os n&#237;veis. Este trabalho tamb&#233;m serve de importante instrumento anal&#237;tico para ampliar a compreens&#227;o da trajet&#243;ria da enfermagem nessa modalidade de assist&#234;ncia no pa&#237;s.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>A participa&#231;&#227;o das discuss&#245;es e texto final da Portaria n.&#186; 859, de 12 de novembro de 2002, al&#233;m da atualiza&#231;&#227;o constante dos profissionais, na organiza&#231;&#227;o e execu&#231;&#227;o de eventos e cursos voltados para os cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos - com destaque para o manejo da dor -, respaldaram a assist&#234;ncia dessa modalidade de cuidados em todos os n&#237;veis de aten&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de. Ou seja, tais acontecimentos foram capazes de redesenhar o cuidado relacionado ao manejo da dor total em pacientes com c&#226;ncer avan&#231;ado, em todas as dimens&#245;es (f&#237;sica, psicol&#243;gica, social e espiritual) de uma pessoa.</p>
        <p>Ademais, percebe-se a import&#226;ncia de publica&#231;&#245;es, portarias e padroniza&#231;&#227;o de protocolos assistenciais para o desenvolvimento do cuidado - com foco na dor, dentro do HC IV -, pois estes, al&#233;m de sistematizarem as atribui&#231;&#245;es e o cuidado, refletiram diretamente no contexto em que a unidade se encontrava enquanto refer&#234;ncia nacional (mediante a Lei Org&#226;nica da Sa&#250;de), como &#243;rg&#227;o do MS respons&#225;vel pela normatiza&#231;&#227;o das a&#231;&#245;es de controle do c&#226;ncer.</p>
        <p>A humaniza&#231;&#227;o no cuidado e o fortalecimento da rela&#231;&#227;o interpessoal, aspectos importantes para a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia, envolviam medidas farmacol&#243;gicas e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas. Dentre essas &#250;ltimas, estavam: O Dia do Pet, quando era permitida a presen&#231;a de animais para visitar os pacientes internados; sess&#245;es mensais de m&#250;sica para os pacientes, com apresenta&#231;&#227;o de harpistas, flautistas. Al&#233;m disso, cada andar de enfermaria foi pintado de uma cor diferente para maior bemestar dos pacientes e familiares. </p>
        <p>&#201; poss&#237;vel evidenciar que, no recorte do estudo, os profissionais contribu&#237;ram no desenvolvimento de publica&#231;&#245;es e novos protocolos, visando melhor qualidade da rotina assistencial. Al&#233;m do mais, constituiu-se em um cen&#225;rio prof&#237;cuo ao desenvolvimento do princ&#237;pio relacionado &#224; dor nos cuidados paliativos, publicados pela OMS, tendo em vista a evolu&#231;&#227;o e o fortalecimento nacional dos cuidados paliativos diante dos desafios que se impunham.</p>
        <p>A atua&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais do HC IV foi marcada tamb&#233;m por a&#231;&#245;es que contribu&#237;ram no desenvolvimento t&#233;cnico e cient&#237;fico dos cuidados paliativos oncol&#243;gicos para profissionais de outras institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de, nacionais e estrangeiras. Destarte, organizaram e realizaram evento tanto nacional (o I F&#243;rum do 5.&#186; Sinal Vital) quanto internacional (o I Congresso Internacional de Cuidados Paliativos do Brasil), al&#233;m da participarem em eventos externos. Com isso, o HC IV consolidava uma condi&#231;&#227;o de destaque num campo de conhecimento especializado.</p>
        <p>Conclui-se que, no HC IV, os profissionais participaram na execu&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es eficazes diante dos desafios pr&#243;prios ao cuidado paliativo oncol&#243;gico e ao manejo da dor. Assim, consolidaram o reconhecimento t&#233;cnico e cient&#237;fico daquela unidade do INCA nesse campo de cuidado especializado, enquanto refer&#234;ncia no cen&#225;rio da sa&#250;de brasileira. Da mesma forma, os profissionais do HC IV tamb&#233;m capitalizaram os efeitos de trabalharem em uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia nacional e internacional.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>FOMENTO</label>
          <p> Este trabalho foi realizado com o apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (Capes). </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
