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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZfrSMxM3LpTx6xCMZCM4Nsy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0034-71672019000900132</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0254</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>School experience of the child and adolescent with visual impairment: family experience</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Vivencia escolar del ni&#241;o y adolescente con discapacidad visual: experiencia de la familia</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7563-6036</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbieri</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1276-9995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Van Der Zwaan Broekman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1194-3261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wernet</surname>
            <given-names>Monika</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0611-5621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Aparecida Garcia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9017-4474</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dupas</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>S&#227;o Carlos</city>
          <state>S&#227;o Paulo</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos. S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ribeir&#227;o Preto</city>
          <state>S&#227;o Paulo</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Corresponding Author:</bold> Mayara Caroline Barbieri. E-mail: <email>may_barbieri@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2019</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>72</volume>
      <issue>suppl 3</issue>
      <fpage>132</fpage>
      <lpage>138</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to understand the experience of families about school experiences of children and adolescents with visual impairment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>a qualitative study developed through the Symbolic Interactionism and narrative research. Data were collected through a semi-structured recorded interview, with eleven families of children/adolescents with visual impairment, totaling 40 participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>two phenomena emerged: &#8220;exclusion context&#8221; and &#8220;impaired school performance&#8221;. Prejudice experienced at school brings devastating consequences to the life of the visually impaired child/adolescent and his family. Isolation occurs, difficulty adapting to the support resource and deficits in school performance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Final considerations:</title>
          <p>production contributes to awakening professionals involved with the assistance of these people. Effective participation of health professionals in this area is required to develop actions with students, teachers and families, aimed at meeting the needs of learning and health promotion, inclusion, and respect for differences.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>comprender la experiencia de las familias sobre la vivencia escolar de ni&#241;os y adolescentes con discapacidad visual.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>estudio cualitativo, desarrollado a trav&#233;s de los referenciales Interacionismo Simb&#243;lico e investigaci&#243;n de narrativa. La recolecci&#243;n de datos ocurri&#243; por medio de una entrevista semiestructurada grabada, con once familias de ni&#241;os/adolescentes con deficiencia visual, totalizando 40 participantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>surgieron dos fen&#243;menos: &#8220;contexto de exclusi&#243;n&#8221; y &#8220;desempe&#241;o escolar perjudicado&#8221;. El preconcepto vivido en la escuela trae consecuencias devastadoras para la vida del ni&#241;o/adolescente con discapacidad visual y su familia. Ocurre aislamiento, dificultad de adaptaci&#243;n al recurso de apoyo y d&#233;ficit en el desempe&#241;o escolar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones finales:</title>
          <p>la producci&#243;n contribuye a despertar a profesionales involucrados con la asistencia de esas personas. Es necesaria una participaci&#243;n efectiva de profesionales de salud en este espacio para que desarrollen acciones junto a alumnos, profesores y familiares, orientadas a atender las necesidades de aprendizaje y promoci&#243;n de la salud, inclusi&#243;n, y respeto a las diferencias.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Vision Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>School Health</kwd>
        <kwd>Family Nursing</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Personas con Da&#241;o Visual</kwd>
        <kwd>Salud Escolar</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermer&#237;a de la Fam&#237;lia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ni&#241;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Visual impairment (VI) encompasses low vision and blindness, both of which limit the execution of daily activities, bringing repercussions to everyday life. Epidemiological data from the Brazilian Council of Ophthalmology (<italic>Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia</italic>) show that around 5% to 10% of pre-school children already present some type of visual problem, such as refractive errors, being the main cause of VI in children in Brazil <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. Thus, this condition is present in the school context and imposes to the professionals inserted in this environment the challenge of promoting learning that allow respectful respect and consideration to the differences of each human being <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the national policies for child and adolescent care, the Ministry of Education adopts inclusive education for people with VI, which presupposes the specialized educational service, aiming at the complementation of their education and no longer to the replacement of regular education <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Moreover, there is the Health School Program (PSE &#8211; <italic>Programa Sa&#250;de na Escola</italic>) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>, an intersectoral policy derived from the partnership between the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education, which aims to contribute to comprehensive training of students in the public school system with the development of actions, through the intersectoriality, for promotion, prevention and attention to health. Nursing has important attributions to collaborate with the school community, with potential to develop actions that promote autonomy, health and conviviality with the differences existing in this space <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. In view of the above and in line with the importance of school in the development and social integration of the child, the question arises: how is it possible for the family to experience school inclusion of children and adolescents with VI from the perspective of Symbolic Interactionism?</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To understand the experience of families about school experiences of children and adolescents with visual impairment.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHOD</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The research from which this article is derived was approved by the Research Ethics Committee with Human Beings of the <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos</italic>. The guidelines contained in Resolution 466/2012 of the Brazilian Health Board (<italic>Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de</italic>) were respected <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>. Participating members were informed about the contents of the Free and Informed Consent Term (FICT), and those under eighteen years of the Assent Term (AT); and everyone signed them.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Theoretical-methodological framework</title>
        <p>This study used the Symbolic Interactionism (SI) approach as a theoretical framework to give support to the development of the research and to help in understanding the phenomena that are involved in family dynamics and interaction, making possible the understanding of how people understand social objects and how such understanding affects behaviors and experiences <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Participants were children and adolescents with VI (low vision) and their families, considering the concept of family proposed by Wright and Leahey, in which the family composition is defined by who its own members recognize to be <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Type of study</title>
        <p>This is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodological procedures</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study setting</title>
          <p>The research was carried out in a city located in S&#227;o Paulo countryside. The families were located based on data provided by the State Education Office of S&#227;o Paulo State (<italic>Secretaria Estadual de Educa&#231;&#227;o do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>), which included the number of children and adolescents allocated to each school and the registration data, totaling 26 children and adolescents with VI. Only one private school age, and the other 25 were from the public school system. All schools were contacted in person, so we could explain the research and present the necessary documentation. Thus, the initial approximation with families was mediated by the principals and coordinators of schools.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data source</title>
          <p>All families of children and adolescents with VI enrolled in the primary and secondary school system were addressed. Having the ability to answer questions was the criterion of inclusion. We excluded children and/or adolescents with VI who presented other types of impairments or associated malformations. These criteria were analyzed by the researchers in the process of approximation with the potential participants, and the sampling was by convenience.</p>
          <p>Of the 26 families surveyed, 14 refused to participate in the survey because of personal problems and lack of interest. Twelve families of 13 children and adolescents were interviewed, but one was excluded from the analysis because, during the interview, the family reported that the child had a diagnosis of microcephaly associated with VI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Collection and organization of data</title>
          <p>Data were collected from November 2014 to July 2015 in S&#227;o Paulo City under study. For data collection, genogram, ecomap and semi-structured interview were elaborated in a single meeting. The audio was recorded at the interviewees&#8217; homes or in a reserved room in the school environment, according to family preference. To identify the interview cut-offs, we used the relationship that the person interviewed presented in relation to the child or adolescent, called the index case (IC), followed by the sequential number with which the interview was performed. In cases involving more than one member with the same degree of kinship, these were identified with the family number followed by another number that will be in ascending order, representing from the older brother to the younger. Example: IC 5.1, IC 5.2, Mother 2, Brother 9.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>The data were elaborated according to the analytical processes inherent in narrative research in the holistic and thematic modality <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Narratives highlight the potential of the discourse in an interactive way, taking into account the affability of the relationships involved in the narrated context, thus giving the narrator opportunities for transformations between intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of their relationship with the world <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>. The choice of this approach was supported by its adequacy to the theoretical framework and by the understanding that, when narrating, (re)elaboration of social experience occurs, with selection of contents relevant to the phenomenon on which the narrative is developed <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Initially, interviews were conducted and transcribed in their entirety; later, the material went through readings and re-readings focusing on the history as a whole for the establishment of its central nucleus. Next, new reiterative readings were made searching for contents and themes exposed in such narratives, when prominence of representative sections of the same occurred. At the end of the process, the narrative reconstruction was performed based on themes established through the interpretative process carried out in the process <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Thus, the categories of analysis emerged - &#8220;exclusion context&#8221; and &#8220;impaired school performance&#8221; - which are presented below.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>Of the 40 participants in the 11 families, 25 were female and 15 were male. In relation to the degree of kinship were: 8 ICs, 9 mothers, 2 parents, 2 stepfathers, 10 brothers, 1 uncle, 4 aunts, 3 grandmothers and 1 work supervisor (included for being considered family member by participants). One of the families had two members with VI. We emphasize that, throughout the article, we approach the family perspective, which does not exclude children and adolescents with VI, as they are also members of the family.</p>
      <p>Among the ICs, 8 participated in the interview, one did not participate because they were in school activity and the other 3 because they did not feel comfortable interacting during the interview. Of the total number of children and adolescents, nine were males and three females; the age ranged from eight to seventeen years. Among the causes of low vision were retinopathy of prematurity, congenital cataract, toxoplasmosis, retinal displacement, ocular thrombosis and congenital luxation in the lens.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the narratives made it possible to understand that school is effective as a social space frequented by children with VI and their families, being described as difficult to interact, especially because they feel the presence of prejudice and rejection. In order to face such context, the family mobilizes its members, in an attempt to minimize the fragility found in the reception of school institutions. The themes: &#8220;exclusion context&#8221; and &#8220;impaired school performance&#8221; reflect the family&#8217;s perception about school experience of children and adolescents with VI.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion context</title>
        <p>The family&#8217;s perception is that the child with VI in school faces difficulties related to prejudice, by colleagues and teachers, both regarding their borderline visual situation and the interventional resource (glasses, adapted materials) that they use. Associated with this, they experience exclusion by classmates. Such an interaction context generates intense suffering, which extends to the family, which is sympathetic, especially through shared reports.</p>
        <p>Children and adolescents understand that they are beaten, seek justifications for such actions and reflect on the need to submit to them. They commonly consider sharing with their schoolmates the situation of life through which they pass, with the intention of sensitizing them to a different attitude. However, it can be seen from the reports that social isolation is of a size that the act of talking, a resource that promotes understanding, seems to be practically absent and unfeasible.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[...] <italic>for me, as a mother, it was much harder!</italic> [...] [Mother gets emotional and cries] [...] <italic>it seemed that he was depressed, he cried a lot, he stayed in the room</italic>. [...] <italic>he was down, then he was away from school, so we realized he was not going to school because he was afraid, ashamed</italic> [...]. (Mother 1)</p>
            <p><italic>I wanted them</italic> [classmates] <italic>to talk to me, let them understand me more. Because it&#8217;s bad they do not talk to me</italic> [...]. (IC 5.2)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Suffering is intense and promotes high levels of stress, so there is the plea to the family to be able to leave school. This action is seen by family members with great surprise and dissatisfaction, as they consider it unusual for a child to feel the desire not to go to school.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[...] <italic>He asked for a Christmas present &#8220;I wanted Mom to get me out of school!&#8221;. Do you think a 10-year-old says that?</italic> (Mother 5)</p>
            <p>[...] <italic>in school, it&#8217;s very difficult, I cannot see much. When I go to ask a colleague for help, they do not like it, then I&#8217;ll tell the teacher, and the teacher tries to solve it, but it&#8217;s no use.</italic> [...] <italic>Those days ago I did not want to go to school anymore, because I cried, I kept quiet in my corner, because they kept calling me a squinting, four-eyed, you know? And I did not like.</italic> [...] <italic>It&#8217;s the whole room that&#8217;s prejudiced with me.</italic> (IC 12)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>In addition, biased attitudes hinder the process of incorporation, adaptation and use of assistive technologies necessary to the VI framework, such as glasses, magnifying glass, notebook and large print books, 6B or 3B pencils and the reading book to approximate the child&#8217;s books. The description is that, when using the resources, such as confirming the disability and difference of the child and adolescent before the colleagues, causes feedback of prejudiced attitudes.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>He lives in situations of prejudice in school, because he does not go with glasses, I&#8217;m sure they mock him</italic> [...] <italic>When he put on the glasses he was ashamed, said &#8220;I will not wear this!&#8221;. So you realize that this is from school, from friends. He says he has a friend, but he does not! They even left, after he lost his vision, it was over!</italic> (Mother 8)</p>
            <p><italic>He does not use the magnifying glass</italic> [...] <italic>also does not use the board that puts the notebook for them to work and write with the book standing, and then they throw the notebook and this cannot ... the two do not like to use.</italic> (Mother 5)</p>
            <p><italic>I do not use it because others keep looking.</italic> (CI 5.2)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>The feeling of being different from other colleagues is strong and gains a certain acceptance in the associations of friendship with another child and adolescent who also experience something common to them.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>My friend from school is also visually impaired and in the third year he did not speak very well, you know? He was going to talk and we did not understand what he was saying ... I was teaching him and now he is speaking well</italic>. [...] <italic>He wears glasses, but he can see better than I can.</italic> (IC 5.2)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>The experience of prejudiced attitudes is daily, generates wear and tear, and sometimes promotes violent acts (verbal or physical), meaning as a defense by the child with VI.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>One time a kid started teasing me, calling me squint, these things. Then I put the chair on his forehead, opened it close to the eyebrow!</italic> (IC 4)</p>
            <p>[...] <italic>changing schools will be useless because the problem is in them</italic> [...] <italic>they curse me and I try to defend myself. The more I try to defend myself, the worse they speak.</italic> (IC 11)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Family members who have experienced a similar situation due to VI are pitied, above all by recovering their own experiences of exclusion and recovering the suffering inherent in them. They feel anger and sadness in recalling such facts.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>It&#8217;s hard, I did not want them to go through it because it&#8217;s something that stays for the rest of their lives. I remember how I was left alone at school, I had no friends. When it came time to do double work, nobody wanted to do it with me. I want them to be people anywhere</italic> [...]. (Sister 5)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Social inclusion of the child is desired, and school is conceived by the family as a space in which this can occur and, in consequence, despite the &#8216;harmfulness&#8217; of the environment, hopes that the child and the adolescent learn to deal with the fact. Nevertheless, moving children and adolescents to such an environment is difficult and challenging for the family.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>It&#8217;s harder to see her with no choice. It is. Because living at home is normal. It&#8217;s complicated at school.</italic> (Sister 11)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Impaired school performance</title>
        <p>Children and adolescents with VI present difficulties to perform school tasks, the grades are low, they are disapproved, that is, they perform poorly. In the perception of the family, this has a correlation with the interactional context, added to the incipient reception and support provided by the school. Nevertheless, they point out the articulation between school performance and quality of the relationship that the student with VI establishes with his teachers, as well as their interest in supporting him.</p>
        <p>It is important to highlight that the family recognizes the insufficiencies of learning and has an interest in contributing to the transformation of this situation. In this sense, they question the approval and continuity in the series.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[...] <italic>he</italic> [IC] <italic>does not know how to read, does not know how to write, how does this creature go to another grade? Then the coordinator of the school told me that it was the law, that he had to pass him, that it was obligation</italic> [...]. (Grandmother 3)</p>
            <p>[...] <italic>look, here is another test</italic>. [Mother shows tests with grades varying from zero to three] <italic>Do you think I&#8217;m going to let a child pass this year? No way.</italic> [...] <italic>he already arrives stressed and angry from school; he already drops off angry from the bus because he cannot do things there to teach him then is an inconvenience.</italic> (Mother 5)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Faced with the difficulties faced in school learning, students with VI end up demanding from their families support in school tasks, which is often not possible, either because of the unavailability of time or even because they do not have conditions due to their own situation of insufficient literacy.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[...] <italic>she is having a lot of difficulty in math, geography, Portuguese, history</italic> [...] <italic>I&#8217;ll see if they fit my daughter, for the teacher to teach in my place, because there&#8217;s no way I can teach.</italic> (Mother 7)</p>
            <p><italic>Learning, learning for real, she is not learning.</italic> [...] <italic>at school I cannot help her much, I think at school it was the worst part, they are approving her for no reason, unfortunately this is how it works.</italic> (Mother 9)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Participants also emphasize as limits: the fact that the expanded material (didactic material printed with major alphabetical font) guaranteed by law is not available or arrives well after the beginning of the academic semester; and the inefficiency of school and school teachers in accommodating the specific demands of children and adolescents. Nonetheless, they strive to meet needs, even if they need to get involved in a long-term, bureaucratic search process.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>[...] <italic>they do not increase the material.</italic> [...] <italic>I said, &#8220;teacher, write bigger, I cannot read&#8221; He said, &#8220;I will do it&#8221; but it shouldn&#8217;t be done.</italic> (IC 11)</p>
            <p>[...] <italic>few notebooks are enlarged, books are not</italic> [...] <italic>for me to get these materials was too exhausting, it was very difficult, I had to go to many places.</italic> (Mother 8)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>In the perception of the family, the relationship with many teachers is identified as limiting the inclusion of the child and the adolescent because they are not involved with the situation or even doubting the referred VI. Those who are sensitive and professionally attentive to the special needs of some children, cannot, in the middle of a room with many students, meet the content of the child or adolescent, generating repercussion in learning.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Some teachers do not know. They think I&#8217;m a normal student wearing glasses.</italic> [...] <italic>what I think is wrong from the direction is that they do not warn the new teachers, they say they will warn, but nobody warns.</italic> (IC 9)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>Considering the results of this research, difficulties in relations with school was intense and recurrent in the daily life of the families of children and adolescents with VI. Prejudice and bullying were emphasized in this experiment. It is worth mentioning that Law 13,146 of July 6, 2015 guarantees that every person with a disability has the right to equal opportunity and not to suffer any form of discrimination <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A study carried out in S&#227;o Paulo countryside with 232 adolescents from 6<sup>th</sup> to 9<sup>th</sup> year investigated the bullying phenomenon and observed that most occurrences occur in the classroom through verbal manifestations, mainly in the form of nicknames. This phenomenon is a public health problem, because it is related to personality and violence disorders, and also to the educational area, as it causes difficulties in school performance and abandonment <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>It was possible to perceive, from the narratives, that children and adolescents with VI may be resistant to using the support resources. The fact that some students with VI refuse to receive the support service in the school environment is justified because they feel uncomfortable, different and dependent on normovisual colleagues <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>SI explains this phenomenon through the concept of mind, developed from a problem that needs resolution <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Thus, with experiences of prejudice, children and adolescents with VI begin to give a new meaning to treatment resources and support materials. What was initially seen as a tool to improve the quality of life, by facilitating the performance of daily activities, becomes an object of differentiation and therefore end up establishing a conflicting relationship and resistance to their use.</p>
      <p>The student&#8217;s resistance to using the available support resources due to prejudice is a factor that should be highlighted and observed by teachers during class activities. Research reveals a direct association between undiagnosed visual disturbance and school performance and further reinforces that to enhance student performance, the necessary treatment and correction must occur <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>From the execution of the PSE, the nurse can act directly in the promotion and prevention of health, in the identification of the risks in school, as well as in the impact that actions such as bullying can cause in the formation and in the process of learning, health and quality of life of these students and to look for the factors related to this event <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. Work of professionals, in the face of the effects of bullying is essential, as this can have consequences for adult life <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>These social actors have specific learning conditions that need to be supported, because being able to grasp what is taught can grant them an empowerment towards their colleagues. Not only the physical situation, but the cognitive one, perceived by him, makes him feel in an unfavorable situation.</p>
      <p>In this study, conflicting relationships, lack of support and experiences of prejudice from colleagues and teachers, act directly on the student&#8217;s school performance with VI. The feelings experienced when passing through prejudiced situations collaborate directly in school performance of the disabled child, besides causing deficits in the relationship with the family itself, colleagues and with teachers <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another study emphasizes that in the family environment, the potential for independence of the visually impaired child is superior to that of the school environment, where it suffers discrimination and prejudice. School and home have interference in human independence, thus, they need reorganization as well as their functionality vis-&#224;-vis the visually impaired <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The narratives point out that attitudes of exclusion and prejudice have provoked physical and/or verbal violence among people with VI and colleagues. A research that worked with twelve adolescents of a public school revealed that the violence is naturally faced by the students, justified by the frequency of the acts being increased, which entails the banalization of the phenomenon. The research indicates that violence in school occurs due to attitudes of prejudice, exclusion, disrespect and acts of physical aggression <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Prevention and treatment actions for this phenomenon must be carried out with interdisciplinary and intersectorial works to allow students to change the perception of school, becoming a safe environment and with a view to the conservation of mental health <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>SI explains social interaction as the central concept of the theory <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. This phenomenon is presented in the investigation by understanding that the person attributes meaning to the interactions established with the other and with himself and, from this, acts based on his understanding. Thus, from the conflicting and humiliating interactions with the colleagues, children and adolescents with VI signify such attitudes and establish a resistance position to attend school, an attitude that can be understood as protective of oneself, as well as a struggle for recognition.</p>
      <p>Parents and teachers feel dissatisfied with inclusive education; a conflict in the relationship between family and school is evident, leaving the focus of discussion aside from inclusion in regular schools. For this relationship to be successful, it is necessary to invest in the dialogue between these subjects and in the common objective of enabling the school environment to become for people with disabilities a space of knowledge and development <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. The importance of affectivity and pedagogical practices focused on diversity as the drivers of the teaching-learning process and development of the visually impaired child is elucidated <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The weaknesses found in school and government support network are intense. Thus, the family mobilizes to acquire resources adapted for the teaching of children and adolescents with VI. Research carried out in Australia, with 14 students with VI, five parents and four teachers, who aimed to observe the impact of the support services provided to students with VI, such as access to assistive technology and an expanded curriculum, affirm that these strategies are essential for solving academic problems. Moreover, students presented better school performance and social relationships with improved confidence, improved communication and body language <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Support and provision of expanded material is essential for people with VI, because in the absence of such resources, they do not have the same learning opportunities. Legislation supports inclusive education by stating that it is the duty of vocational schools and institutions to provide, if necessary, specialized support to meet the needs of the disabled and to adapt to instructional resources such as teaching materials, equipment and the curriculum itself. The same decree deals with the qualification of human resources and the adequacy of the physical structure for these people <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the weaknesses in the support network for families and children with VI, we can still find educators without the preparation for inclusive education <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>. Teachers are key to the child&#8217;s learning. UNICEF recommends that these professionals know in fact what it is to promote inclusive education and to take on such responsibilities to teach all children. However, they still reinforce that the teacher alone does not develop the full potential of inclusion of the children and that, for this, one must rely on the support of the family <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. It is emphasized that the inclusion process is not only due to the educators&#8217; actions, these need government support to work with students with disabilities, as well as public policies feasible within the Brazilian reality.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>One of the limitations of our research was the focus of the study focusing only on giving voice to the experience of the family and children with VI, excluding the perception of teachers, managers of educational institutions and policy makers regarding school inclusion in the context of VI. Thus, new studies with an extended approach to these subjects should be performed so that we can cover the perception of the situation and envisage new paths towards the citizenship of children and adolescents with VI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to Health and Public Policy</title>
        <p>This production contributes to the awakening of those involved with care for the child and adolescent with VI in schools. Dialogical actions are recommended among the social subjects involved with VI, with a view to densifying discussions aimed at guaranteeing what is right of the disabled person and his family, in addition to approaching the promotion of comprehensiveness in health, with consequences for the inclusion and life of these people.</p>
        <p>There is evidence of the need for nurses to work in school and also establish partnerships with the families of children/adolescents with VI in the Primary Care Network, aiming at interlocution between health units and schools, promoting child development.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>It is understood the experience of families about school experience of children and adolescents with VI. School constitutes one of the first spaces of socialization after the family nucleus, in which children and adolescents will develop their potential of learning and interaction with colleagues and teachers. For VI students in the study city, this process is often flawed, difficult and full of traumas, especially in terms of exclusion, rights, self-esteem and learning. The school environment is recognized by the family as necessary, but also as source of suffering.</p>
      <p>In this sense, the insertion of the nurse in schools would contribute to the work of promoting health with the students, teachers and family. Working with the concept of health, in addition to the absence of disease and bringing to these spaces the prevention of prejudiced attitudes, the appreciation of respect and individuality of each individual through critical and caring reflexivity could be a path.</p>
      <p>Family as a whole realizes that school insertion of the visually impaired is ineffective, and seeks to solve questions intrinsic to the experience in school. Nevertheless, actions taken by the family go beyond what they can establish. It is noted the need to (re) elaborate this social experience, and professional actors as interlocutors between family and larger institutions.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>
          <bold>FUNDING</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This research was funded by the Research Support Foundation of S&#227;o Paulo State (FAPESP - <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</italic>).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Viv&#234;ncia escolar da crian&#231;a e adolescente com defici&#234;ncia visual: experi&#234;ncia da fam&#237;lia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7563-6036</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbieri</surname>
            <given-names>Mayara Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1276-9995</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela Van Der Zwaan Broekman</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1194-3261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wernet</surname>
            <given-names>Monika</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0611-5621</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Regina Aparecida Garcia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9017-4474</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Dupas</surname>
            <given-names>Giselle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos. S&#227;o Carlos, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Autor Correspondente:</bold> Mayara Caroline Barbieri. E-mail: <email>may_barbieri@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <fpage>139</fpage>
      <lpage>145</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>compreender a experi&#234;ncia de fam&#237;lias sobre a viv&#234;ncia escolar de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com defici&#234;ncia visual. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>estudo qualitativo, desenvolvido atrav&#233;s dos referenciais Interacionismo Simb&#243;lico e pesquisa de narrativa. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de entrevista semiestruturada gravada, com onze fam&#237;lias de crian&#231;as/adolescentes com defici&#234;ncia visual, totalizando 40 participantes. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>emergiram dois fen&#244;menos: &#8220;contexto de exclus&#227;o&#8221; e &#8220;desempenho escolar prejudicado&#8221;. O preconceito vivenciado na escola traz consequ&#234;ncias devastadoras para a vida da crian&#231;a/adolescente com defici&#234;ncia visual e sua fam&#237;lia. Ocorre isolamento, dificuldade de adapta&#231;&#227;o ao recurso de apoio e d&#233;ficit no desempenho escolar. </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es finais:</title>
          <p>a produ&#231;&#227;o contribui para despertar profissionais envolvidos com assist&#234;ncia dessas pessoas. &#201; necess&#225;ria uma participa&#231;&#227;o efetiva de profissionais de sa&#250;de neste espa&#231;o para que desenvolvam a&#231;&#245;es junto a alunos, professores e familiares, voltadas para atendimento &#224;s necessidades de aprendizagem e promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, inclus&#227;o, e respeito &#224;s diferen&#231;as. </p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Pessoas com Defici&#234;ncia Visual</kwd>
        <kwd>Sa&#250;de Escolar</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermagem Familiar</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>O conceito de defici&#234;ncia visual (DV) abrange a baixa vis&#227;o e a cegueira, sendo que ambas limitam a execu&#231;&#227;o das atividades di&#225;rias, trazendo repercuss&#245;es no cotidiano. Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos do Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia apontam que cerca de 5% a 10% das crian&#231;as na fase pr&#233;-escolar j&#225; apresentam algum tipo de problema visual, como erros de refra&#231;&#227;o, sendo esses a principal causa de DV em crian&#231;as no Brasil <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. Assim, tal condi&#231;&#227;o est&#225; presente no contexto escolar e imp&#245;e aos profissionais inseridos nesse ambiente o desafio de promover aprendizagens que permitam conv&#237;vio respeitoso e considera&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as pr&#243;prias de cada ser humano <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Dentre as pol&#237;ticas nacionais de atendimento &#224; crian&#231;a e ao adolescente, o Minist&#233;rio da Educa&#231;&#227;o adota a educa&#231;&#227;o inclusiva para as pessoas com DV, que pressup&#245;e o atendimento educacional especializado, visando &#224; complementa&#231;&#227;o da sua forma&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o mais &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o do ensino regular <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disto, h&#225; o Programa Sa&#250;de na Escola (PSE) <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>, pol&#237;tica intersetorial derivada da parceria entre o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e o Minist&#233;rio da Educa&#231;&#227;o, que objetiva contribuir para a forma&#231;&#227;o integral dos alunos da rede p&#250;blica de ensino com o desenvolvimento de a&#231;&#245;es voltadas, atrav&#233;s da intersetorialidade, para a promo&#231;&#227;o, preven&#231;&#227;o e aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. A Enfermagem apresenta importantes atribui&#231;&#245;es para colaborar com a comunidade escolar, com potencialidade para desenvolver a&#231;&#245;es que promovam autonomia, sa&#250;de e conv&#237;vio com as diferen&#231;as existentes nesse espa&#231;o <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. Frente ao exposto e coadunando com a import&#226;ncia da escola no desenvolvimento e na integra&#231;&#227;o social da crian&#231;a, surge o questionamento: como &#233;, para a fam&#237;lia, vivenciar a inclus&#227;o escolar de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV sob a perspectiva do Interacionismo Simb&#243;lico?</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Compreender como a fam&#237;lia vivencia a inser&#231;&#227;o escolar de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>A pesquisa da qual deriva este artigo foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Carlos. As diretrizes contidas na Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de foram respeitadas <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>. Os membros participantes foram informados sobre o conte&#250;do do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), e os menores de dezoito anos sobre o Termo de Assentimento (TA); e todos assinaram.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Referencial te&#243;rico-metodol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>Este estudo utilizou a abordagem do Interacionismo Simb&#243;lico (IS) como referencial te&#243;rico, por conferir sustenta&#231;&#227;o ao desenvolvimento da pesquisa e por auxiliar na compreens&#227;o sobre os fen&#244;menos que est&#227;o envolvidos na din&#226;mica e intera&#231;&#227;o familiar, possibilitando o entendimento de como as pessoas compreendem os objetos sociais e como tal compreens&#227;o afeta comportamentos e viv&#234;ncias <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Os participantes foram crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV (baixa vis&#227;o) e seus familiares, considerando-se o conceito de fam&#237;lia proposto por Wright e Leahey, em que a composi&#231;&#227;o familiar &#233; definida por quem seus pr&#243;prios membros reconhecem ser <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>Trata-se de uma investiga&#231;&#227;o descritiva de abordagem qualitativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Cen&#225;rio do estudo</title>
            <p>A pesquisa foi realizada em uma cidade localizada no interior paulista. As fam&#237;lias foram localizadas a partir de dados fornecidos pela Secretaria Estadual de Educa&#231;&#227;o do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, onde constava o n&#250;mero de crian&#231;as e adolescentes alocados em cada escola e os dados cadastrais da mesma, totalizando 26 crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV. Dessas, apenas uma era de escola privada, e os outros 25 eram da rede p&#250;blica de ensino. Todas as escolas foram contatadas pessoalmente, para que, assim, pud&#233;ssemos explicar a pesquisa e apresentar a documenta&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria. Assim, a aproxima&#231;&#227;o inicial com as fam&#237;lias foi intermediada pelos diretores e coordenadores das escolas.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Fonte de dados</title>
            <p>Foram abordadas todas as fam&#237;lias de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV matriculadas na rede de ensino fundamental e m&#233;dio. Ter capacidade auditiva para responder perguntas foi o crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dos crian&#231;as e/ou adolescentes com DV que apresentassem outros tipos de defici&#234;ncias ou malforma&#231;&#245;es associadas. Tais crit&#233;rios foram analisados pelas pesquisadoras no processo de aproxima&#231;&#227;o com os participantes em potencial, e a amostragem foi por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
            <p>Das 26 fam&#237;lias abordadas, 14 se recusaram a participar da pesquisa, devido a problemas pessoais e falta de interesse. Foram entrevistadas 12 fam&#237;lias de 13 crian&#231;as e adolescentes, por&#233;m uma foi exclu&#237;da da an&#225;lise, pois, no decorrer da entrevista, a fam&#237;lia relatou que a crian&#231;a apresentava o diagn&#243;stico de microcefalia associado &#224; DV.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
            <p>Os dados foram coletados no per&#237;odo de novembro de 2014 a julho de 2015 no munic&#237;pio do interior paulista sob estudo. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizada a elabora&#231;&#227;o do genograma, ecomapa e entrevista semiestruturada, em um &#250;nico encontro. O &#225;udio foi gravado no domic&#237;lio dos entrevistados ou em sala reservada no ambiente escolar, conforme prefer&#234;ncia da fam&#237;lia. Para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos recortes das entrevistas, utilizamos o parentesco que a pessoa entrevistada apresentava em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; crian&#231;a ou adolescente, denominada de caso &#237;ndice (CI), seguido do n&#250;mero sequencial com que a entrevista foi realizada. Nos casos em que participaram mais de um membro com mesmo grau de parentesco, esses foram identificados com o n&#250;mero da fam&#237;lia seguido de outro n&#250;mero que estar&#225; em ordem crescente, representando do irm&#227;o mais velho, para o mais novo. Exemplo: CI 5.1, CI 5.2, M&#227;e 2, Irm&#227;o 9.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
            <p>Os dados foram trabalhados de acordo com os processos anal&#237;ticos inerentes &#224; pesquisa de narrativa na modalidade hol&#237;stica e tem&#225;tica <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Narrativas evidenciam a potencialidade do discurso de forma interativa, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a afabilidade das rela&#231;&#245;es envolvidas no contexto narrado, dessa forma, oportunizando ao narrador transforma&#231;&#245;es entre aspectos intr&#237;nsecos e extr&#237;nsecos da sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o mundo <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>. A escolha dessa abordagem foi sustentada pela sua adequa&#231;&#227;o ao referencial te&#243;rico e pelo entendimento de que, ao narrar, ocorre a (re)elabora&#231;&#227;o de experi&#234;ncia social, com sele&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;dos relevantes ao fen&#244;meno sobre o qual se desenvolve a narrativa <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
            <p>Inicialmente, foram realizadas entrevistas e transcritas em sua &#237;ntegra; posteriormente, o material passou por leituras e releituras com foco na hist&#243;ria como um todo para o estabelecimento do seu n&#250;cleo central. A seguir, novas leituras reiterativas foram feitas buscando conte&#250;dos e temas expostos em tais narrativas, quando ocorreu destaque de trechos representativos dos mesmos. Finalizando o processo, foi realizada a reconstru&#231;&#227;o narrativa a partir de temas estabelecidos mediante o processo interpretativo efetivado no processo <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Assim, chegamos &#224;s categorias de an&#225;lise &#8211; &#8220;contexto de exclus&#227;o&#8221; e &#8220;desempenho escolar prejudicado&#8221; - que est&#227;o apresentadas a seguir.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Dos 40 participantes que integravam as 11 fam&#237;lias, 25 eram do sexo feminino e 15 do sexo masculino. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de parentesco foram: 8 CIs, 9 m&#227;es, 2 pais, 2 padrastos, 10 irm&#227;os, 1 tio, 4 tias, 3 av&#243;s e 1 supervisor de trabalho (inclu&#237;do por ser considerado membro da fam&#237;lia pelos participantes). Uma das fam&#237;lias tinha dois integrantes com DV. Destacamos que, em todo o artigo, abordamos a perspectiva familiar, o que n&#227;o exclui as crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV, pois tamb&#233;m s&#227;o membros da fam&#237;lia.</p>
        <p>Dentre os CIs, destacamos que 8 participaram da entrevista, uma n&#227;o participou, pois estava em atividade escolar e os outros 3 por n&#227;o se sentiram &#224; vontade para interagir durante a entrevista. Do total de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, nove eram do sexo masculino e tr&#234;s do feminino; a idade variou de oito a dezessete anos. Dentre as causas de baixa vis&#227;o, estiveram presentes: retinopatia da prematuridade, catarata cong&#234;nita, toxoplasmose, deslocamento de retina, trombose ocular e luxa&#231;&#227;o cong&#234;nita no cristalino.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise das narrativas possibilitou compreender que a escola efetiva-se como um espa&#231;o social frequentado pelas crian&#231;as com DV e suas fam&#237;lias, sendo descrito como de dif&#237;cil intera&#231;&#227;o, sobretudo por sentirem a presen&#231;a de preconceito e rejei&#231;&#227;o. Para enfrentar tal contexto, a fam&#237;lia mobiliza seus membros, na inten&#231;&#227;o de conseguir minimizar as fragilidades encontradas no acolhimento das institui&#231;&#245;es escolares. Os temas: &#8220;contexto de exclus&#227;o&#8221; e &#8220;desempenho escolar prejudicado&#8221; traduzem a percep&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia sobre a viv&#234;ncia escolar de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Contexto de exclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>A percep&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia &#233; que a crian&#231;a com DV na escola enfrenta dificuldades relacionadas ao preconceito, por parte de colegas e professores, tanto relativo &#224; sua situa&#231;&#227;o visual lim&#237;trofe quanto ao recurso interventivo (&#243;culos, materiais adaptados) que utiliza. Associado a isto, vivenciam a exclus&#227;o pelos colegas de classe. Tal contexto interacional gera intenso sofrimento, o qual se estende &#224; fam&#237;lia, que se solidariza, sobretudo por meio dos relatos compartilhados.</p>
          <p>As crian&#231;as e adolescentes compreendem que s&#227;o agredidas, buscam justificativas para tais a&#231;&#245;es e refletem sobre a necessidade de se submeterem a elas. Comumente ponderam compartilhar com os colegas escolares a situa&#231;&#227;o de vida pela qual passam, na inten&#231;&#227;o de sensibiliz&#225;-los para uma atitude diferente. Contudo, percebe-se, pelos relatos, que o isolamento social &#233; de um porte que o ato de conversar, recurso promotor de compreens&#227;o, parece estar praticamente ausente e inviabilizado.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p>[...] <italic>para mim, como m&#227;e, foi muito mais dif&#237;cil!</italic> [...] [m&#227;e se emociona e chora] [...] <italic>parecia que ele estava com depress&#227;o, chorava muito, ficava muito no quarto</italic>. [...] <italic>ele estava bem para baixo, depois ele foi afastado da escola, ent&#227;o n&#243;s percebemos que ele n&#227;o ia para escola porque ele tinha medo, vergonha</italic> [...]. (M&#227;e 1)</p>
              <p><italic>Eu queria que eles</italic> [colegas de classe] <italic>conversassem comigo, que eles me entendessem mais. Porque &#233; ruim eles n&#227;o conversarem comigo</italic> [...]. (CI 5.2)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>O sofrimento gerado &#233; intenso e promove altos n&#237;veis de estresse, de forma que h&#225; a s&#250;plica &#224; fam&#237;lia para poder se ausentar da escola. Esta a&#231;&#227;o &#233; vista pelos familiares com grande surpresa e insatisfa&#231;&#227;o, pois consideram incomum uma crian&#231;a sentir o desejo de n&#227;o ir &#224; escola.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p>[...] <italic>Ele pediu de presente de natal: &#8220;Eu queria que a m&#227;e me tirasse da escola!&#8221;. Voc&#234; acha que uma crian&#231;a de 10 anos fala isso?.</italic> (M&#227;e 5)</p>
              <p>[...] <italic>na escola, &#233; muito dif&#237;cil, eu n&#227;o consigo enxergar muita coisa. Quando eu vou pedir ajuda para um colega, eles n&#227;o gostam, a&#237; eu falo para a professora, e a professora tenta resolver, mas n&#227;o adianta.</italic> [...] <italic>Esses tempos atr&#225;s eu n&#227;o queria mais ir para a escola, porque eu chorava, ficava quieta no meu canto, porque ficavam me chamando de vesguinha, quatro olho, sabe? E eu n&#227;o gostava.</italic> [...] <italic>&#233; a sala inteira que tem preconceito comigo</italic>. (CI 12)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>Em adi&#231;&#227;o, as atitudes preconceituosas dificultam o processo de incorpora&#231;&#227;o, adapta&#231;&#227;o e o uso das tecnologias assistivas necess&#225;rias ao quadro de DV, como os &#243;culos, lupa, o caderno e livros com letra ampliada, l&#225;pis 6B ou 3B e a estante de leitura para aproximar os livros da crian&#231;a. A descri&#231;&#227;o &#233; de que, ao utilizar os recursos, como que se confirma a defici&#234;ncia e diferen&#231;a da crian&#231;a e adolescente perante os colegas, cause retroalimenta&#231;&#227;o de atitudes preconceituosas.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>Ele vive situa&#231;&#245;es de preconceito na escola, porque ele n&#227;o vai de &#243;culos, eu tenho certeza que zoam ele</italic> [...] <italic>Quando ele colocou os &#243;culos, ficou com vergonha, falou: &#8220;eu n&#227;o vou usar isso n&#227;o!&#8221; Ent&#227;o voc&#234; percebe que isso &#233; da escola, dos amigos. Ele fala que ele tem amigo, mas ele n&#227;o tem! Abandonaram mesmo, depois que ele perdeu mais a vis&#227;o, acabou!.</italic> (M&#227;e 8)</p>
              <p><italic>Ele n&#227;o usa a lupa</italic> [...] <italic>tamb&#233;m n&#227;o usa a t&#225;bua que coloca o caderno pra eles trabalhar e escrever com o livro em p&#233;, e a&#237; eles deitam o caderno e isso n&#227;o pode... os dois n&#227;o gostam de usar.</italic> (M&#227;e 5)</p>
              <p><italic>Eu n&#227;o uso porque os outros ficam olhando.</italic> (CI 5.2)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>O sentimento de ser diferente dos demais colegas &#233; forte e ganha certo acolhimento nas associa&#231;&#245;es de amizade junto a outra crian&#231;a e adolescente que tamb&#233;m vivenciam algo em comum a eles.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>O meu amigo da escola tamb&#233;m &#233; deficiente visual e no terceiro ano ele n&#227;o falava muito bem, sabe? Ele ia falar e n&#243;s n&#227;o entend&#237;amos o que ele falava... eu fui ensinando e agora ele est&#225; falando bem</italic>. [...] <italic>Ele usa &#243;culos, mas ele consegue enxergar melhor do que eu.</italic> (CI 5.2)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>A viv&#234;ncia de atitudes preconceituosas &#233; cotidiana, gera desgaste e, por vezes, promove atos violentos (verbal ou f&#237;sico), significados como defesa por parte da crian&#231;a com DV.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>Uma vez um moleque come&#231;ou a me zoar, me chamar de vesguinho, essas coisas. Ent&#227;o eu coloquei a cadeira na testa dele, abriu aqui perto da sobrancelha!</italic> (CI 4)</p>
              <p>[...] <italic>mudar de escola n&#227;o vai adiantar em nada, porque o problema est&#225; neles</italic> [...] <italic>eles xingam e eu tento me defender. Quanto mais eu tento me defender, pior eles falam</italic>. (CI 11)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>Membros familiares que vivenciaram situa&#231;&#227;o similar em fun&#231;&#227;o de DV ficam compadecidos, sobretudo por resgatarem suas pr&#243;prias viv&#234;ncias de exclus&#227;o e retomarem o sofrimento inerente a elas. Sentem raiva e tristeza ao rememorarem tais fatos.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>&#201; dif&#237;cil, eu n&#227;o queria que eles passassem por isso porque &#233; uma coisa que fica para o resto da vida. Eu lembro como eu ficava sozinha na escola, eu n&#227;o tinha amigos. Na hora de fazer duplas para os trabalhos ningu&#233;m queria fazer comigo. Quero que eles sejam pessoas em qualquer lugar</italic> [...]. (Irm&#227; 5)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>A inclus&#227;o social da crian&#231;a &#233; almejada, e a escola &#233; concebida pela fam&#237;lia como um espa&#231;o no qual isto pode ocorrer e, em consequ&#234;ncia, apesar da &#8216;nocividade&#8217; do ambiente, tem esperan&#231;a de que a crian&#231;a e o adolescente aprendam a lidar com o fato. Por&#233;m, encaminhar a crian&#231;a e o adolescente a tal ambiente &#233; dif&#237;cil e desafiador para a fam&#237;lia.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>&#201; mais dif&#237;cil ver ela sem escolha. &#201; isso. Porque a conviv&#234;ncia em casa &#233; normal. Na escola &#233; o duro.</italic> (Irm&#227; 11)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desempenho escolar prejudicado</title>
          <p>As crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV apresentam dificuldades para realizar as tarefas escolares, as notas s&#227;o baixas, s&#227;o reprovadas, ou seja, t&#234;m desempenho aqu&#233;m do esperado. Na percep&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia, isto tem correla&#231;&#227;o com o contexto interacional, adicionado ao incipiente acolhimento e suporte provido pela escola. Contudo, apontam articula&#231;&#227;o entre o desempenho escolar e a qualidade do relacionamento que o aluno com DV estabelece com seus professores, assim como o interesse desses em servir de apoio a ele.</p>
          <p>Cabe destacar que a fam&#237;lia reconhece as insufici&#234;ncias de aprendizagem e tem interesse em contribuir para a transforma&#231;&#227;o de tal situa&#231;&#227;o. Neste sentido, questionam a aprova&#231;&#227;o e continuidade nas s&#233;ries.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p>[...] <italic>ele</italic> [CI] <italic>n&#227;o sabe ler, n&#227;o sabe escrever, como que essa criatura vai passar para outra s&#233;rie? A&#237; o coordenador da escola me disse que era a lei, que tinha que passar, que era obriga&#231;&#227;o</italic> [...]. (Av&#243; 3)</p>
              <p>[...] <italic>olha aqui outra prova dele.</italic> [M&#227;e mostra provas com notas variando de zero a tr&#234;s] <italic>Voc&#234; acha que eu vou deixar uma crian&#231;a passar de ano assim? De jeito nenhum.</italic> [...] <italic>ele j&#225; chega estressado, nervoso da escola, ele j&#225; desce nervoso do &#244;nibus porque ele n&#227;o consegue fazer as coisas a&#237; pra ensinar ele depois &#233; um transtorno.</italic> (M&#227;e 5)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>Frente &#224;s dificuldades enfrentadas no aprendizado escolar, o aluno com DV acaba demandando dos familiares suporte nas tarefas escolares, o que muitas vezes n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel, seja pela indisponibilidade de tempo ou at&#233; mesmo por n&#227;o ter condi&#231;&#245;es em fun&#231;&#227;o de sua pr&#243;pria situa&#231;&#227;o de letramento insuficiente.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p>[...] <italic>ela est&#225; tendo muita dificuldade em matem&#225;tica, geografia, portugu&#234;s, hist&#243;ria</italic> [...] <italic>vou ver se eles encaixam a minha filha, para a professora ensinar no meu lugar, porque n&#227;o tem como eu ensinar.</italic> (M&#227;e 7)</p>
              <p><italic>Aprender, aprender de verdade, n&#227;o aprende.</italic> [...] <italic>na escola eu n&#227;o estou podendo ajudar muito ela, acho que na escola foi a pior parte, est&#227;o passando ela por passar, infelizmente &#233; assim que est&#225; funcionando.</italic> (M&#227;e 9)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>Os participantes destacam ainda como limites: o fato do material ampliado (material did&#225;tico impresso com fonte alfab&#233;tica maior) garantido por lei n&#227;o estar dispon&#237;vel ou chegar bem depois do in&#237;cio do semestre letivo; e a inefici&#234;ncia da escola e professores da escola em acolher as demandas espec&#237;ficas das crian&#231;as e adolescentes. Apesar disso, lutam por atender &#224;s necessidades, mesmo que para isso precisem envolver-se com afinco em um processo de busca de longo curso e repleto de burocracia.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p>[...] <italic>eles n&#227;o aumentam o material.</italic> [...] <italic>eu falei: &#8220;professor, aumenta a letra, eu n&#227;o consigo enxergar.&#8221; Ele falou: &#8220;eu vou aumentar&#8221;, mas n&#227;o aumentava</italic>. (CI 11)</p>
              <p>[...] <italic>poucos cadernos s&#227;o ampliados, os livros n&#227;o s&#227;o</italic> [...] <italic>para eu conseguir esses materiais foi desgastante demais, foi muito dif&#237;cil, tive que ir em muitos lugares.</italic> (M&#227;e 8)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>Na percep&#231;&#227;o da fam&#237;lia, o relacionamento com muitos professores &#233; identificado como limitador da inclus&#227;o da crian&#231;a e do adolescente pelo fato deles n&#227;o se envolverem com a situa&#231;&#227;o ou at&#233; duvidarem da DV referida. Aqueles que s&#227;o sens&#237;veis e profissionalmente atentos &#224;s necessidades especiais de algumas crian&#231;as, n&#227;o conseguem, em meio a uma sala com muitos alunos, atender a contento &#224; crian&#231;a e ou adolescente, gerando repercuss&#227;o na aprendizagem.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>Alguns professores n&#227;o sabem. Pensam que sou uma aluna normal que usa &#243;culos.</italic> [...] <italic>o que eu acho errado da dire&#231;&#227;o, &#233; que eles n&#227;o avisam os professores novos, eles falam que v&#227;o avisar, mas ningu&#233;m avisa.</italic> (CI 9)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Considerando-se os resultados dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o, a viv&#234;ncia de dificuldades nas rela&#231;&#245;es com a escola se apresentou intensa e recorrente no cotidiano das fam&#237;lias de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV. O preconceito e o <italic>bullying</italic> foram enfatizados nessa experi&#234;ncia. Vale destacar que est&#225; garantido pela Lei n&#186; 13.146, de 6 de julho de 2015 que toda pessoa com defici&#234;ncia tem o direito &#224; igualdade de oportunidade e de n&#227;o sofrer nenhuma forma de discrimina&#231;&#227;o <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Estudo realizado no interior paulista com 232 adolescentes do 6&#186; ao 9&#186; ano investigou o fen&#244;meno <italic>bullying</italic> e observou que a maior parte das ocorr&#234;ncias acontece em sala de aula atrav&#233;s de manifesta&#231;&#245;es verbais, principalmente na forma de apelidos. Este fen&#244;meno &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, por estar relacionado a transtornos de personalidade e viol&#234;ncia, e tamb&#233;m da &#225;rea educacional, por acarretar dificuldades no desempenho escolar e abandono <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Foi poss&#237;vel perceber, a partir das narrativas, que as crian&#231;as e os adolescentes com DV podem apresentar resist&#234;ncia em utilizar os recursos de apoio. O fato de alguns alunos com DV recusarem-se a receber o servi&#231;o de apoio no ambiente escolar &#233; justificado por sentirem-se desconfort&#225;veis, diferentes e dependentes diante dos colegas normovisuais <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O IS explica este fen&#244;meno pelo conceito de mente, desenvolvido a partir de um problema que necessita de resolu&#231;&#227;o <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Assim, com as experi&#234;ncias de preconceito, as crian&#231;as e os adolescentes com DV passam a ressignificar os recursos de tratamento e os materiais de apoio. O que inicialmente era visto como uma ferramenta para melhorar a qualidade de vida, por facilitar o desempenho das atividades do cotidiano, passa a ser objeto de diferencia&#231;&#227;o e por isso acabam por estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o conflituosa e de resist&#234;ncia ao uso deles.</p>
        <p>A resist&#234;ncia do aluno em utilizar os recursos de apoio dispon&#237;veis devido ao preconceito sofrido &#233; um fator que deve ser destacado e observado pelos professores durante as atividades em classe. Pesquisas revelam uma associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre o dist&#250;rbio visual n&#227;o diagnosticado e o desempenho escolar e ainda refor&#231;am que, para potencializar a performance do aluno, devem ocorrer o tratamento e corre&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A partir da execu&#231;&#227;o do PSE, o enfermeiro pode atuar diretamente na promo&#231;&#227;o e preven&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de, na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos riscos existentes na escola, como tamb&#233;m no impacto que a&#231;&#245;es como o <italic>bullying</italic> podem causar na forma&#231;&#227;o e no processo de aprendizado, na sa&#250;de e na qualidade de vida desses estudantes e buscar os fatores relacionados a esse evento <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. A atua&#231;&#227;o de profissionais frente aos efeitos do <italic>bullying</italic> &#233; essencial, pois este pode trazer consequ&#234;ncias para a vida adulta <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Esses atores sociais t&#234;m condi&#231;&#245;es de aprendizagem que s&#227;o espec&#237;ficas, que precisam ser apoiadas, pois conseguir apreender o que &#233; ensinado pode lhe garantir um empoderamento frente aos colegas. N&#227;o somente a situa&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, mas a cognitiva, percebida por ele, o faz sentir-se em situa&#231;&#227;o desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
        <p>Neste estudo, o relacionamento conflituoso, a aus&#234;ncia de apoio e as viv&#234;ncias de preconceito advindas de colegas e professores, atuam diretamente no rendimento escolar do aluno com DV. Os sentimentos vividos ao passar por situa&#231;&#245;es preconceituosas colaboram diretamente no desempenho escolar da crian&#231;a com defici&#234;ncia, al&#233;m de ocasionar d&#233;ficits no relacionamento com a pr&#243;pria fam&#237;lia, colegas e com os professores <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Outro estudo enfatiza que, no ambiente familiar, o potencial de independ&#234;ncia da crian&#231;a com DV demonstra-se superior ao do ambiente escolar, onde sofre discrimina&#231;&#227;o e preconceito. Tanto a escola, quanto o domic&#237;lio ter interfer&#234;ncia na independ&#234;ncia humana, assim, necessitam de reorganiza&#231;&#227;o quanto sua funcionabilidade frente ao deficiente visual <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As narrativas apontam que atitudes de exclus&#227;o e preconceito suscitaram a viol&#234;ncia f&#237;sica e/ou verbal entre as pessoas com DV e colegas. Pesquisa que trabalhou com doze adolescentes de uma escola p&#250;blica revelou que a viol&#234;ncia &#233; enfrentada com naturalidade pelos alunos, justificada pela frequ&#234;ncia dos atos ser cada vez maior, o que acarreta a banaliza&#231;&#227;o do fen&#244;meno. A pesquisa, ainda, aponta que a viol&#234;ncia na escola ocorre por atitudes de preconceito, exclus&#227;o, desrespeito e atos de agress&#227;o f&#237;sica <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As a&#231;&#245;es de preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento desse fen&#244;meno devem ser realizadas com trabalhos interdisciplinares e intersetorial para oportunizar aos alunos mudan&#231;as na percep&#231;&#227;o da escola, passando a ser um ambiente seguro e com vistas &#224; conserva&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de mental <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O IS explica a intera&#231;&#227;o social como o conceito central da teoria <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Este fen&#244;meno &#233; apresentado na investiga&#231;&#227;o por compreender que a pessoa atribui significado &#224;s intera&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas com o outro e consigo mesma e, a partir disso, age pautado na sua compreens&#227;o. Assim, a partir das intera&#231;&#245;es conflituosas e humilhantes com os colegas, as crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV significam tais atitudes e estabelecem um posicionamento de resist&#234;ncia para frequentar a escola, atitude que pode ser compreendida como protetiva a si pr&#243;prio, assim como de luta por reconhecimento.</p>
        <p>Pais e professores sentem-se insatisfeitos com a educa&#231;&#227;o inclusiva; fica evidente um conflito na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fam&#237;lia e a escola, deixando o alvo da discuss&#227;o &#224; margem da inclus&#227;o nas escolas regulares. Para que esta rela&#231;&#227;o seja de sucesso, deve-se investir no di&#225;logo entre esses sujeitos e no objetivo comum de possibilitar que o ambiente escolar se torne para as pessoas com defici&#234;ncia um espa&#231;o de conhecimento e desenvolvimento <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. Elucida-se a import&#226;ncia da afetividade e de pr&#225;ticas pedag&#243;gicas voltadas &#224; diversidade como propulsores do processo de ensino-aprendizagem e desenvolvimento da crian&#231;a com DV <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As fragilidades encontradas na rede de apoio escolar e governamental s&#227;o intensas. Assim, a fam&#237;lia se mobiliza para adquirir recursos adaptados para o ensino das crian&#231;as e dos adolescentes com DV. Investiga&#231;&#227;o realizada na Austr&#225;lia, com 14 alunos com DV, cinco pais e quatro professores, que apresentou como objetivo observar o impacto dos servi&#231;os de apoio prestado para alunos com DV, como o acesso &#224; tecnologia assistiva e um curr&#237;culo ampliado, afirmam que essas estrat&#233;gias s&#227;o primordiais para a resolu&#231;&#227;o dos problemas acad&#234;micos. Al&#233;m disso, os alunos apresentaram melhor desempenho escolar e rela&#231;&#245;es sociais com ganho de confian&#231;a, aprimoramento da comunica&#231;&#227;o e linguagem corporal <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O apoio e fornecimento de material ampliado s&#227;o essenciais para as pessoas com DV, pois, na aus&#234;ncia desses recursos, n&#227;o apresentam as mesmas oportunidades de aprendizado. A legisla&#231;&#227;o subsidia a educa&#231;&#227;o inclusiva ao afirmar que &#233; dever das escolas e institui&#231;&#245;es profissionalizantes oferecer, se necess&#225;rio, apoio especializado para atender &#224;s necessidades da pessoa com defici&#234;ncia e a adapta&#231;&#227;o aos recursos instrucionais como o material pedag&#243;gico, equipamentos e o pr&#243;prio curr&#237;culo. O mesmo decreto aborda sobre a capacita&#231;&#227;o dos recursos humanos e a adequa&#231;&#227;o da estrutura f&#237;sica para essas pessoas <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Dentre as fragilidades na rede de apoio &#224;s fam&#237;lias e crian&#231;as com DV, pode-se ainda encontrar educadores sem o preparo para a educa&#231;&#227;o inclusiva <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>. Os professores s&#227;o fundamentais para a aprendizagem da crian&#231;a. A UNICEF recomenda que esses profissionais saibam de fato o que &#233; promover uma educa&#231;&#227;o inclusiva e que assumam tais responsabilidades de ensinar todas as crian&#231;as. Por&#233;m, ainda refor&#231;am que o professor sozinho n&#227;o desenvolve todo o potencial de inclus&#227;o das crian&#231;as e que, para isso, deve-se contar com o apoio da fam&#237;lia <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. Destaca-se que o processo de inclus&#227;o n&#227;o se d&#225; apenas pelas a&#231;&#245;es dos educadores; esses precisam de respaldo governamental para atuarem com estudantes com defici&#234;ncia, al&#233;m de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas fact&#237;veis dentro da realidade escolar brasileira.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Uma das limita&#231;&#245;es da nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o foi o foco do estudo se concentrar apenas em dar voz &#224; experi&#234;ncia da fam&#237;lia e das crian&#231;as com DV, excluindo a percep&#231;&#227;o dos professores, gestores de institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino e formuladores de pol&#237;ticas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; inclus&#227;o escolar no contexto da DV. Assim, novos estudos com uma abordagem ampliada a esses sujeitos devem ser realizados para que possamos abranger a percep&#231;&#227;o da situa&#231;&#227;o e vislumbrar novos caminhos com vistas &#224; cidadania das crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da sa&#250;de ou pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica</title>
          <p>Esta produ&#231;&#227;o contribui para o despertar dos envolvidos com a assist&#234;ncia &#224; crian&#231;a e ao adolescente com DV nas escolas. Recomendam-se a&#231;&#245;es dial&#243;gicas junto aos sujeitos sociais envolvidos com a DV, com vistas a densificar discuss&#245;es voltadas a garantir o que &#233; de direito da pessoa com defici&#234;ncia e sua fam&#237;lia, al&#233;m de aproximar-se da promo&#231;&#227;o da integralidade em sa&#250;de, com desdobramentos &#224; inclus&#227;o escolar e vida dessas pessoas.</p>
          <p>Evidencia-se a necessidade do trabalho do enfermeiro na escola e tamb&#233;m estabelecer parcerias com as fam&#237;lias de crian&#231;as/adolescentes com DV na Rede de Aten&#231;&#227;o B&#225;sica, objetivando interlocu&#231;&#227;o entre unidades de sa&#250;de e escola, promovendo o desenvolvimento infantil.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>Compreende-se a experi&#234;ncia de fam&#237;lias sobre a viv&#234;ncia escolar de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com DV. A escola constitui um dos primeiros espa&#231;os de socializa&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o n&#250;cleo familiar, em que crian&#231;as e adolescentes ir&#227;o desenvolver seu potencial de aprendizagem e intera&#231;&#227;o com colegas e professores. Para os alunos com DV da cidade em estudo, esse processo se mostra na maioria das vezes falho, dif&#237;cil e repleto de traumas, sobretudo em termos de exclus&#227;o, direitos, autoestima e aprendizado O ambiente escolar &#233; reconhecido pela fam&#237;lia como necess&#225;rio, por&#233;m tamb&#233;m como fonte de sofrimento.</p>
        <p>Nesse sentido, a inser&#231;&#227;o do profissional enfermeiro nas escolas traria contribui&#231;&#227;o no trabalho de promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de com os alunos, professores e fam&#237;lia. Trabalhar com o conceito de sa&#250;de para al&#233;m da aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a e trazer para esses espa&#231;os a preven&#231;&#227;o de atitudes preconceituosas, a valoriza&#231;&#227;o do respeito e da singularidade de cada indiv&#237;duo por meio da reflexividade cr&#237;tica e solid&#225;ria poderia ser um caminho.</p>
        <p>A fam&#237;lia como um todo percebe que a inser&#231;&#227;o escolar do deficiente visual &#233; pouco efetiva, e busca resolver quest&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas &#224; viv&#234;ncia na escola. Entretanto, as a&#231;&#245;es realizadas pela fam&#237;lia v&#227;o al&#233;m do que podem estabelecer. Nota-se a necessidade de (re)elabora&#231;&#227;o desta experi&#234;ncia social, e atores profissionais como interlocutores entre fam&#237;lia e institui&#231;&#245;es de maior amplitude.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>
            <bold>FOMENTO</bold>
          </p>
          <p>A presente pesquisa foi financiada pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
