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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. bras. enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">H5nRRrTqjYpx8PGb5z3K5yd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0034-71672021000100155</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2019-0466</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00155</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Experiences of family members of drivers who violate the law against rinking and driving and its repercussions</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Experiencias de familiares de conductores infractores de la ley seca y sus repercusiones</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4827-1523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elvira</surname>
            <given-names>Indianathan de Kassia Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6607-362X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcon</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6649-9340</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eleine Aparecida Penha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4095-9382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Magda L&#250;cia F&#233;lix de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Maring&#225;</city>
          <state>Paran&#225;</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;. Maring&#225;, Paran&#225;, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Londrina</city>
          <state>Paran&#225;</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Londrina, Paran&#225;, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding author:</bold> Indianathan de Kassia Santana Elvira E-mail: <email>indianathan_19@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR IN CHIEF: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Mitzy Reichembach</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>74</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20190466</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>to understand the experiences of family members of drivers who violate the law against drinking and driving and the post-penal repercussions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>a qualitative study, with family members of drivers who violated the law against drinking and driving who participated in the <italic>Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito de Maring&#225; - PR</italic> (Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project in Maring&#225; - PR). Data collection was carried through semi-structured interviews, analyzed through thematic analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>it was observed in the family members' reports: the suffering of families due to the consumption of alcohol and other drugs; the violation of the law against drinking and driving meaning turning point, with positive and negative changes in the family context; and the meanings of the Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Final Considerations:</title>
          <p>the law against drinking and driving penalties triggered unemployment and financial expenses, but the positive aspects were quitting alcohol use and/or not drinking and driving anymore. The Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project was informed as solidarity and a trigger for changing the offenders' behavior.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>comprender las experiencias de los familiares de conductores infractores de la Ley seca y las repercusiones despu&#233;s de las sanciones</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudio cualitativo, realizado con familiares de conductores infractores de la Ley Seca participantes del Proyecto Justicia y Sobriedad en el Tr&#225;fico de la ciudad de Maring&#225;, Paran&#225;. La recolecci&#243;n de datos se llev&#243; a cabo una entrevista semiestructurada, analizadas mediante an&#225;lisis tem&#225;tico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>se observ&#243; en los relatos de los miembros de la familia: el sufrimiento de las familias por el consumo de alcohol y otras drogas; la violaci&#243;n de la Ley Seca que significa un punto de inflexi&#243;n, con cambios positivos y negativos en el contexto familiar; y los significados del Proyecto Justicia y Sobriedad en el Tr&#225;fico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones Finales:</title>
          <p>las penalidades de la Ley Seca provocaron desempleo y gastos financieros, pero hubo aspectos positivos como el cese del consumo de alcohol y/o el no conducir m&#225;s en estado de embriaguez. El Proyecto Justicia y Sobriedad en el Tr&#225;fico es tenido como solidario y como detonante para cambiar el comportamiento de los infractores.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Alcohol Intoxication</kwd>
        <kwd>Family Relationships</kwd>
        <kwd>Drive Under the Influence</kwd>
        <kwd>Accidents, Traffic</kwd>
        <kwd>Public Health Nursing</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Intoxicaci&#243;n Alcoh&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Relaciones Familiares</kwd>
        <kwd>Conducir Bajo Influencia</kwd>
        <kwd>Accidentes de Tr&#225;nsito</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermer&#237;a en Salud P&#250;blica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Harmful use of alcohol is responsible for approximately 3.3 million deaths every year, and 5.1% of the global disease burden is due to alcohol consumption<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>. Its implications are not restricted to the individual consumer, but it extends to all members of the family nucleus and society, with social and economic damage<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Families of drug users, exposed to problematic situations, experience psychological suffering, which causes them to face daily challenges, such as guilt, depression, social abandonment, and anxiety. The suffering experience interferes with relationships and family life, causing tension by trying to resist the situation<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. A study on the repercussions of events related to alcoholism in the lives of these families, would assist in the understanding of this phenomenon, contributing to the prevention, users' treatment and rehabilitation, besides supporting response strategies focused on the family context<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the several problems resulting from the harmful use of alcoholic beverages, traffic accidents fill a prominent position<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>. According to the World Health Organization, due to its sedative-hypnotic characteristic, alcohol has a strong influence on traffic accidents, which is why it was considered an "accident factor", that is, it directly affects the skills of those who drive a motor vehicle<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>. Thus, studies point to a clear trend of increased risk for the occurrence of traffic accidents among drunk drivers<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Brazil has taken actions to discourage the population from driving under the influence of alcohol or any other drugs, implementing federal legislation since the 1990s, which establishes blood alcohol surveillance and imposes penalties on drivers who drive under the influence of alcohol<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The law against drinking and driving was an important step towards the establishment of more effective policies to fight drinking and driving, as it imposes zero alcohol intake and attention on alcohol intake by drivers<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>. According to this law, drivers under the influence of alcohol will get fines, suspension of the right to drive for 12 months and the vehicle's apprehension, with the risk of imprisonment if there is a traffic crime<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The experience with the individual who violates the law against drinking and driving, whether it is an acute/binge user or a chronic user<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>, weakens family relationships<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>, because risky attitudes generate traffic violence, consequently fatal victims and physical and emotional sequelae in survivors, affect the offender's family members, who share the consequences of these attitudes, whether financial, psychological or physical<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Knowing the consequences of the association of alcohol and motor vehicle driving in the family context<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>, this study aims to answer the following concerns: How did the family experience the violation by alcohol abuse of a family member? What are the repercussions of the penalties resulting from the violation of the law against drinking and driving on the family?</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVES</title>
      <p>To understand the experiences of family members of drivers who violate the law against drinking and driving and the post-penal repercussions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHODS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee Involving Human Beings of the State University of Maring&#225;, meeting the ethical aspects according to Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council. The interviewed family members were identified by the letter F, followed by the ordinal number that respects the sequence of the interviews, assuring the participants' confidentiality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Type of study</title>
        <p>This is a descriptive, qualitative study, to understand the meaning of alcohol use and the violation of the law against drinking and driving in families of offenders, based on Minayo's technique of thematic analysis<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study setting and data source</title>
        <p>Participants were family members of drivers who violated the law against drinking and driving, and were part of the Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project in Maring&#225;, Paran&#225;, and were registered in the Poison Control Center database of the <italic>Hospital Universit&#225;rio Regional de Maring&#225;</italic> - CCI/HUM as intoxicated by alcohol and other drugs.</p>
        <p>The Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project of the First Criminal Court of Maring&#225; was implemented in 2016. It is an educational intersectoral project, based on Law 13281/2016, that carry out activities for the offending driver who was fined for drunk driving, as an alternative penalty of the provision of services in health centers<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>, aimed at contributing to the change the offender's behavior and with the decrease of reoffending of alcohol in traffic.</p>
        <p>The Project's activities are carried out in four phases: court hearing; participation in a meeting/workshop, which addresses aspects of defensive driving, with a primary focus on drunk driving and information for helping in health services; provision of services to assist victims of accidents treated in the health services/hospitals involved in the Project, with a workload of 30 hours; and evaluation of the effectiveness on the activities performed.</p>
        <p>The first study scenario was the CCI/HUM, for the selection of the epidemiological records of Toxicological Occurrence of Alcohol Intoxication and/or Other Drugs - OT/IA of the offending drivers, who are reported through the University Extension Project <italic>Toxicovigil&#226;ncia e Busca Ativa de Casos e Educa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de</italic> (Toxicovigilance and Active Search of Cases and Health Education), filled in meetings/workshops of the Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project. Drivers were considered intoxicated if their alcohol intake was chacked by an alcohol meter or signs of intoxication.</p>
        <p>The following inclusion criteria for the study were considered: drivers approached by the Military Police in cases of traffic accidents or traffic inspections of different types; participants of the Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project in 2017; and who lived in the city of Maring&#225; - PR. Offending drivers with incomplete addresses were excluded from the CCI/HUM records.</p>
        <p>After selection, the second scenario of the study was the home of the offender/family member, to conduct a semi-structured interview. The following inclusion criteria for family members were used: being 18 years of age or older; and living with the offending driver, playing the role of a supporter/caregiver in the life of this family member. Family members of offenders who had not completed the four phases established by the Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project were excluded.</p>
        <p>A total of 115 records of offending drivers met the criteria for inclusion in the survey and 30 OT/IA records were randomly separated for access to families. Eight family members were interviewed effectively, using the theoretical saturation criterion for dimensioning the sample, supported by the saturation of the speeches and the research objective achieved<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection</title>
        <p>Data collection was carried out from October to November 2018, using interviews through a semi-structured script, with sociodemographic questions of the offender and family members, problems related to drug use and about the violation. The interviews were conducted in full by the main author, recorded on audio and guided by the questions: Talk about what it is like for you to live with the use of alcohol in your family? What are the repercussions of the penalties of the law against drinking and driving in the life of the offending driver and his family's life?</p>
        <p>Home visits were previously scheduled by telephone contact and access to families was through addresses recorded in the OT/IA forms. There was no prior contact with the participants, and training to conduct the interviews was carried out in research groups. The interviews were conducted in two meetings per family, with an average of 40 minutes each, and in three interviews, in addition to the participant and interviewer, another family member was present, according to the interviewee's request.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data organization and analysis</title>
        <p>For the analysis of the relative's interview, the interviews were listened to, respecting the period of not exceeding three days after the meeting. The responses to the triggering questions were transcribed in full, typed into a text document using <italic>Microsoft Office Word 10.0.</italic></p>
        <p>The results were analyzed using Minayo's thematic analysis technique<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>, following the phases of pre-analysis, material exploration and treatment of results/inference/interpretation.</p>
        <p>In the pre-analysis, an attempt is made to make a comprehensive reading of the selected material, exhaustively, reaching deeper levels, so the author is saturated with the material. In the second phase, the exploration of the selected material is carried out, the analysis itself, also called categorization, which comprises making the clippings of the texts in units of records and the classification and aggregation of information in thematic categories, aimed at identifying the nuclei of meanings<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. In the third stage of treatment of the results/inference/interpretation, we seek to highlight the information provided by the analysis, through simple quantification. Thus, the inference is made at an intermediate stage, between analytical treatment and interpretation. Finally, the results obtained are interpreted using the theoretical basis<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>The offending drivers were men, half were single, with ages ranging from 23 to 53 years old and an average of 42.0 (SD&#177;6.02) and 7.8 (SD&#177;2.47) years of education. The time of alcohol use, reported by the offending drivers, was 19.2 (SD&#177;6.66) years and two offenders used illicit drugs associated with alcoholic beverages. Regarding the violation, three drivers were fined by the Military Police in traffic inspections and five were involved in traffic accidents after drinking alcohol.</p>
      <p>The family members interviewed were women: two mothers, two wives and four sisters. The age ranged from 22 to 61 years, with an average of 44.4 (SD&#177;14.56) and education of 9.5 (SD&#177;3.60) years.</p>
      <p>The family members speeches were organized into three themes, emphasizing situations experienced by families and the consequences of the penalties of the law against drinking and driving: Family suffering from the use of alcohol and other drugs; Turning point: positive and negative changes arising from the violation in the life of the offending driver and the family; and Recognizing the importance of the Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project in the offender and families' lives.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Theme 1: Family suffering from the use of alcohol and other drugs</title>
        <p>The daily problems from living with the user can cause disorders in the family environment, mainly due to fights and financial expenses to buy alcohol and other drugs. In some families, the user was the primary provider of the home. Furthermore, it was observed that living with a family member who uses alcohol and/or other drugs generates codependency in these families (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Whether living with occasional alcohol use or abuse, the families expressed the repercussion as always being negative. Family suffering is intense, influenced by the "high doses" ingested on weekends and by daily living with alcohol consumption (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Thematic categories and text fragments (speeches) that originated the theme 1, Maringa, Parana, Brazil, 2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="90%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Thematic categories</th>
                <th align="center">Textual fragments (speeches)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fights</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>He assaulted his ex-wife, threatened them, so they separated. After that, alcohol abuse became terrible.</italic> (F7: sister of the 43-year-old offender, charged in a traffic accident)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>We often fight because he comes home every day stressed and under the influence of alcohol.</italic> (F4: wife of the 49-year-old offender, charged in a traffic inspection)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Financial<break/>Spending</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>The problem was when he used the money that was for paying bills to buy drinks, that was complicated, because we depended on that money. (</italic>F8: sister of the 43-year-old offender, charged for a traffic accident)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Codependency</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>My mother and I suffered a lot. We care so much about him; we never know where he is. We wonder if he ate, if he did not eat, if someone is going to beat him. My mother is sick, I am depressed, I cry a lot because of that.</italic> (F7: sister of the 43-year-old offender, charged in a traffic accident)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Binge<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref><break/>and daily<break/>consumption</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>For me it is difficult, it is always tense, not knowing what will happen. He's not an alcoholic. The problem is on the weekend that he drinks a lot with friends.</italic> (F3: sister of the 30-year-old offender, charged in a traffic inspection)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>He has a serious problem with alcohol. He should seek treatment because he cannot do it alone. Since I am with him, he drinks every day. Is very sad.</italic> (F4: wife of the 49-year-old offender, charged in a traffic inspection)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Fear</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>The biggest problem is an accident with him. We don't want people to die. The biggest problem is if he dies.</italic> (F1: mother of the 39-year-old offender, charged in a traffic inspection)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>The hard part is that you destroy another family, another innocent life. This is the worst consequence. How are we going to live with that for the rest of our lives</italic>? (F2: sister of the 49-year-old offender, charged in a traffic accident)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Note:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Sporadic and excessive consumption in a short period.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref> also shows that in addition to testimonies of suffering from alcohol use, the problem of the association of drinking and driving was reported in a meaningful way by families, causing suffering due to the feeling of fear with the possibility that their family member will suffer some physical trauma, sequelae and permanent disability, besides death from a traffic accident. Moreover, the fear concerning the relative, the interviewees expressed fear that their relative would drive under the influence of alcohol and cause some harm to other people, to other families, which they called "innocent people".</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Theme 2: Turning point: positive and negative changes from the violation in the offending driver and the family's lives</title>
        <p>The law against drinking and driving was understood and supported by families as an extremely important law, which must be complied with by the offenders, even though they experience difficulties in the family context caused by the charge. These difficulties can be seen, especially, by the driver's unemployment and the financial resources spent to pay fines and other administrative measures (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Thematic categories and textual fragments (speeches) that originated the theme 2, Maringa, Parana, Brazil, 2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="90%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Thematic categories</th>
                <th align="center">Textual fragments (speeches)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Unemployment<break/>and financial<break/>expenditure</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>This violation was devastating, not because it was wrong, we know that you can't drink and drive... What really hurt our family was that it caused the loss of his license</italic> (National Driver's License)<italic>. He was a truck driver, it was his life, he worked for a good company.</italic> (F2: sister of the 49-year-old offender, charged in a traffic accident)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>He was very sad about the situation. He spent money on a fine, on bail and still lost his job.</italic> (F8: sister of the 43-year-old offender, charged for a traffic accident)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>It was all very painful, especially losing his job, but you know that thing that has to happen to see if the person wakes up?</italic> (F2: sister of the 49-year-old offender, charged in a traffic accident)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Turning point<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref></td>
                <td align="left"><italic>It was after the</italic> [traffic] <italic>accident</italic> [...]<italic>. He stopped drinking, he's been sober for ten months, he's trying to get back to his job as a truck driver. He realized that you can't drink and drive. It took all this for him to stop drinking.</italic> (F8: sister of the 43-year-old offender, charged for a traffic accident)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>I think the law against drinking and driving is good, because if we</italic> [his family] <italic>care. We cannot resolve the issue of driving while intoxicated, the police can. Now he is aware that he cannot drink and drive</italic> [...] <italic>Today, he still drinks, continues to drink the same and exaggerates a lot on the weekend, but now he always calls someone to drive him, or calls those UBER, just this happening, it's already good, he just needs to stop drinking.</italic> (F3: sister of the 30-year-old offender, charged in a traffic inspection)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>I think he got better. He lets</italic> [me] <italic>drive now and before only he was driving. He's using a lot of UBER when he goes out alone and leaves the car with me.</italic> (F4: wife of the 49-year-old offender, charged in a traffic inspection)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>After that, he doesn't drive drunk anymore. the law against drinking and driving served as a reality check, both for punishment and for the consequences it has had on our lives.</italic> (F5: wife of the 44-year-old offender, charged in a traffic accident)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Note:</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Turning point, a moment when the individual becomes aware of his actions from an impacting event.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>On the other hand, although the violation was a difficult process experienced by the family, the penalties of the law against drinking and driving were understood, by some family members, as an essential measure in the offending driver's process of awareness, influencing the cessation of alcohol use. Although some offenders persisted to drink alcohol, some families expressed a feeling of relief that the family member no longer took the risks of drunk driving (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Theme 3 - Recognizing the importance of the Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project for the offender and families' lives</title>
        <p>The interviewees showed support for the Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project, understood by them not as a punishment, but as an educational awareness activity. It was recognized by families as an impacting project, directly influencing offending drivers to rethink the act of driving under the influence of alcohol (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Chart 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Chart 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Thematic categories and text fragments (speeches), that originated the theme 3, Maringa, Parana, Brazil, 2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="10%"/>
              <col width="90%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Thematic categories</th>
                <th align="center">Textual fragments (speeches)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Participation<break/>in the Traffic<break/>Justice and<break/>Sobriety<break/>Project</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>After he performed the activities at SAMU and the hospital, he changed a lot. One day he told me that he cried when he saw a</italic> [cervical] <italic>necklace, the one that he put around his neck, it was from a child and it was all full of blood. Then he thought that he could have hurt that child, he was really upset.</italic> (F2: sister of the 49-year-old offender, charged in a traffic accident)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>He had to go to the hospital and help injured people. I think it was what he needed to improve. Sometimes we talk and get full of it, but when we think, to be part of that moment was remarkable.</italic> (F3: sister of the 30-year-old offender, charged in a traffic inspection)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Psychosocial<break/>treatment<break/>relapse</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>After the violation, he participated in the project at the hospital, he was fine for nine months, nine months without drinking alcohol and without smoking. He is a bricklayer's assistant, he was working, doing everything right, he was here near us</italic> [...] <italic>but then everything came back again. He ended up selling the car, and as he was barely working now, he could not buy another one, thank goodness, if he had a car, he would be driving drunk, because he drinks every day.</italic> (F7: sister of the 43-year-old offender, charged in a traffic accident)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>It was after that that he was hospitalized, I think he reconsidered the situation he was living in, unfortunately he wanted to leave afterward</italic> [from the rehabilitation clinic]<italic>, and started using again</italic> [drugs]<italic>, and was arrested for drug trafficking.</italic> (F1: mother of the 39-year-old offender, charged in a traffic inspection<italic>)</italic></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Importance of<break/>the Project in<break/>rehabilitation</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>I thought there was too short, it should have been more hours to participate, because it helps. He came home and spoke about it. We realized that it was important to him.</italic> (F6: mother of the 37-year-old offender, charged in a traffic accident)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>The hours he had to accomplish for services in hospitals were few. He was shocked by the hurt people</italic> [...]<italic>.</italic> (F3: sister of the 30-year-old offender, charged in a traffic inspection)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The families experienced, with their members, the process of participation in the Project and they reproduced the knowledge on this theme, since they mentioned their experiences with the family (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Chart 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>The Project influenced the decision-making for the psychosocial treatment of the offender, although relapses were reported sometime after the end of the activities in the health units. In this way, family members expressed the desire that the activities in the Project would be carried out with a workload over 40 hours, understanding the influence of this period on the offender's rehabilitation process (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Chart 3</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The II National Survey of Alcohol and Drugs estimated that 5.7% of the Brazilian population is dependent on alcohol and/or marijuana and/or cocaine, that is, in households composed of an average of four people, one is dependent, with more than eight million drug users and 30 million people living with a drug addict<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>. These families experience fears and insecurities occurring from the dependence and risk behaviors assumed by their members<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Relatives of drug users have significantly more chronic physical symptoms, complaints of mental suffering and greater psychosocial difficulties than the average population<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>. Those who suffer most from the negative impact caused by the abuse of alcoholic beverages or illicit substances are women, who are generally responsible for the users' treatment, as a large part of them share the role of "head" of the family and care for the user and the whole family<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The family members, in general, revealed their daily struggle and confrontation, both because of the direct contact with the user, and because of the feelings of uncertainty, shame, sadness and insecurity concerning the trajectory of their family members<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>. Family conflicts, divorces and financial problems due to the money continuously spent to buy alcohol and unemployment are consequences of harmful alcohol consumption<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. With all the problems happening and experienced by the family, the fear of accidents, aggression and the driver's death is greater than all of these<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Brazilian government invests in increasingly rigorous measures for those who take up the risk of drinking and driving<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. Violating traffic laws and taking over driving under the influence of alcohol is considered a very serious violation by the <italic>C&#243;digo de Tr&#226;nsito Brasileiro</italic> - CTB (Brazilian Traffic Code). And those fined for violating the law against drinking and driving are determined to pay 10 times the fine, that is, R$ 2934.70<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Besides the financial cost of the fine, the offending driver commits a traffic crime when he is caught driving a vehicle with a concentration equal to or greater than six decigrams of alcohol per liter of blood or equal to or greater than 0.3 milligrams of alcohol per liter of alveolar air, or if signs of intoxication are detected. The vehicle is apprehended and the driver arrested, if there is no situation of killing or serious bodily injury, the driver can pay bail of up to one hundred minimum wages<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The families of the offending drivers, under study here, experienced the penalties of the law against drinking and driving in its negative and positive aspects. The measures of authoritarian are evidenced by families as a necessary attempt for the user to recognize, with greater significance, the consequences arising from drinking<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The law was understood as a measure to save lives and prevent traffic accidents caused by the influence of alcohol in the direction of motor vehicles. The families supported the law, recognizing the forthcoming risk of damage to the individual and other families, since most of the charges of its members were for being involved in traffic accidents.</p>
      <p>However, the penalties reflected in the family financial condition, considering that many drivers were the main providers. Families highlighted long-term financial consequences and unemployment after the violation, which had an impact on the families' lives, both in the financial aspect, as well as in professional and family achievement.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, they indicated the law against drinking and driving as a turning point in their family members' consumption of alcoholic beverages. A turning point is a moment when the individual becomes aware of his actions from an impactful, joyful or painful event, and starts to try to stop using the drug<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>. The violation was the moment that increased the propensity or behaviors in a "transformation" of life change towards the cessation or decrease of damages from the drug use<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The turning points are not only the cessation of consumption, but the tendency of individuals to move from the compulsive phase of drug use to controlled patterns<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>. However, relapses may happen if failure trying to achieve established goals and not taking over life more consciously occur<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>After cessation of alcohol use, that is, alcohol abstinence, the recurrence rates decrease when the individual is aware of his dependence, determined and committed to changing behavior and have a new lifestyle<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Family members acknowledged that harm reduction actions, such as not drinking and driving, although the family member persisted to drink alcohol, should be encouraged, as it reduces stress and suffering in the family. Harm reduction strategies, which aim to identify the presence of a problem, stimulate behavior change and propose strategies for this change to happen<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>)</sup>, have been progressively incorporated into Brazilian drug legislation. Thus, in the last two decades, health policies have recognized the care gap provided to users of alcohol and other drugs that were carried out only in cessation programs<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project was understood as a harm reduction strategy for families and brought to the home experiences lived by offenders in health units, allowing families to perceive the impact of project activities on the offender, directly influencing awareness of the damage caused by driving under the influence of alcohol.</p>
      <p>The desire for the Project to have a longer workload, seems to indicate that families also recognize it as a space for rehabilitation and shows that these families need educational actions and less <italic>stricto sensu</italic> punitive, so that their families cease the use of alcohol and/or other drugs and adopt healthy lifestyle habits.</p>
      <p>In this perspective, more partnerships are required between public health networks with national traffic agencies, in raising awareness among drivers and others involved in traffic. Public health networks are closely related to fighting violence in traffic, since harmful alcohol consumption is an important public health problem. Working to promote the health of drug users is closely related to the well-being of their families.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>Although the analysis presented here refers to data that identify only a small part of the problems associated with alcohol intake and driving, the study shows the consequences associated with this practice related to the penalties of the law against drinking and driving, which significantly affect the lives of families living with offending drivers.</p>
        <p>As this is a study with families of traffic violators, who participated in a specific local project, we observed limited literature for further comparisons and discussions. However, the originality of the study stands out, which may support other research in diverse contexts.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to the field of nursing, health, or public policy</title>
        <p>The impact of risky behavior by users of alcohol and other drugs is closely related to nursing actions, recognizing the role of caring through direct contact to the patient and his family. Thus, different learning scenarios make it possible to exercise clinical judgment in their training, by linking teaching and service, to establish relationships in the different settings of the individual, family, and society.</p>
        <p>Studying the repercussions of the law against drinking and driving in the family context allows contributing to a better understanding of the problems related to alcohol and driving, besides being able to provide subsidies for the establishment of specific policies and campaigns, highlighting the importance of the link between awareness, prevention and inspection.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>This study highlights the repercussions of the law against drinking and driving penalties in the family environment, reported by families, in their positive and negative aspects. Participants reveal the suffering of families and drivers who violate the law against drinking and driving due to the daily problems caused by drinking, in which we highlight fights, financial problems, prison and fear of death.</p>
      <p>The law against drinking and driving penalties was negatively impacted by financial expenses and unemployment after the offense. However, it was also positively recognized as a turning point in the lives of these families, mainly concerning the cessation and/or harm reduction from alcohol use. Family members also reported the meaning of the Traffic Justice and Sobriety Project in their lives, as a harm reduction strategy in terms of not driving under the influence of alcohol.</p>
      <p>This study allows reflection on the importance of the family in the process of coping with risky behaviors involving alcohol and driving, and highlights that just punitive laws are important to establish rules on human behavior in traffic, educational projects activities are crucial in making drivers aware of compliance with the law.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Viv&#234;ncias de familiares de motoristas infratores da Lei Seca e suas repercuss&#245;es</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4827-1523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elvira</surname>
            <given-names>Indianathan de Kassia Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6607-362X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Marcon</surname>
            <given-names>Sonia Silvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6649-9340</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eleine Aparecida Penha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4095-9382</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Magda L&#250;cia F&#233;lix de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;. Maring&#225;, Paran&#225;, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Londrina, Paran&#225;, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> Indianathan de Kassia Santana Elvira E-mail: <email>indianathan_19@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR CHEFE: Antonio Jos&#233; de Almeida Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>EDITOR ASSOCIADO: Mitzy Reichembach</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>compreender as viv&#234;ncias dos familiares de motoristas infratores da Lei Seca e as repercuss&#245;es p&#243;s-penalidades.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>estudo de cunho qualitativo, com membros da fam&#237;lias de motoristas infratores da, Lei Seca participantes do Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito de Maring&#225; - PR. A coleta de dados foi realizada por entrevista semiestruturada, analisadas mediante an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>observou-se nos relatos dos familiares: o sofrimento das fam&#237;lias pelo consumo de &#225;lcool e outras drogas; a infra&#231;&#227;o da Lei Seca significando <italic>turning point</italic>, com mudan&#231;as positivas e negativas no contexto familiar; e os significados do Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Finais:</title>
          <p>as penalidades da Lei Seca desencadearam desempregos e gastos financeiros, mas os aspectos positivos foram a cessa&#231;&#227;o do uso de &#225;lcool e/ou n&#227;o dirigir mais embriagado. O Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito foi informado como solid&#225;rio e um gatilho para mudan&#231;a de comportamento dos infratores.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Intoxica&#231;&#227;o Alco&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Rela&#231;&#245;es Familiares</kwd>
        <kwd>Dirigir Sob a Influ&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidentes de Tr&#226;nsito</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermagem em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>O uso nocivo do &#225;lcool &#233; respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 3,3 milh&#245;es de mortes todos os anos, e 5,1% da carga global de doen&#231;as &#233; atribu&#237;vel ao consumo de &#225;lcool<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>. Suas implica&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o se restringem ao individuo consumidor, mas se estende a todos os elementos do n&#250;cleo familiar e da sociedade, com danos sociais e econ&#244;micos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As fam&#237;lias de usu&#225;rios de drogas, expostas as situa&#231;&#245;es de adversidades, vivem um sofrimento ps&#237;quico, o que faz com que confrontem com desafios di&#225;rios, como culpa, depress&#227;o, abandono social e ansiedade. A experi&#234;ncia de sofrimento interfere nos relacionamentos e no cotidiano familiar, gerando tens&#227;o pela tentativa de resistir &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Estudo sobre repercuss&#245;es dos eventos relacionados ao alcoolismo, na vida dessas fam&#237;lias, auxiliaria na compreens&#227;o desse fen&#244;meno, contribuindo para a preven&#231;&#227;o, tratamento e reabilita&#231;&#227;o dos usu&#225;rios, al&#233;m de trazer subs&#237;dios para elabora&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de a&#231;&#245;es articuladas e focadas no contexto familiar<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Dentre os v&#225;rios consequ&#234;ncias advindas do consumo nocivo de bebidas alco&#243;licas, os acidentes de tr&#226;nsito ocupam lugar de destaque<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>. O &#225;lcool pela sua caracter&#237;stica sedante-hipn&#243;tica, possui forte influ&#234;ncia na ocorr&#234;ncia de acidentes de tr&#226;nsito, podendo ser considerado um fator "acidentog&#234;nico", visto que afeta diretamente as habilidades necess&#225;rias para condu&#231;&#227;o de um ve&#237;culo automotor<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>. Assim, estudos apontam uma tend&#234;ncia clara de risco aumentado para a ocorr&#234;ncia de acidentes de tr&#226;nsito entre condutores alcoolizados<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O Brasil adotou medidas para desencorajar as pessoas a dirigir sob efeito de &#225;lcool ou outras droga de abuso, implantando legisla&#231;&#245;es federais desde a d&#233;cada de 1990, que estabelecem vigil&#226;ncia da alcoolemia e imp&#245;em penalidades para o condutor que dirige sob a influ&#234;ncia do &#225;lcool<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A Lei Seca foi um importante gatilho na forma&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas mais eficazes no combate da alcoolemia no tr&#226;nsito, por impor alcoolemia zero e maior rigor ao consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica pelos condutores. De acordo com essa Lei, se o condutor dirigir sob efeito de &#225;lcool poder&#225; receber penalidades de multas, suspens&#227;o do direito de dirigir por 12 meses e apreens&#227;o do ve&#237;culo, com possibilidade de pena de reclus&#227;o, se houver crime de tr&#226;nsito<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A conviv&#234;ncia com o indiv&#237;duo que infringiu a Lei Seca, seja pelo consumo espor&#225;dico/<italic>binge</italic> ou di&#225;rio<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>, pode deixar marcas nas rela&#231;&#245;es familiares<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>. Pois os comportamentos de risco geram viol&#234;ncia no tr&#226;nsito, produzindo v&#237;timas fatais e sequelas f&#237;sicas e emocionais em sobreviventes, as quais geram efeitos nos membros da fam&#237;lia do infrator, que compartilham das consequ&#234;ncias advindas dessas atitudes, seja financeira, psicol&#243;gica ou f&#237;sica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Diante do reconhecimento das consequ&#234;ncias da associa&#231;&#227;o do &#225;lcool e dire&#231;&#227;o veicular no &#226;mbito familiar<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>, o presente estudo busca responder &#224;s seguintes inquieta&#231;&#245;es: Como a fam&#237;lia vivenciou a infra&#231;&#227;o pelo abuso de &#225;lcool de um membro familiar? Quais foram &#224;s repercuss&#245;es, na fam&#237;lia, das penalidades decorrentes da infra&#231;&#227;o da Lei Seca?</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVOS</title>
        <p>Compreender as viv&#234;ncias dos familiares de motoristas infratores da Lei Seca e as repercuss&#245;es p&#243;s-penalidades.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O projeto teve aprova&#231;&#227;o do Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Envolvendo Seres Humanos da Universidade Estadual de Maring&#225;, atendendo aos aspectos &#233;ticos estabelecidos pela resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. Os familiares entrevistados foram identificados pela letra F, seguida de um numeral correspondente &#224; sequ&#234;ncia das entrevistas realizadas, garantindo confidencialidade dos participantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de cunho qualitativo, com vistas &#224; compreens&#227;o do significado do consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas e da infra&#231;&#227;o da Lei Seca em fam&#237;lias de infratores, fundamentado na t&#233;cnica da an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica de Minayo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cen&#225;rios do estudo e Fonte de dados</title>
          <p>Participaram do estudo familiares de motoristas infratores da Lei Seca, os quais faziam parte do Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito do munic&#237;pio de Maring&#225;- Paran&#225;, e foram registrados no banco de dados do Centro de Controle de intoxica&#231;&#245;es do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Regional de Maring&#225; - CCI/HUM como intoxicados por &#225;lcool e outras drogas.</p>
          <p>O Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito da Primeira Vara Criminal de Maring&#225; foi implantado em 2016. &#201; um projeto intersetorial educativo, pautado na Lei 13281/2016, com atividades junto ao condutor infrator que foi autuado por embriaguez ao volante, como pena alternativa, com presta&#231;&#227;o de trabalhos comunit&#225;rios em hospitais e outros servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>, com objetivos de contribuir para a mudan&#231;a de comportamento do infrator e com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da reincid&#234;ncia de alcoolemia no tr&#226;nsito.</p>
          <p>As atividades do Projeto s&#227;o realizadas em quatro fases: audi&#234;ncia judicial; participa&#231;&#227;o em encontro/oficina, que aborda aspectos de dire&#231;&#227;o defensiva, com foco principal na embriaguez ao volante e informa&#231;&#245;es para atua&#231;&#227;o nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de; presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os no auxilio &#224;s v&#237;timas de acidentes atendidas nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de/hospitais envolvidos no Projeto, com carga hor&#225;ria de 30 horas; e avalia&#231;&#227;o da efetividade das atividades realizadas.</p>
          <p>O primeiro cen&#225;rio do estudo foi o CCI/HUM, para sele&#231;&#227;o das fichas epidemiol&#243;gicas de Ocorr&#234;ncia Toxicol&#243;gica de Intoxica&#231;&#227;o Alco&#243;lica e/ou Outras Drogas de Abuso - OT/IA dos motoristas infratores, que s&#227;o notificados por meio do Projeto de extens&#227;o universit&#225;ria Toxicovigil&#226;ncia e Busca Ativa de Casos e Educa&#231;&#227;o em Sa&#250;de, preenchidas nos encontros/oficinas do Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no tr&#226;nsito. Foram considerados intoxicados os motoristas cujo consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica foi constatado por etil&#244;metro ou sinais de embriaguez.</p>
          <p>Foram considerados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para o estudo: motoristas abordados pela Pol&#237;cia Militar em ocorr&#234;ncias de acidentes de tr&#226;nsito, <italic>blitz</italic> ou em outros tipos de fiscaliza&#231;&#227;o de tr&#226;nsito; participantes do Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito no ano de 2017; e que residiam no munic&#237;pio de Maring&#225; - PR. Foram exclu&#237;dos os motoristas infratores com endere&#231;os incompletos nos registros do CCI/HUM.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o, o segundo cen&#225;rio do estudo foi o domic&#237;lio do infrator/familiar, para realiza&#231;&#227;o de entrevista semiestruturada. Como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o para os familiares foram utilizados: ter idade igual ou superior a 18 anos; e conviv&#234;ncia com o condutor infrator, exercendo papel de apoiador/cuidador na vida desse familiar. Foram exclu&#237;dos os familiares de infratores que n&#227;o haviam conclu&#237;do as quatro fases estabelecidas pelo Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito.</p>
          <p>Cumpriram crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o na pesquisa 115 fichas de motoristas infratores e foram separadas aleatoriamente 30 fichas OT/IA para acesso &#224;s fam&#237;lias. Oito familiares foram entrevistados efetivamente, utilizando-se o crit&#233;rio de satura&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica para dimensionamento da amostra, respaldado pela satura&#231;&#227;o dos discursos e pelo objetivo da pesquisa alcan&#231;ado<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta de dados</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada no per&#237;odo de outubro a novembro de 2018, utilizando entrevista por meio de roteiro semiestruturado, com quest&#245;es sociodemogr&#225;ficas do infrator e dos familiares, problemas relacionados ao consumo de &#225;lcool e outras drogas de abuso e sobre o ato infracional. As entrevistas foram integralmente realizadas pela autora principal, gravadas em &#225;udio e guiadas pelas quest&#245;es: Fale como &#233; para voc&#234; conviver com o uso de &#225;lcool em sua fam&#237;lia? Quais foram as repercuss&#245;es, na vida do motorista infrator e da sua fam&#237;lia, geradas pelas penalidades da Lei Seca por embriaguez ao volante?</p>
          <p>As visitas domiciliares foram previamente agendadas por contato telef&#244;nico e o acesso &#224;s fam&#237;lias se deu por meio de endere&#231;os registrados nas fichas OT/IA. N&#227;o houve contato pr&#233;vio com os participantes, e o treinamento para efetuar as entrevistas foi realizado em grupos de pesquisa. As entrevistas foram realizadas em dois encontros por fam&#237;lia, com m&#233;dia de 40 minutos cada, e em tr&#234;s entrevistas, al&#233;m do participante e entrevistadora, estava presente outro familiar, de acordo com pedido do entrevistado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Organiza&#231;&#227;o e An&#225;lise de dados</title>
          <p>Para a an&#225;lise dos dados da entrevista com o familiar, a audi&#231;&#227;o das entrevistas foi realizada, respeitando um per&#237;odo n&#227;o superior a tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s o encontro. As respostas das quest&#245;es disparadoras foram transcritas na &#237;ntegra, digitadas em documento de texto utilizando o <italic>Software Microsoft Office Word 10.0</italic>.</p>
          <p>Os resultados foram analisados utilizando a t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica de Minayo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>, seguindo as fases de pr&#233;-an&#225;lise, explora&#231;&#227;o do material e tratamento dos resultados/infer&#234;ncia/interpreta&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Na pr&#233;-an&#225;lise, procura-se fazer uma leitura compreensiva do material selecionado, de forma exaustiva, atingindo n&#237;veis mais profundos, com objetivo do autor impregnar-se com o material. Na segunda fase, realiza-se a explora&#231;&#227;o do conjunto do material selecionado, a an&#225;lise propriamente dita, tamb&#233;m chamada de categoriza&#231;&#227;o, que compreende fazer os recortes dos textos em unidades de registros, para posterior classifica&#231;&#227;o e jun&#231;&#227;o das unidades em categorias tem&#225;ticas, com o objetivo de identificar os n&#250;cleos de sentidos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. Na terceira etapa de tratamento dos resultados/infer&#234;ncia/interpreta&#231;&#227;o, procura-se por em evidencia as informa&#231;&#245;es fornecidas pela an&#225;lise, por meio de quantifica&#231;&#227;o simples. Assim, se faz a infer&#234;ncia em uma fase intermedi&#225;ria, entre o tratamento anal&#237;tico e a interpreta&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, realiza-se a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados obtidos com aux&#237;lio da fundamenta&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Os condutores infratores eram homens, a metade era de solteiros, com idade que variou de 23 a 53 anos e m&#233;dia de 42,0 (DP&#177;6,02) e 7.8 (DP&#177;2,47) anos de estudo. O tempo de uso de &#225;lcool, referido pelos motoristas infratores, foi de 19,2 (DP&#177;6,66) anos e dois infratores faziam uso de drogas il&#237;citas associadas &#224; bebida alco&#243;lica. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; infra&#231;&#227;o, tr&#234;s motoristas foram multados pela Pol&#237;cia Militar em fiscaliza&#231;&#245;es tipo <italic>blitz</italic>, e cinco por envolvimento em acidentes de tr&#226;nsito ap&#243;s o consumo de &#225;lcool.</p>
        <p>Os familiares entrevistados eram mulheres: duas m&#227;es, duas esposas e quatro irm&#227;s. A idade variou de 22 a 61 anos, com m&#233;dia de 44.4 (DP&#177;14,56) e escolaridade de 9.5 (DP&#177;3,60) anos estudados. o sofrimento das fam&#237;lias pelo consumo de &#225;lcool e outras drogas</p>
        <p>Os depoimentos dos familiares foram organizados em tr&#234;s temas, enfatizando situa&#231;&#245;es vivenciadas pelas fam&#237;lias e as consequ&#234;ncias das penalidades da Lei Seca: Sofrimento das fam&#237;lias pelo consumo de &#225;lcool e outras drogas; <italic>Turning point</italic>: mudan&#231;as positivas e negativas advindas do ato infracional na vida do motorista infrator e da fam&#237;lia; e Reconhecendo a relev&#226;ncia do Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito para os infratores e suas fam&#237;lias.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Tema 1: Sofrimento das fam&#237;lias pelo consumo de &#225;lcool e outras drogas</title>
          <p>Os problemas cotidianos gerados pela conviv&#234;ncia com o usu&#225;rio podem ocasionar desarranjos no contexto familiar, principalmente devido &#224;s brigas e gasto financeiro para aquisi&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool e outras drogas. Em algumas fam&#237;lias, o usu&#225;rio era provedor principal do lar. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que a conviv&#234;ncia com um familiar usu&#225;rio de &#225;lcool e/ou outras drogas gera codepend&#234;ncia nessas fam&#237;lias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Categorias tem&#225;ticas e fragmentos textuais (falas) que originaram o tema 1, Maring&#225;, Paran&#225;, Brasil, 2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="all">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="90%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Categorias tem&#225;ticas</th>
                  <th align="center">Fragmentos textuais (falas)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <italic>
                      <bold>Brigas</bold>
                    </italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Ele agredia a ex-mulher, amea&#231;ava, por isso eles se separaram. Depois disso o abuso do &#225;lcool ficou terr&#237;vel.</italic> (F7: irm&#227; do infrator de 43 anos, autuado em acidente de tr&#226;nsito)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>Muitas vezes a gente briga, porque ele chega todo dia sob efeito de &#225;lcool e estressado. (</italic>F4: esposa do infrator de 49 anos, autuado em <italic>blitz</italic>)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center"><bold>Gasto</bold>/<break/><bold>Financeiro</bold></td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>O problema era quando ele usava o dinheiro das contas de casa pra comprar bebida, isso era complicado, porque depend&#237;amos daquele dinheiro.</italic> (F8: irm&#227; do infrator de 43 anos, autuado por acidente de tr&#226;nsito)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Codepend&#234;ncia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Eu e a minha m&#227;e sofremos bastante. A gente se preocupa muito com ele, nunca sabemos onde ele est&#225;. A gente fica pensando se comeu, se n&#227;o comeu, se algu&#233;m vai bater nele. Minha m&#227;e &#233; doente, eu tenho depress&#227;o, eu choro bastante por causa disso.</italic> (F7: irm&#227; do infrator de 43 anos, autuado em acidente de tr&#226;nsito)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold><italic>Binge</italic><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">*</xref> e</bold>
                    <break/>
                    <bold>consumo</bold>
                    <break/>
                    <bold>di&#225;rio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Pra mim &#233; angustiante, &#233; sempre tenso, sem saber o que vai acontecer. Ele n&#227;o &#233; alco&#243;latra. O problema &#233; no fim de semana que ele bebe muito com os amigos.</italic> (F3: irm&#227; do infrator de 30 anos, autuado em <italic>blitz</italic>)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>Ele tem problema s&#233;rio com o &#225;lcool. Deveria procurar um tratamento, porque ele n&#227;o consegue sozinho. Desde que estou com ele, bebe todo dia. &#201; muito triste. (</italic>F4: esposa do infrator de 49 anos, autuado em <italic>blitz</italic>)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Medo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>O maior problema &#233; acidente com ele. A gente n&#227;o quer que as pessoas morram. O maior problema &#233; ele morrer.</italic> (F1: m&#227;e do infrator de 39 anos, autuado em <italic>blitz</italic>)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>O duro &#233; voc&#234; destruir outra fam&#237;lia, outra vida inocente. Isso &#233; a pior consequ&#234;ncia. Como a gente vai conviver com isso pro resto da vida?</italic> (F2: irm&#227; do infrator de 49 anos, autuado em acidente de tr&#226;nsito)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Nota:</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Consumo espor&#225;dico e excessivo em um curto per&#237;odo de tempo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Seja a conviv&#234;ncia com uso ocasional de &#225;lcool ou com o uso abusivo, as fam&#237;lias expressaram a repercuss&#227;o sendo sempre negativa. O sofrimento familiar &#233; intenso, influenciado pelas "altas doses" ingeridas nos finais de semana e pelo conv&#237;vio di&#225;rio com o consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 1</xref> tamb&#233;m mostra que al&#233;m dos relatos de sofrimento pelo uso do &#225;lcool, a problem&#225;tica da associa&#231;&#227;o do &#225;lcool e dire&#231;&#227;o veicular foi relatada de modo expressivo pelas fam&#237;lias, causando sofrimento pelo sentimento de medo com a possibilidade de que seu familiar venha sofrer algum trauma f&#237;sico, sequelas e incapacita&#231;&#227;o permanente, al&#233;m da morte por acidente de tr&#226;nsito. Al&#233;m do medo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#243;prio familiar, as entrevistadas expressaram medo de que seu familiar dirija sobre influ&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool e cause algum dano a outras pessoas, a outras fam&#237;lias, denominadas por elas como "pessoas inocentes".</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tema 2: <italic>Turning point</italic>: mudan&#231;as positivas e negativas advindas do ato infracional na vida do motorista infrator e da fam&#237;lia</title>
          <p>A Lei Seca recebeu o apoio das fam&#237;lias e foi entendida como uma lei de extrema import&#226;ncia, que tem que ser cumprida pelos infratores, mesmo vivenciando as dificuldades no contexto familiar gerada pela autua&#231;&#227;o. Essas dificuldades podem ser percebidas, em especial, pelo desemprego do condutor e dos recursos financeiros despendidos para pagamento de multas e outras medidas administrativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Quadro 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Quadro 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Categorias tem&#225;ticas e fragmentos textuais (falas) que originaram o tema 2, Maring&#225;, Paran&#225;, Brasil, 2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="all">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="90%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Categorias tem&#225;ticas</th>
                  <th align="center">Fragmentos textuais (falas)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Desemprego</bold>
                    <break/>
                    <bold>e gasto</bold>
                    <break/>
                    <bold>financeiro</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Essa infra&#231;&#227;o foi devastadora, n&#227;o pelo fato de ter sido errado, a gente sabe que n&#227;o pode dirigir b&#234;bado... O que abateu muito nossa fam&#237;lia foi isso ter causado a perda da carteira</italic> [Carteira Nacional de Habilita&#231;&#227;o] <italic>dele. Ele era caminhoneiro, era a vida dele, trabalhava em uma empresa boa.</italic> (F2: irm&#227; do infrator de 49 anos, autuado em acidente de tr&#226;nsito)<break/><italic>Ele ficou muito mal com a situa&#231;&#227;o. Ele gastou dinheiro com multa, com fian&#231;a e ainda perdeu o emprego.</italic> (F8: irm&#227; do infrator de 43 anos, autuado por acidente de tr&#226;nsito)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>Foi tudo muito sofrido, principalmente ele perder o emprego, mas sabe aquela coisa que tem que acontecer pra v&#234; se a pessoa cai na real?</italic> (F2: irm&#227; do infrator de 49 anos, autuado em acidente de tr&#226;nsito)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>
                      <italic>Turning point<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">*</xref></italic>
                    </bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Foi depois do acidente</italic> [de tr&#226;nsito] [...]. <italic>Ele parou de beber, faz dez meses que ele est&#225; s&#243;brio, est&#225; tentando voltar para o emprego de caminhoneiro</italic>. <italic>Ele percebeu que n&#227;o d&#225; pra beber e dirigir</italic>. <italic>Precisou que tudo isso acontecesse pra ele conseguir parar de beber</italic>. (F8: irm&#227; do infrator de 43 anos, autuado por acidente de tr&#226;nsito)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>Eu acho bom a Lei Seca, porque se a gente</italic> [que &#233; fam&#237;lia dele] <italic>se preocupa</italic>. <italic>A gente n&#227;o pode resolver a quest&#227;o dele dirigir embriagado, a pol&#237;cia pode</italic>. <italic>Agora ele j&#225; tem consci&#234;ncia que n&#227;o pode beber e dirigir</italic> [...] <italic>Hoje, ele bebe ainda, continua bebendo igualzinho e extrapola bastante no final de semana, mas agora ele sempre chama algu&#233;m pra dirigir pra ele, ou chama aqueles UBER, s&#243; disso estar acontecendo j&#225; &#233; bom, pra melhorar s&#243; falta parar de beber</italic>. (F3: irm&#227; do infrator de 30 anos, autuado em <italic>blitz</italic>)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>Acho que ele melhorou</italic>. <italic>Ele</italic> [me] <italic>deixa dirigir agora e antes s&#243; ele que dirigia</italic>. <italic>Ele est&#225; usando bastante UBER quando ele sai sozinho, e deixa o carro comigo</italic>. (F4: esposa do infrator de 49 anos, autuado em "blitz")<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>Depois disso, n&#227;o dirige mais b&#234;bado</italic>. <italic>A Lei Seca serviu como um choque de realidade, tanto pela puni&#231;&#227;o, quanto pelas consequ&#234;ncias que isso causou em nossas vidas</italic>. (F5: esposa do infrator de 44 anos, autuado em acidente de tr&#226;nsito)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>Nota:</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Ponto de virada, momento em que o indiv&#237;duo se conscientiza de suas a&#231;&#245;es a partir de um evento impactante.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Por outro lado, embora a infra&#231;&#227;o tenha sido um processo dif&#237;cil vivenciado pela fam&#237;lia, as penalidades da Lei Seca foram entendidas, por alguns familiares, como uma medida essencial no processo de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o do condutor infrator, influenciando na cessa&#231;&#227;o do uso de &#225;lcool. Embora alguns infratores continuassem o consumo de &#225;lcool, algumas fam&#237;lias expressavam um sentimento de al&#237;vio pelo familiar n&#227;o assumir mais os riscos de dirigir alcoolizado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Quadro 2</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tema 3 - Reconhecendo a relev&#226;ncia do Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito para os infratores e suas fam&#237;lias</title>
          <p>Os entrevistados demonstraram apoio ao Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito, entendido por eles n&#227;o como uma puni&#231;&#227;o, mas como atividade educativa de conscientiza&#231;&#227;o. Foi reconhecido pelas fam&#237;lias como um Projeto impactante, influenciando diretamente os motoristas infratores a repensarem sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o do &#225;lcool e dire&#231;&#227;o veicular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Quadro 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Quadro 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Categorias tem&#225;ticas e fragmentos textuais (falas) que originaram o tema 3. Maring&#225;, Paran&#225;, Brasil, 2018</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="all">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="10%"/>
                <col width="90%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Categorias tem&#225;ticas</th>
                  <th align="center">Fragmentos textuais (falas)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Participa&#231;&#227;o no<break/>Projeto Justi&#231;a e<break/>Sobriedade no<break/>Tr&#226;nsito</td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Depois que ele fez o servi&#231;o no SAMU e no hospital, ele mudou bastante. Um dia ele me disse que chorou ao ver um colar</italic> [cervical]<italic>, aquele que coloca no pesco&#231;o, era de uma crian&#231;a e estava todo cheio de sangue. Da&#237; ele pensou, que podia ser ele a ter machucado aquela crian&#231;a, ele ficou bem abalado.</italic> (F2: irm&#227; do infrator de 49 anos, autuado em acidente de tr&#226;nsito)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>Ele teve que ir l&#225; no hospital e ajudou pessoas machucadas. Acho que foi o que ele precisava pra melhorar.</italic> &#192;s <italic>vezes a gente fala e enche o saco, mas vendo, participando daquele momento foi impactante.</italic> (F3: irm&#227; do infrator de 30 anos, autuado em <italic>blitz</italic>)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Tratamento<break/>psicossocial/<break/>reca&#237;da</td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Ap&#243;s a infra&#231;&#227;o, ele participou do projeto no hospital, ele ficou bem por nove meses, nove meses sem beber &#225;lcool e sem fumar. Ele &#233; servente de pedreiro, estava trabalhando, fazendo tudo certinho, estava aqui perto da gente</italic> [...] <italic>mas depois voltou tudo novamente. Ele acabou vendendo o carro, e como mal estava trabalhando, ele n&#227;o conseguiu comprar outro, Gra&#231;as a Deus, porque se ele tivesse um carro ele estaria dirigindo embriagado, porque ele bebe todos os dias.</italic> (F7: irm&#227; do infrator de 43 anos, autuado em acidente de tr&#226;nsito)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>Foi depois disso que ele foi internado, acho que enxergou melhor a situa&#231;&#227;o que ele estava vivendo, infelizmente ele quis sair depois</italic> [da cl&#237;nica de reabilita&#231;&#227;o], <italic>e voltou a usar</italic> [drogas]<italic>, e foi preso por tr&#225;fico de drogas.</italic> (F1: m&#227;e do infrator de 39 anos, autuado em <italic>blitz</italic>)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Import&#226;ncia<break/>do Projeto na<break/>reabilita&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Eu achei at&#233; pouca coisa, deveria ser mais horas pra cumprir, porque isso ajuda. Ele chegava em casa e comentava. A gente percebia que estava sendo importante pra ele.</italic> (F6: m&#227;e do infrator de 37 anos, autuado em acidente de tr&#226;nsito)<break/>&#160;<break/><italic>As horas que ele teve que pagar em servi&#231;os nos hospitais foram poucas. Ele ficou abalado com as pessoas machucadas</italic> [...]<italic>.</italic> (F3: irm&#227; do infrator de 30 anos, autuado em <italic>blitz</italic>)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>As fam&#237;lias vivenciaram, com seus membros, o processo de participa&#231;&#227;o no Projeto e eles foram multiplicadores de conhecimento sobre essa tem&#225;tica, visto que comentavam suas experi&#234;ncias com a fam&#237;lia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Quadro 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>O Projeto influenciou na tomada de decis&#227;o para tratamento psicossocial do infrator, embora fossem relatados processos de reca&#237;da algum tempo ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino das atividades nas unidades de sa&#250;de. Dessa forma, os familiares expressaram o desejo de que as atividades no Projeto fossem cumpridas com carga hor&#225;ria acima de 40 horas, reconhecendo a influ&#234;ncia desse per&#237;odo no processo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o do infrator (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Quadro 3</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="discussion">
          <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
          <p>O II Levantamento Nacional de &#193;lcool e Drogas estimou que 5,7% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira &#233; dependente de &#225;lcool e/ou maconha e/ou coca&#237;na, ou seja, em domic&#237;lios compostos em m&#233;dia por quatro pessoas, uma &#233; dependente, com mais de oito milh&#245;es de pessoas usu&#225;rias de drogas e 30 milh&#245;es de pessoas convivendo com um dependente qu&#237;mico<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>. Essas fam&#237;lias vivenciam medos e inseguran&#231;as advindas da depend&#234;ncia e dos comportamentos de risco assumidos por seus membros<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Familiares de usu&#225;rios de drogas de abuso apresentam significativamente mais sintomas f&#237;sicos cr&#244;nicos, queixas de sofrimento mental e maiores dificuldades psicossociais que a m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>. Quem mais sofre com o impacto negativo causado pelo abuso de bebida alco&#243;lica ou subst&#226;ncias il&#237;citas s&#227;o as mulheres, que, geralmente, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo tratamento dos usu&#225;rios, pois boa parte delas compartilha a "chefia" da fam&#237;lia e tem o cuidado com o usu&#225;rio e com toda a fam&#237;lia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Os familiares, em geral, indicaram a luta e enfrentamento cotidiano, tanto pelo conv&#237;vio direto com o usu&#225;rio, quanto pelos sentimentos de incertezas, vergonha, tristeza e inseguran&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; trajet&#243;ria de seus familiares<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>)</sup>. Conflitos familiares, div&#243;rcios e problemas financeiros pelo dinheiro continuamente gasto com aquisi&#231;&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica e pelo desemprego s&#227;o consequ&#234;ncias do consumo nocivo do &#225;lcool<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. Frente a todos esses problemas vivenciados pela fam&#237;lia, o medo de acidentes, agress&#245;es e morte do condutor &#233; superior a todos esses<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O governo brasileiro investe em medidas cada vez mais rigorosas para quem assume o risco de ingerir bebida alco&#243;lica para dirigir um ve&#237;culo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. Infringir as leis de tr&#226;nsito e assumir a dire&#231;&#227;o sob influ&#234;ncia de bebida alco&#243;lica &#233; considerado infra&#231;&#227;o grav&#237;ssima pelo C&#243;digo de Tr&#226;nsito Brasileiro - CTB. E quem &#233; autuado por infra&#231;&#227;o &#224; Lei Seca est&#225; determinado a pagar pelo fator multiplicador de 10 vezes o valor da multa, ou seja, R$ 2934,70<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Al&#233;m do custo financeiro com a multa, o condutor infrator comete crime de tr&#226;nsito quando &#233; autuado na dire&#231;&#227;o de ve&#237;culo com concentra&#231;&#227;o igual ou superior a seis decigramas de &#225;lcool por litro de sangue ou igual ou superior a 0,3 miligramas de &#225;lcool por litro de ar alveolar, ou se constatado sinais de embriaguez<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>. O ve&#237;culo &#233; apreendido e o condutor preso, caso n&#227;o haja situa&#231;&#227;o de homic&#237;dio culposo ou les&#245;es corporais graves, o condutor pode pagar fian&#231;a em valor de at&#233; cem sal&#225;rios m&#237;nimos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>As fam&#237;lias dos condutores infratores, aqui em estudo, vivenciaram as penalidades da Lei Seca em seus aspectos negativos e positivos. As medidas de cunho repressivo do usu&#225;rio de bebida alco&#243;lica s&#227;o evidenciadas por fam&#237;lias como uma tentativa necess&#225;ria para que o usu&#225;rio reconhe&#231;a, com maior seriedade, as consequ&#234;ncias advindas do consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>A Lei foi entendida como uma medida para salvar vidas e prevenir acidentes de tr&#226;nsito ocasionados pela influ&#234;ncia do &#225;lcool na dire&#231;&#227;o de ve&#237;culos automotores. As fam&#237;lias apoiavam a Lei, ao reconhecer o risco eminente de danos ao indiv&#237;duo e a outras fam&#237;lias, pois a maioria das autua&#231;&#245;es de seus membros foi por se envolver em acidentes de tr&#226;nsito.</p>
          <p>No entanto, as penalidades repercutiram em desordem financeira familiar, considerando que muitos condutores eram provedores principais do lar. As fam&#237;lias destacaram sequelas financeiras de longo prazo e o desemprego ap&#243;s a infra&#231;&#227;o, os quais tiveram repercuss&#227;o na vida das fam&#237;lias, tanto no aspecto financeiro, como da realiza&#231;&#227;o profissional e familiar.</p>
          <p>Ademais, indicaram a Lei Seca como um momento de virada (<italic>turning point</italic>) na trajet&#243;ria de consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica de seu familiar. Ponto de virada &#233; um momento em que o indiv&#237;duo se conscientiza de suas a&#231;&#245;es a partir de um evento impactante, alegre ou doloroso, e passa a tentar parar de fazer uso da droga de abuso<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>. A infra&#231;&#227;o foi o momento que aumentou a tend&#234;ncia ou comportamentos em "guinada" de mudan&#231;a de vida para o cessa&#231;&#227;o ou redu&#231;&#227;o de danos no uso de drogas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Os pontos de virada n&#227;o representam s&#243; a cessa&#231;&#227;o do consumo, mas tend&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos passarem da fase do uso compulsivo de drogas para padr&#245;es controlados<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>. No entanto, usu&#225;rio pode ter reca&#237;das, com o fracasso ao tentar atingir objetivos estabelecidos e n&#227;o recome&#231;ar a vida de uma forma mais consciente<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a cessa&#231;&#227;o do uso de &#225;lcool, ou seja, abstin&#234;ncia alco&#243;lica, os &#237;ndices de reincid&#234;ncias diminuem quando o indiv&#237;duo est&#225; consciente de sua depend&#234;ncia, determinado e compromissado com a mudan&#231;a de comportamento e com um novo estilo de vida<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Os familiares reconheceram que atos de redu&#231;&#227;o de danos, como n&#227;o dirigir alcoolizado, ,embora o familiar continuasse ingerindo bebida alco&#243;lica, devem ser estimulados, pois diminuem o estresse e o sofrimento na fam&#237;lia. As estrat&#233;gias de redu&#231;&#227;o de danos, que t&#234;m como objetivo identificar a presen&#231;a de um problema, estimular a mudan&#231;a de comportamento e recomendar estrat&#233;gias para que essa mudan&#231;a possa acontecer<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>)</sup>, foram progressivamente incorporadas &#224; legisla&#231;&#227;o sobre o uso de drogas no Brasil. Desse modo, nos &#250;ltimos anos, as pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de reconheceram as limita&#231;&#245;es assistenciais realizadas aos usu&#225;rios de &#225;lcool e outras drogas que eram realizadas apenas em programas de cessa&#231;&#227;o de uso<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito foi configurado como uma estrat&#233;gia de redu&#231;&#227;o de danos pelas fam&#237;lias e trouxe para os domic&#237;lios experi&#234;ncias vivenciadas pelos infratores nas unidades de sa&#250;de, possibilitando que as fam&#237;lias observassem o impacto das atividades do projeto no infrator, influenciando de forma direta na conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre os danos acarretados pelo ato de dirigir alcoolizado.</p>
          <p>O desejo de que o Projeto tivesse uma carga hor&#225;ria maior, parece indicar que as fam&#237;lias o reconhecem tamb&#233;m como um espa&#231;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o e mostra que essas fam&#237;lias est&#227;o carentes de a&#231;&#245;es educativas e menos punitivas <italic>stricto sensu,</italic> para que seus familiares cessem o uso de &#225;lcool e/ou outras drogas e adotem h&#225;bitos de vidas saud&#225;veis.</p>
          <p>Nesse contexto, se exige mais de parcerias entre as redes p&#250;blicas de sa&#250;de com os &#243;rg&#227;os nacionais de tr&#226;nsito, na conscientiza&#231;&#227;o de motoristas e demais envolvidos no tr&#226;nsito. As redes de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica mostram-se intimamente relacionada com o combate &#224; viol&#234;ncia no tr&#226;nsito, visto que o consumo nocivo de &#225;lcool &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Trabalhar na promo&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de de consumidores de drogas de abuso est&#225; intimamente relacionado ao bem estar das fam&#237;lias desses usu&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Embora a an&#225;lise aqui apresentada refira-se a dados que identificam apenas uma fra&#231;&#227;o dos problemas associados ao consumo de &#225;lcool e dire&#231;&#227;o veicular, o estudo mostra as repercuss&#245;es associadas a essa pr&#225;tica relacionada &#224;s penalidades da Lei Seca, que atingem de forma expressiva a vida das fam&#237;lias que convivem com motoristas infratores.</p>
          <p>Por se tratar de estudo com fam&#237;lias de infratores por alcoolemia no tr&#226;nsito, que participaram de um projeto especifico local, observamos limitada literatura para compara&#231;&#245;es e discuss&#245;es mais aprofundadas. No entanto, destaca-se a originalidade do estudo, que poder&#225; subsidiar outras pesquisas nos mais diversos contextos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da enfermagem, sa&#250;de ou pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica</title>
          <p>O impacto advindo dos comportamentos de risco por usu&#225;rios de &#225;lcool e outras drogas, est&#225; intimamente relacionado &#224;s a&#231;&#245;es de enfermagem, reconhecendo que a esta &#233; destinada o cuidado direto ao individuo e a fam&#237;lia. Dessa forma, diferentes cen&#225;rios do conhecimento possibilitam o exerc&#237;cio do julgamento cl&#237;nico na sua forma&#231;&#227;o, por exemplo, pela liga&#231;&#227;o do ensino e assist&#234;ncia, fortalecendo as rela&#231;&#245;es no contexto individual, familiar e quanto social.</p>
          <p>Estudar as repercuss&#245;es da Lei Seca, no contexto familiar, permite contribuir para melhor compreens&#227;o dos problemas relacionados ao &#225;lcool e dire&#231;&#227;o veicular. Al&#233;m de poder fornecer subs&#237;dios para o estabelecimento de pol&#237;ticas e campanhas espec&#237;ficas, evidenciando a import&#226;ncia do elo entre conscientiza&#231;&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o e fiscaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>Este estudo destaca as repercuss&#245;es decorrentes da infra&#231;&#227;o da Lei Seca e suas penalidades, no ambiente familiar, narradas pelas fam&#237;lias, em seus aspectos positivos e negativos. Os participantes revelam sofrimento das fam&#237;lias e dos motoristas infratores da Lei Seca devido aos problemas cotidianos causados pelo consumo de &#225;lcool, em que destacamos brigas, problemas financeiros, pris&#227;o e medo da morte.</p>
        <p>A penalidade da Lei Seca foi marcada negativamente pelos gastos financeiros e pelo desemprego ap&#243;s o ato infracional. No entanto, foi tamb&#233;m reconhecida de forma positiva como sendo um ponto de virada (<italic>turning point</italic>) paro o infrator e sua fam&#237;lia, sobretudo, quanto &#224; cessa&#231;&#227;o ou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de danos do consumo de &#225;lcool. Os familiares ainda relataram a signific&#226;ncia do Projeto Justi&#231;a e Sobriedade no Tr&#226;nsito em suas vidas, como uma estrat&#233;gia de redu&#231;&#227;o de danos no que tange a n&#227;o dirigir sob influ&#234;ncia de &#225;lcool.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo permite a reflex&#227;o sobre a import&#226;ncia da fam&#237;lia no processo de enfrentamento dos comportamentos de riscos que envolvem o &#225;lcool e a dire&#231;&#227;o veicular, e destaca que assim como as leis punitivas s&#227;o importantes para estabelecer regras sobre o comportamento humano no tr&#226;nsito, os projetos educativos s&#227;o essenciais na conscientiza&#231;&#227;o dos motoristas para o cumprimento da lei.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
