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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zM9NjgCK5zhskddXRgqyQzt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0034-71672018001001751</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0699</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REVIEW</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Liberating critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire in the scientific production of Nursing 1990-2017</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>La pedagog&#237;a cr&#237;tica liberadora de Paulo Freire en la producci&#243;n cient&#237;fica de la enfermer&#237;a 1990-2017</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzon</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Marcela Monroy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>K&#234;nia Lara da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Rita de C&#225;ssia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>I</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <city>Belo Horizonte</city>
            <state>Minas Gerais</state>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: K&#234;nia Lara da Silva</bold> E-mail: <email>kenialara17@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>71</volume>
      <issue>suppl 4</issue>
      <fpage>1751</fpage>
      <lpage>1758</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2018</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the theoretical and methodological application of Paulo Freire&#8217;s critical pedagogy in the scientific production of nursing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>An integrative review was carried out with consultation of the databases: LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE, PUDMED and CINHAL. We included studies in the Spanish, English and Portuguese languages, published from 1990 to 2017.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>A total of 38 articles were analyzed, of which the main concepts adopted were: dialogue/dialogicity, awareness/critical awareness and questioning. Regarding the application of the method, it was noticed the predominance of the adoption of elements such as culture circles, thematic phase and horizontality relation of the nurse with the individuals involved.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Nursing has partially appropriated the Freire&#8217;s referential. However, it reveals the intentionality of a transformative practice that requires deepening for the implementation of the method in its full.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analizar la aplicaci&#243;n te&#243;rica y metodol&#243;gica de la pedagog&#237;a cr&#237;tica liberadora de Paulo Freire en la producci&#243;n cient&#237;fica de la enfermer&#237;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Se realiz&#243; una revisi&#243;n integrativa con consulta a las bases de datos: LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE, PUDMED y CINHAL. Se incluyeron estudios en Espa&#241;ol, Ingl&#233;s y Portugu&#233;s, publicados desde 1990 hasta 2017.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Se analizaron 38 art&#237;culos, de los cuales se aprehendi&#243; que los principales conceptos adoptados del referencial fueron: el di&#225;logo/la dialogicidad, la concientizaci&#243;n/conciencia cr&#237;tica y la problematizaci&#243;n. En relaci&#243;n a la aplicaci&#243;n del m&#233;todo, se not&#243; la predominancia de la adopci&#243;n de elementos como: c&#237;rculos de cultura, la fase de tematizaci&#243;n y relaci&#243;n de horizontalidad del enfermero con los sujetos participantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusi&#243;n:</title>
          <p>La enfermer&#237;a se ha apropiado parcialmente del referencial de Freire. Sin embargo, se revela la intencionalidad de una pr&#225;ctica transformadora que requiere profundizaci&#243;n para la implementaci&#243;n del m&#233;todo en su totalidad.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Education Models</kwd>
        <kwd>Teaching</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing Models</kwd>
        <kwd>Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Paulo Freire</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Modelos Educativos</kwd>
        <kwd>La Ense&#241;anza</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelos de Enfermer&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>La Educaci&#243;n</kwd>
        <kwd>Paulo Freire</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>The liberating critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire has been a guiding for educational practices in health. Its importance in this area is based on theoretical and methodological benchmarks that promulgated a vision and a shared building with all the actors involved in the implementation of culturally sensitive and appropriate practices to uniqueness in several contexts<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>This pedagogical proposal indicates a change in the traditional paradigm of education in health in relation to content and information transfer to a more critical and creative level. So, considering education as a guiding axis in the practice of nursing, critical pedagogy makes health care on unification of elements such as culture, enhancement of knowledge and recognition of the human being as an unfinished capacity to reinvent, in search of your own history<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. In the process of construction, the Nursing Professional must adopt an attitude of respect and commitment to each other, generating a horizontal relationship manifested in reciprocal expertise and knowledge.</p>
      <p>We recognize that there are several studies that announce the implementation of theoretical and methodological concepts of critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire in the educational practice of nursing. Seeking to deepen expertise and knowledge about this benchmark, which demarcates the methodological and theoretical research project called &#8220;<italic>Educa&#231;&#227;o para a sexualidade dos adolescentes no contexto rural</italic>&#8221; (Education for sexuality of adolescents in the rural context), this integrative review was carried out.</p>
      <p>It is assumed that theoretical appropriation of the methodological referential of Paulo Freire happens in different studies of nursing, that occur in various contexts and situations and actions that promote people&#8217;s autonomy with regard to decision-making, with participation based on critical and reflective dialogue, in order to generate changes in the reality of individuals and their communities.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To analyze the theoretical and methodological application of the liberating critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire in the scientific production of nursing.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHOD</title>
      <p>It is an integrative review that, according to Botelho, Cunha and Macedo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>, incorporates several concepts, opinions and research methods that enable synthesis of information and knowledge. Its extended approach leads to a depth about the available knowledge on the individual, the concept or theory.</p>
      <p>The integrative reviews are performed in 6 steps: drafting of the guiding question of research and objective, the preparation of criteria for inclusion/exclusion of studies, search and selection of the studies in the databases, systematic analysis of data, discussion and interpretation of results by building a synthesis of the review.</p>
      <p>This study was carried out in two periods: the first from July to December 2016, in which were collected primary data of this research; the second, in August of the year 2017, in which was held the update of the data found.</p>
      <p>The guiding question of this research was: &#8220;How has the use of Paulo Freire&#8217;s critical pedagogy for the scientific production of nursing been used?&#8221;. For the refinement of the search, were defined the following inclusion criteria: studies and publications that were developed by nursing, studies involving concepts or the implementation of the methodological referential, studies published in the period of 1990 until 2017, studies in Spanish, English or Portuguese, studies published in peer reviewed journals, with availability and accessibility to the full document in the selected databases.</p>
      <p>To search articles, were selected the journal portal VHL and <italic>CAPES</italic> portal and included the databases LILACS, MEDLINE, PUBMED, and CINHAL BDENF with the following descriptors: Educational Models/<italic>Modelos Educacionales</italic>/<italic>Modelos Educacionais</italic>, Teaching/<italic>Ense&#241;anza</italic>/<italic>Ensino,</italic> Models Nursing/<italic>Modelos de Enfermer&#237;a</italic>/<italic>Modelos de Enfermagem</italic>, Education/<italic>Educaci&#243;n</italic>/<italic>Educa&#231;&#227;o</italic>. We decided also to include &#8220;Paulo Freire&#8221; as free term in the title, abstract or subject. As a result, 148 articles were found. As a result, 148 articles were found. After a first floating reading, 34 articles were eliminated by abstracts and titles because they were not relevant to this research proposal. Shortly after the second review, a further 50 articles were excluded because they were repeated. After completing this phase, 64 studies were selected: 44 primary studies, 9 experience reports and 11 reflection articles.</p>
      <p>A second filter was used to perform the critical reading of primary studies. For this purpose, was selected the tool of critical reading (<italic>CASPe</italic>) which is recommended for qualitative studies<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. The tool consists of a set of questions you have three possibilities to answer: Yes, I do not know and no. In order to obtain a quantitative assessment parameter, values are assigned to the answers, namely: 2 points for yes, 1 point for I do not know or partially and zero for no. After the tool was applied, 31 primary studies were eliminated because they did not respond positively to the tool elimination questions or did not reach a score higher than 15 points. However, in the update carried out in August 2017, 5 articles were added that met the inclusion criteria and answered the review question, resulting in 38 articles in the final sample.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Process of articles selection</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-71-suppl4-1751-0699-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The texts included in the final sample were analyzed according to their evidence level (EL)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup> and classified into: level I - result of meta-analysis, of controlled clinical studies and with randomization; level II - evidence obtained in an experimental design study; level III - evidence obtained from quasi-experimental research; level IV - evidences obtained from descriptive studies or with a qualitative methodological approach; level V - evidence obtained from case reports or experience reports; level VI - evidence based on expert opinions or on the basis of standards or legislation.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>We analyzed 38 articles, according to the objective proposed in this review. The distribution among the databases of the articles found was: CINHAL (50%), LILACS (42.1%), BDENF (5.8%), MEDLINE (2.6%). The articles were published in the period from 1997 to 2017, with a greater predominance in the years 2009 (7.6%), 2012 (17.9%), 2013 (12.8%), and 2017 (7.6%).</p>
      <p>Regarding the evidence level, 16 qualitative studies (41%) were in the stratum of evidence IV. At the evidence level V were 11 reports of experiences, 11 articles of reflection and 1 review article, representing 56.4% of the sample in this stratum. The publications revealed diverse objectives and experiences, with a predominance related to the development of educational programs and actions, as well as educational tools<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the articles indicated that the Freire&#8217;s referential was used in five areas: Teaching<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, Health Promotion<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>, Primary Care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>, Care/Hospital<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>, Prevention of Diseases and Injuries<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. The settings chosen for the implementation of actions using this referential were: the Family Health Strategy<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>, undergraduate and graduation courses in Nursing<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>, the school context<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>, community contexts<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>)</sup>, outpatient units, hospitalization and surgical units<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>, and virtual contexts<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>. Regarding the themes addressed, there were predominance of those related to humanistic training, leadership, educational project, curriculum and transdisciplinarity<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>. Subjects that addressed sexual health and sexuality<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>)</sup>, women&#8217;s health such as breast cancer, cervical cancer and breast lymphedema were also identified<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. We have also identified studies related to chronic diseases such as diabetes and kidney diseases<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>, child health such as breastfeeding and newborn care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>, and health of the elderly in the hospital setting<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>)</sup></p>
      <p>The analysis of selected articles was oriented by the following dimensions: theoretical appropriation and appropriation as methodological reference.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>The appropriation as theoretical reference</title>
        <p>The concepts most inserted in the development of nursing publications with the Freire&#8217;s referential were: dialogue/dialogicity, awareness/critical awareness, questioning education/ questioning, humanization and autonomy. However, other concepts such as social practice, humanization, freedom/liberation and emancipation were present, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Concepts of the Paulo Freire Method adopted in the studies analyzed, 1990-2017</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Main concepts addressed in the publications</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">dialogue/dialogicity<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">awareness/critical awareness<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">questioning education/ questioning<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">autonomy<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">freedom/liberation/liberating education<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">culture circles<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">empowerment<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">emancipation/ emancipatory principles<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">bank education<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">humanization<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>dodisc&#234;ncia</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">commitment<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">opression/opressed<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Dialogue was considered as one of the core concepts of Freire&#8217;s liberating critical pedagogy and has been adopted in the publications from a expertise-sharing perspective, as well as in the sharing of knowledge and in the exchange of experiences among the participants<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>)</sup>. However, the concept of dialogue goes beyond the exchange of experiences and knowledge and does not occur in a single moment of the Freire&#8217;s course. For Freire<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>, the true dialogue is transversal and involves fundamental characteristics such as humility, faith, hope and respect for the differences that are present throughout the process of investigation, thematization and critical unveiling so that the word becomes a liberating and humanized social practice.</p>
        <p>Awareness is also part of the structure of Freire&#8217;s educational practice and is taken in the direction of questioning education. In the selected publications, the concept was interpreted as the act of reflecting, in depth, reality and problems<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>. The appropriation of this concept occurs through the discussion and differentiation between naive, transitive and critical consciousness<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>)</sup>. It is important to recognize that awareness goes beyond awareness, because it involves the individual&#8217;s commitment to reality, its history and the possibility of transforming it<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The term questioning was adopted as a transforming action of reality in a constant movement of critical unveiling of experience, situation and problems experienced<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup>. It was adopted with a sense in the pedagogical field of overcoming alienating intellectualism<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>. However, few studies have associated the concept of questioning with the methodological proposal, revealing a gap in the theoretical-methodological implementation of the referential. The association should be evident in the development of the third phase of the method when applied to studies developed by Nursing.</p>
        <p>Freedom/Liberation was interpreted in the publications as an achievement and as a result or end of a reflexive critical pedagogy in situations and power relations that were permeated by restrictions related to nursing practice<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup>. Moreover, the word freedom was intimately associated with the liberating pedagogy that involves overcoming hierarchical relationships between the professor and the student. Under this interpretation, the concept was more used in the Nursing teaching area and discussed the relationship between the professor and the student in the development of the subjects, pedagogical projects and training experiences of critical, reflexive and human Nursing professional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>It also reveals a limited interpretation between the concepts of freedom/liberation, because for Paulo Freire, the vision of freedom in this pedagogy has a prominent position, in which it is the matrix that gives meaning to an educational practice that only reaches effectiveness and efficacy to the extent that there is free and critical participation of students. &#8220;Freedom is an achievement, not a gift, it requires a permanent search. Permanent search that exists only in the responsible act of those who do it&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The culture circles presented a connotation of collective space in which links were built between the participants, in order to discuss their reality and exchange experiences<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. In this perspective, Paulo Freire recommends that, in the process of constructing circles, it is fundamental to understand the concept of culture as &#8220;the set of meanings and representations of a way of living confronted with other ways of living&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The authors of the articles analyzed associate the term humanization with the policy of humanized health care. In the analyzed publications, it was interpreted as appreciation of culture, respect and expression of the individuals&#8217; solidarity. It was also adopted as a result of critical and reflexive dialogic educational practice<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>. But from the Freire&#8217;s perspective, humanization refers to human nature as an unfinished individual. In this sense, humanization is understood as an open, broad, flexible and hopeful process with the certainty that it can always be more.</p>
        <p>It was evidenced that the use of the theoretical reference of Paulo Freire was linked to other theoretical references of Nursing, such as Dorothea Orem&#8217;s Theory of self-care/support-education system and Madeleine Leininger&#8217;s Theory of cross-cultural care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Leininger&#8217;s concept of care aims to understand the values, beliefs and habits of the individuals with whom the professional interacts, in order to preserve, accommodate and/or repatriate care. In this sense, this theory has partially converged with the concept of dialogue, in the commitment of the professional and the professor to know, to listen and to value the individual&#8217;s culture.</p>
        <p>The concept of self-care of Dorothea Orem, according to the publications, stood out as a practice of the person for itself and developed by it. The essence of self-care was related to self-control, freedom, responsibility of the individual and the search for improvement in their quality of life. Thus, it diverges from the collective, participatory and dialogic idea of the Freirie&#8217;s principles, which describes that man does not liberate himself or learn alone, but always together.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>The appropriation as a methodological reference</title>
        <p>The use of the Freire&#8217;s method as a methodological reference was identified in 20 publications that pointed out the implementation of the phases or elements of the method, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref>. Of these studies, only 8 publications adopted the Freire&#8217;s itinerary (research, thematization and questioning), but with some modifications in the appointments. The rest of these publications adopted some element or phase of the method with a predominance of culture circles, the role of facilitator and empathy of the professor<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>, keywords and generating themes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup>, as well as the citation of the horizontal and dialogic relationship/dialogue<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Chart 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Phases of the Freire's methodology adopted in the studies analyzed</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="100%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Implementation of the Freire's itinerary</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Investigation phase<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Thematization phase<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Questioning phase<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">All the phases of the method<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Some element of the method<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup>39<sup>)</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>With regard to the implementation of the research phase, the studies described regarding the commitment of educating to meet the thought, language and perception of reality of the individual, that is, knowing how were relations of the individual with the world and how they acted in your reality<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>. However, it is known that, in the development of this phase, there is a need of time available in order to make an immersion in the daily life and culture of the individuals and their communities.</p>
        <p>In the analysis of the articles, there were very few studies that implemented the investigation phase according to the reference, describing the time invested. Publications were found to have developed this phase in just a moment, through discussion circles, face-to-face interviews and surveys<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>, using various techniques such as, for example, the participant observation and the wheels of conversation<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>On the methodology of Paulo Freire, the research implies methods based on exchange that must be present from the start, building a relationship of empathy and solidarity between the students and the professor<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The theme is preceded by the research stage, characterized by the implementation of the meanings of the reality of the situations and of the vocabulary universe. Thus, &#8220;the generating theme is substantive by generating words as it emerges from the personal and collective reflexivity about those words&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>In the analysis of the articles was found a small number of publications involving the individuals participating in the analysis and discussion of the generating themes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>)</sup>. At that stage, was prevalent the use of semi-structured interview and the circles of conversation in data collection. However, the thematic analysis was developed by researchers without the involvement of the participants<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>. In another study, a survey of the issues occurred generators by participant observation, but there was no dialogue with the participants about the work universe identified to define these themes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>At the stage of questioning the unveiling critical, process by which individuals overcome magic vision and develop a critical view of your reality. According to Freire&#8217;s perspective, this is the time to understand the development of critical consciousness about the generating themes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The articles just describe how they developed the discussion groups or culture circles and as complementary techniques were used for heating and the motivation of the participants without showing if there have been changes in reality or as These occurred. On the other hand, some publications have reported the perceived changes in participants and in the process throughout the development of crop circles, such as: attitude of dialogue, horizontal relations between the health professional and the user, feelings of security in the exchange of experiences and knowledge<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>, as well as the acquisition of scientific knowledge about a disease and/or treatment<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The theoretical and methodological analysis showed that the adoption of the reference system on the experiences of nursing has prevalence in the adult population, in order to understand meanings and perceptions of educational experiences and actions implemented. The evidence level on the subject of health education and the implementation of the benchmark is down. As to the quality, note the existence of weaknesses in the description of the phases of the method adopted, which limited the referential methodological analysis using just a few concepts of Freire. That demonstrated the need to invest in the methodological rigor nursing of reference used. The review also demonstrated that pragmatism and activism have distorted the methodological referential bases on educational practice of nursing.</p>
      <p>According to Second Favero<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>)</sup>, there is a limitation in the discussion of the concept of individual to be unfinished, what makes a pragmatic educational proposal of reduction by Freire, because it requires a commitment of the professor as a individual that is part of a reality and not just as a spectator. In this posture, the nurse, as individual of a social educational practice in health, also have to take ownership of this methodological rigor that goes beyond preparing theoretically looking for information and updates on a specific theme. He need to modify your posture in order to commit to meet and enhance the experiences of health of individual within the educational Practice<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The methodological rigor that proposes the critical education and problem of Paulo Freire is one that requires a professional development about the realities and social perspectives of political and economic subjects. To achieve this goal, it is essential to develop and involved, since the first stage of research, the individuals participating in the process. This requires commitment, willingness and openness to do a cultural immersion and requires time to learn about the daily lives and relationships of the individual, because it is from the cultural immersion that goes gradually phases of the method. This way, it is understood that the method should be continuous and persistent, aiming at transforming actions of the individuals involved. With this, it is considered that the findings showed limitations in publications analyzed.</p>
      <p>Another challenge in the appropriation of the Freire&#8217;s methodological referential is the distance between conditions for the discovery of the themes under Paulo Freire&#8217;s design generators since &#8220;the thematic universe cannot be prefixed, prescribed by scripts or by researchers as exclusive research individuals&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>. According to Barrow<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>)</sup>, binds the change to a practice that is built collectively within the crop circles. Thus, it is recommended to overcome the educational processes in which the nursing professionals bring ready content and put the issues without involving the individual, patient or user in your construction. According to this author, the model breaks with the principle of hope, because the man can and should change the world with your intelligence and your action.</p>
      <p>The adoption of the concept of dialogue and awareness if reaffirmed as the Foundation of the educational practice of nursing based on Freire&#8217;s reference, because the man is done in silence, but in words. Shows a concern to reflect since the Academy about the dialogue as the educational practice of nursing in order to turn the challenge of vertical relations, of power and imposition in a more humanistic practice and as one of the main contributions theory for nursing<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The dialogue is a central element in Freire&#8217;s attitude, since the hermeneutic perspective that protects the ability of individuals in the pursuit of argumentative knowledge and your view of reality. In this sense, the democratization of communication because, in dialogue, acknowledged the heterogeneity of reality and the learning collaborative, inclusive and that it gives all the conditions to express themselves. Furthermore, the dialogue represents the opening to interculturality and pluralism of knowledge and visions, reducing the distance between the individual<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Critical reflective dialogue releases and, with that, the man learns to say your Word. It is understood that the dialogue is a transversal concept at all stages in the method Paulo Freire and should become a social practice as one of the fundamental conditions for this to occur with the commitment and the respectful curiosity of the professor to meet and experience the culture, knowledge and reality of the people. Thus, the dialogue holds Freire&#8217;s theory from research methodology, the recognition of words and generating themes that allow you to unveil the needs of the community and the students. In addition, the dialogue, from the perspective of critical theory and social, is part of the nature of human beings as social process of collective reflection defendant in educational practice.</p>
      <p>In general, there is a gap between theoretical appropriation of the concepts of dialogue, culture circle, awareness and its application in nursing educational practice. One should pay attention to these concepts underlie a pedagogy in which the condition <italic>sine qua non</italic> is the participation of the students and the coherence of the Nursing Professional, guiding your educational practice by the desires and expectations of the individual, of families and communities in a democratic process and humanized.</p>
      <p>Another condition for the critical dialogue as social practice is the collective dimension, that is, &#8220;it is impossible to pronounce the world alone in the same way that become subject when section of the other&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref><sup>)</sup>. However, the studies used individual approach methods, such as semi-structured individual interviews, and surveys to developing the dialogue between the health professional and the individual participants of educational practices. It is, thus, the need to discuss the theoretical and methodological coherence in the appropriation of the benchmark of Paulo Freire. It is understood that the reduction in research phase to a single moment can limit the discovery of vocabulary and thematic universe diverging from the methodological proposal of Paulo Freire.</p>
      <p>In articles analyzed, the transformation of reality was revealed from the point of view of perceived changes in the subject or in the internal relations of the educational process. These changes are positive; however, insufficient to say that reached the assumption of critical pedagogy of Paulo Freire, which is the promotion of awareness and the release to manufacturing. In this way, there is a simplification of the expected results from the Freire&#8217;s benchmark.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations of the study</title>
        <p>The limitations of the study refer to the definition of the time for the review and the evidence level of the texts found. Regarding the first item, it is believed that this has not interfered in the composition of the sample, since the publications have been dated from 1997. As regards the second item, there was a concentration of the texts found in the evidence levels IV and V, which indicates that the Freire&#8217;s theoretical-methodological referential has been adopted in the literature of a qualitative approach and reports of experience, with little production of hard evidence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to the sectors of nursing, health or public policy</title>
        <p>We point out that the findings highlighted in this review bring contributions to the field of nursing, health or public policy arising in the context of care and health promotion with a practice that lies in the deconstruction of hierarchical relationships in the field of scientific knowledge about the knowledge of the user or patient. Nursing can and should build an educational process that positions, health patient, user, families and communities as social individuals that have knowledge and experience that should be valued<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref><sup>)</sup> and, with that, there is what is essential to adapt the scientific knowledge to the cultural, geographical and historical contexts of individuals.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
      <p>Nursing has appropriate partially from Freire&#8217;s reference in various contexts and perspectives from the field of hospital health promotion and academic. This reflects the magnitude of the concepts and your flexibility in the construction of a settlement process over time and your creative possibilities in the pragmatic context of nursing.</p>
      <p>The findings indicate the adoption of some elements of the Paulo Freire&#8217;s method with higher expression of the concepts of dialogue/Exchange, awareness/critical conscience. In relation to the phases of the methodology, there was predominance in adoption of elements, like the crop circles, the posture of horizontality and respect at the time of the exchange of experiences and knowledge. However, there were differences between the techniques and methods implemented in studies and methodological proposal of Paulo Freire.</p>
      <p>It is concluded that there is a partial appropriation of the Paulo Freire referential with weaknesses and limits on theoretical and methodological application of concepts and stages proposed by author in nursing studies. So, even if you can highlight the conceptual and practical approach, the simplification of the liberating Paulo Freire&#8217;s critical pedagogy in nursing scientific production.</p>
      <p>However, it is the intent and the objectives of a transformative practice of reality which requires, to your full and critical appropriation, a deepening understanding of the concepts and the preservation of the principles and key elements for the implementation of the method in its full as a collective construction in educational practice in nursing.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <source>Estud Filos</source>
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          <date-in-citation content-type="access-date">2017 Sep 30</date-in-citation>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REVIS&#195;O</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pedagogia cr&#237;tica libertadora de Paulo Freire na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica da Enfermagem 1990-2017</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garzon</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana Marcela Monroy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>K&#234;nia Lara da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marques</surname>
            <given-names>Rita de C&#225;ssia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Belo Horizonte-MG, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>AUTOR CORRESPONDENTE: K&#234;nia Lara da Silva</bold> E-mail: <email>kenialara17@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <fpage>1854</fpage>
      <lpage>1861</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar a aplica&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica e metodol&#243;gica da pedagogia cr&#237;tica libertadora de Paulo Freire na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica da Enfermagem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Realizou-se uma revis&#227;o integrativa com consulta &#224;s bases de dados: LILACS, BDENF, MEDLINE, PUDMED e CINHAL. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos nos idiomas espanhol, ingl&#234;s e portugu&#234;s, publicados desde 1990 at&#233; 2017.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Foram analisados 38 artigos, dos quais apreendeu-se que os principais conceitos adotados do referencial foram: di&#225;logo/dialogicidade, conscientiza&#231;&#227;o/consci&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica e problematiza&#231;&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo, notou-se a predomin&#226;ncia da ado&#231;&#227;o de elementos como: c&#237;rculos de cultura, fase de tematiza&#231;&#227;o e rela&#231;&#227;o de horizontalidade do enfermeiro com os sujeitos participantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>A Enfermagem tem se apropriado parcialmente do referencial freireano. Contudo, revela-se a intencionalidade de uma pr&#225;tica transformadora que exige aprofundamento para a implementa&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo na sua integralidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Modelos Educacionais</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensino</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelos de Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Paulo Freire</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>A pedagogia cr&#237;tica libertadora de Paulo Freire tem sido um norteador das pr&#225;ticas educativas em sa&#250;de. Sua import&#226;ncia nesta &#225;rea, baseia-se nos marcos te&#243;ricos e metodol&#243;gicos que promulgam uma vis&#227;o e uma constru&#231;&#227;o compartilhada com todos os atores envolvidos para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de pr&#225;ticas culturalmente sens&#237;veis e adequadas <italic>&#224;</italic> singularidade em diversos contextos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Esta proposta pedag&#243;gica indica uma mudan&#231;a no paradigma tradicional de educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de em rela&#231;<italic>&#227;o &#224;</italic> transfer&#234;ncia de conte&#250;dos e de informa&#231;&#245;es para um n&#237;vel mais cr&#237;tico e criativo. Assim, considerando a educa&#231;&#227;o como eixo norteador da pr&#225;tica de Enfermagem, a pedagogia cr&#237;tica viabiliza o cuidado em sa&#250;de na unifica&#231;&#227;o de elementos como: cultura, valoriza&#231;&#227;o dos saberes e reconhecimento do ser humano como uma capacidade inacabada de se reinventar, na busca de fazer sua pr&#243;pria hist&#243;ria<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. Nesse processo de constru&#231;&#227;o, o profissional de Enfermagem deve adotar uma postura de respeito e compromisso com o outro, gerando uma rela&#231;&#227;o horizontal que se manifesta na reciprocidade de saberes e de conhecimento.</p>
        <p>Reconhecemos que h&#225; v&#225;rios estudos que anunciam a implementa&#231;&#227;o de conceitos te&#243;ricos e metodol&#243;gicos da pedagogia cr&#237;tica de Paulo Freire na pr<italic>&#225;</italic>tica educativa de Enfermagem. Buscando aprofundar conhecimentos e saberes sobre este referencial, que demarca te&#243;rica e metodologicamente o projeto de pesquisa denominado &#8220;<italic>Educa&#231;&#227;o para a sexualidade dos adolescentes no contexto rural</italic>&#8221;, realizou-se esta revis<italic>&#227;o integrativa</italic>.</p>
        <p>Pressup&#245;e-se que a apropria&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica e metodol&#243;gica do referencial freireano acontece em diferentes estudos da Enfermagem, que ocorrem em contextos e situa&#231;&#245;es diversas e revelam a&#231;&#245;es que promovem autonomia das pessoas no que se refere &#224; tomada de decis&#245;es, com participa&#231;&#227;o que se baseia no di&#225;logo cr&#237;tico e reflexivo, com o intuito de gerar mudan&#231;as na realidade dos indiv&#237;duos e das suas comunidades.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Analisar a aplica&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica e metodol&#243;gica da pedagogia cr&#237;tica libertadora de Paulo Freire na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica da Enfermagem.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODO</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma revis&#227;o integrativa que, de acordo com Botelho, Cunha e Macedo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>, incorpora diversos conceitos, opini&#245;es e m&#233;todos de pesquisa que viabilizam uma s&#237;ntese de informa&#231;&#227;o e conhecimento. Sua abordagem ampliada conduz a uma profundidade acerca do conhecimento dispon&#237;vel sobre o tema, o conceito ou a teoria selecionados.</p>
        <p>As revis&#245;es integrativas s&#227;o realizadas em 6 etapas: elabora&#231;&#227;o da quest&#227;o norteadora da pesquisa e do objetivo, elabora&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios para inclus&#227;o/exclus&#227;o dos estudos, busca e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos nas bases de dados, an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica dos dados, discuss&#227;o e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados construindo uma <italic>s&#237;ntese da revis&#227;o.</italic></p>
        <p>Este estudo foi desenvolvido em dois per&#237;odos de tempo: o primeiro de julho a dezembro de 2016, no qual foram coletados os dados principais desta pesquisa; o segundo, em agosto do ano 2017, no qual foi realizada a atualiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados encontrados.</p>
        <p>A pergunta norteadora desta pesquisa foi: &#8220;Como tem sido o uso do referencial da pedagogia cr&#237;tica libertadora de Paulo Freire na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica da Enfermagem?&#8221;. Para o refinamento da busca, foram definidos os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: estudos e publica&#231;&#245;es que fossem desenvolvidos pela Enfermagem, estudos que envolvessem conceitos ou a implementa&#231;&#227;o do referencial metodol&#243;gico, estudos publicados no per&#237;odo de 1990 at&#233; 2017, estudos em espanhol, ingl&#234;s ou portugu&#234;s, estudos publicados em peri&#243;dicos revisados pelos pares, com disponibilidade e acessibilidade ao documento completo nas bases de dados escolhidas.</p>
        <p>Para a busca dos artigos, foram selecionados o portal de peri&#243;dicos BVS e o portal CAPES e foram inclu&#237;das as bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, PUBMED, CINHAL e BDENF com os seguintes descritores: Models Educational/Modelos Educacionales/Modelos Educacionais, Teaching/Ense&#241;anza/Ensino, Models Nursing/Modelos de Enfermer&#237;a/Modelos de Enfermagem, Education/Educaci&#243;n/Educa&#231;&#227;o. Optou-se, ainda, por incluir &#8220;Paulo Freire&#8221; como termo livre no t&#237;tulo, resumo ou assunto. Como resultado, foram encontrados 148 artigos. Ap&#243;s uma primeira leitura flutuante, foram eliminados 34 artigos pelos resumos e t&#237;tulos por n&#227;o serem relevantes a esta proposta de pesquisa. Logo ap&#243;s a segunda revis&#227;o, mais 50 artigos foram exclu&#237;dos por estarem duplicados. Conclu&#237;da essa etapa, foram selecionados 64 estudos: 44 estudos prim&#225;rios, 9 relatos de experi&#234;ncias e 11 artigos de reflex&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Um segundo filtro foi utilizado para realizar a leitura cr&#237;tica dos estudos prim&#225;rios. Com esta finalidade, foi selecionado o instrumento de leitura cr&#237;tica (CASPe) que &#233; recomendado para estudos qualitativos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. O instrumento &#233; composto por um conjunto de perguntas que apresentam tr&#234;s possiblidades de resposta: sim, n&#227;o sei e n&#227;o. Com o intuito de obter um par&#226;metro de avalia&#231;&#227;o quantitativo, atribuem-se valores para as respostas, a saber: 2 pontos para sim, 1 ponto para n&#227;o sei ou parcialmente e zero para <italic>n&#227;o</italic>. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do instrumento, foram eliminados 31 estudos prim&#225;rios, pois n&#227;o respondiam positivamente &#224;s perguntas de elimina&#231;&#227;o do instrumento ou n&#227;o atingiram pontua&#231;&#227;o maior que 15 pontos. Por&#233;m, na atualiza&#231;&#227;o realizada no m&#234;s de agosto de 2017, foram adicionados 5 artigos que atendiam os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e respondiam &#224; pergunta da revis&#227;o, resultando em 38 artigos na amostra final.</p>
        <p>Os textos inclu&#237;dos na amostra final foram analisados de acordo com seu n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia (NE)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup> e classificados em: n<italic>&#237;vel I -</italic> resultado de metan&#225;lise, de estudos cl&#237;nicos controlados e com randomiza&#231;&#227;o; n&#237;vel II - evid&#234;ncia obtida em estudo de desenho experimental; n&#237;vel III - evid&#234;ncia obtida de pesquisas quase-experimentais; n&#237;vel IV - evid&#234;ncias obtidas de estudos descritivos ou com abordagem metodol&#243;gica qualitativa; n&#237;vel V - evid&#234;ncias obtidas de relat&#243;rios de casos ou relatos de experi&#234;ncias; n&#237;vel VI - evid&#234;ncias baseadas em opini&#245;es de especialistas ou com base em normas ou legisla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Processo de sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-71-suppl4-1751-0699-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Foram analisados 38 artigos, segundo o objetivo proposto nesta revis&#227;o. A distribui&#231;&#227;o entre as bases de dados dos artigos encontrados foi: CINHAL (50%), LILACS (42,1%), BDENF (5,8%), MEDLINE (2,6%). Os artigos foram publicados no per&#237;odo de 1997 a 2017, com uma maior predomin&#226;ncia nos anos de 2009 (7,6%), 2012 (17,9%), 2013 (12,8%), 2017 (7,6%).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia, 16 estudos qualitativos (41%) estavam no estrato de evid&#234;ncia IV. No n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia V encontravam-se 11 relatos de experi&#234;ncias, 11 artigos de reflex&#227;o e 1 artigo de revis&#227;o, representando 56,4% da amostra neste estrato. As publica&#231;&#245;es revelaram objetivos e experi&#234;ncias diversos, com um predom&#237;nio relacionado ao desenvolvimento de programas e de a&#231;&#245;es educativas, como tamb&#233;m de ferramentas educativas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos artigos indicou que o referencial freiriano foi utilizado em cinco &#225;reas: Ensino<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>, Promo&#231;&#227;o da Sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>, Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim<italic>&#225;</italic>ria<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>, Assistencial/Hospitalar<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>, Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as e Agravos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. Os cen&#225;rios escolhidos para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#245;es com o uso deste referencial foram: a Estrat&#233;gia de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>, os cursos de gradua&#231;&#227;o e p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o de Enfermagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>, o contexto escolar<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>, os contextos comunit&#225;rios<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>)</sup>, as unidades ambulatoriais , as unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o e cir&#250;rgicas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>, e os contextos virtuais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>. Quanto aos temas abordados, houve predom&#237;nio daqueles relacionados &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o humanista, <italic>&#224;</italic> lideran&#231;a, ao projeto educativo, ao curr&#237;culo e <italic>&#224;</italic> transdisciplinaridade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup>. Foram identificados tamb&#233;m temas que abordavam: sa&#250;de sexual e sexualidade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref><sup>)</sup>, sa&#250;de da mulher tal como o c&#226;ncer de mama, c&#226;ncer do colo e linfedema mam&#225;rio<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. Identificamos, tamb&#233;m, estudos relacionados &#224;s doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas como: diabetes e doen&#231;as renais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>, sa&#250;de da crian&#231;a como amamenta&#231;&#227;o e cuidados ao rec&#233;m-nascido<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>
					<italic>e sa&#250;de do idoso no &#226;mbito hospitalar</italic><sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos artigos selecionados foi orientada pelas dimens&#245;es: apropria&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica e apropria&#231;&#227;o como referencial metodol&#243;gico.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>A apropria&#231;&#227;o como referencial te&#243;rico</title>
          <p>Os conceitos mais inseridos no desenvolvimento das publica&#231;&#245;es na &#225;rea da Enfermagem com o referencial freiriano foram: di&#225;logo/dialogicidade, conscientiza&#231;&#227;o/consci&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica, educa&#231;&#227;o problematizadora/problematiza&#231;&#227;o, humaniza&#231;&#227;o e autonomia. Por&#233;m, outros conceitos como pr&#225;tica social, humaniza&#231;&#227;o, liberdade/liberta&#231;&#227;o e emancipa&#231;&#227;o estiveram presentes, conforme demonstrado no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Conceitos do M&#233;todo Paulo Freire adotados nos estudos analisados, 1990-2017</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="all">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">Principais conceitos abordados nas publica&#231;&#245;es</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">di&#225;logo/dialogicidade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">conscientiza&#231;&#227;o/consci&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">problematiza&#231;&#227;o/educa&#231;&#227;o problematizadora<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">autonomia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">liberdade/liberta&#231;&#227;o/educa&#231;&#227;o libertadora<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">c&#237;rculos de cultura<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">empoderamento<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">emancipa&#231;&#227;o/princ&#237;pios emancipat&#243;rios<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">educa&#231;&#227;o banc&#225;ria<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">humaniza&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">do-disc&#234;ncia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">compromisso<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">opress&#227;o/oprimido<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>O di&#225;logo foi considerado um dos conceitos centrais da pedagogia cr&#237;tica libertadora freiriana e tem sido adotado nas publica&#231;&#245;es a partir de uma perspectiva de compartilhamento de saberes, como tamb&#233;m na partilha de conhecimento e na troca de experi&#234;ncias entre os participantes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>)</sup>. Entretanto, o conceito de di&#225;logo vai al&#233;m da troca de experi&#234;ncias e saberes e n&#227;o se d<italic>&#225; em um s&#243; momento do percurso</italic> freiriano. Para Freire<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>, o verdadeiro di&#225;logo &#233; transversal e envolve caracter&#237;sticas fundamentais como humildade, f&#233;, esperan&#231;a e respeito em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s diferen&#231;as que est&#227;o presentes em todo o processo de investiga&#231;&#227;o, tematiza&#231;&#227;o e desvelamento cr&#237;tico para que a palavra se transforme em uma pr&#225;tica social humanizada e libertadora.</p>
          <p>A conscientiza&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m faz parte da estrutura da pr&#225;tica educativa freiriana e &#233; assumida na dire&#231;&#227;o de uma educa&#231;&#227;o problematizadora. Nas publica&#231;&#245;es selecionadas, o conceito foi interpretado como o ato de refletir, em profundidade, a realidade e os problemas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>. A apropria&#231;&#227;o deste conceito ocorre por meio da discuss&#227;o e diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre consci&#234;ncia ing&#234;nua, transitiva e cr&#237;tica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>)</sup>. &#201; importante reconhecer que a conscientiza&#231;&#227;o vai al&#233;m da tomada de consci&#234;ncia, pois envolve o compromisso do sujeito com a realidade, sua hist&#243;ria e a possibilidade de transform&#225;-la<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O termo problematiza&#231;&#227;o foi adotado como uma a&#231;&#227;o transformadora da realidade num constante movimento de desvelamento cr&#237;tico da experi&#234;ncia, situa&#231;&#227;o e problemas vivenciados<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>)</sup>. Ela foi adotada com um sentido, no campo pedag&#243;gico, de superar o intelectualismo alienante<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>. Por&#233;m, poucos trabalhos associaram o conceito de problematiza&#231;&#227;o &#224; proposta metodol&#243;gica, revelando uma lacuna na implementa&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rico-metodol&#243;gica do referencial. A associa&#231;&#227;o deveria ser evidente no desenvolvimento da terceira fase do m&#233;todo quando aplicado aos estudos desenvolvidos pela Enfermagem.</p>
          <p>Liberdade/Liberta&#231;&#227;o foi interpretado nas publica&#231;&#245;es como uma conquista e como um resultado ou fim de uma pedagogia cr&#237;tica reflexiva em situa&#231;&#245;es e rela&#231;&#245;es de poder que foram permeadas por restri&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a pr&#225;tica de Enfermagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a palavra liberdade foi intimamente associada &#224; pedagogia libertadora que envolve a supera&#231;&#227;o de rela&#231;&#245;es hier&#225;rquicas entre o educador e o educando. Sob esta interpreta&#231;&#227;o, o conceito foi mais utilizado na &#225;rea de ensino de Enfermagem e discutia a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o professor e o estudante no desenvolvimento das disciplinas, projetos pedag&#243;gicos e experi&#234;ncias de forma&#231;&#227;o de profissionais de Enfermagem cr&#237;ticos, reflexivos e humanos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Revela-se, ainda, uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o limitada entre o conceito de liberdade/liberta&#231;&#227;o pois, para Paulo Freire, a vis&#227;o de liberdade nesta pedagogia tem uma posi&#231;&#227;o de relevo, na qual ela &#233; a matriz que atribui sentido a uma pr&#225;tica educativa que s&#243; alcan&#231;a efetividade e efic&#225;cia na medida em que h&#225; participa&#231;&#227;o livre e cr&#237;tica dos educandos. &#8220;A liberdade &#233; uma conquista, e n&#227;o uma doa&#231;&#227;o, exige uma permanente busca. Busca permanente que s&#243; existe no ato respons&#225;vel de quem a faz&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O c&#237;rculo de cultura apresentou uma conota&#231;&#227;o de espa&#231;o coletivo em que foram tecidos v&#237;nculos entre os participantes, com o intuito de discutir sua realidade e trocar experi&#234;ncias<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. Nessa perspectiva, Freire recomenda que, no processo de constru&#231;&#227;o dos c&#237;rculos, &#233; fundamental compreender o conceito de cultura como &#8220;o conjunto de significa&#231;&#245;es e representa&#231;&#245;es de um modo de viver confrontado com outros modos de viver&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Os autores dos artigos analisados associaram o termo humaniza&#231;&#227;o com a pol&#237;tica de aten&#231;&#227;o humanizada em sa&#250;de. Nas publica&#231;&#245;es analisadas, ela foi interpretada como valoriza&#231;&#227;o da cultura, respeito e express&#227;o da solidariedade dos sujeitos. Foi tamb&#233;m adotada como resultado da pr&#225;xis educativa dial&#243;gica cr&#237;tica e reflexiva<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>. Mas, na perspectiva freiriana, a humaniza&#231;&#227;o remete a natureza humana como um sujeito inacabado. Nesse sentido, entende-se a humaniza&#231;&#227;o como um processo aberto, amplo, flex&#237;vel e esperan&#231;oso com a certeza que sempre pode ser mais.</p>
          <p>Evidenciou-se que o uso do referencial te&#243;rico de Paulo Freire foi vinculado a outros referenciais te&#243;ricos da Enfermagem, como a Teoria do autocuidado/sistema de apoio-educa&#231;&#227;o de Dorothea Orem e a Teoria do cuidado transcultural de Madeleine Leininger<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O conceito de cuidado de Leininger visa entender valores, cren&#231;as e h&#225;bitos dos indiv&#237;duos com quem o profissional interage, a fim de preservar, acomodar e/ou repadronizar o cuidado. Nesse sentido, essa teoria convergiu parcialmente com o conceito de di&#225;logo, no compromisso do profissional e do educador de conhecerem, escutarem e valorizarem a cultura do sujeito.</p>
          <p>O conceito de autocuidado de Dorothea Orem, segundo as publica&#231;&#245;es, destacou-se como uma pr<italic>&#225;tica da pessoa para si mesma e</italic> desenvolvida por ela. A ess&#234;ncia do autocuidado se relacionou ao autocontrole, <italic>&#224;</italic> liberdade, <italic>&#224;</italic> responsabilidade do indiv&#237;duo e &#224; busca pela melhoria de sua qualidade de vida. Assim, diverge da ideia coletiva, participativa e dial&#243;gica dos princ&#237;pios freirianos que descreve que o homem n&#227;o se liberta nem aprende sozinho, mas sempre em conjunto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>A apropria&#231;&#227;o como referencial metodol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>O uso do m&#233;todo freiriano como referencial metodol&#243;gico foi identificado em 20 publica&#231;&#245;es que apontaram a implementa&#231;&#227;o das fases ou dos elementos do m&#233;todo, conforme &#233; demostrado no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Quadro 2</xref>. Desses estudos, apenas 8 publica&#231;&#245;es adotaram de maneira completa o itiner&#225;rio freiriano (investiga&#231;&#227;o, tematiza&#231;&#227;o e problematiza&#231;&#227;o), por&#233;m com algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es nas nomea&#231;&#245;es. O restante dessas publica&#231;&#245;es adotou algum elemento ou fase do m&#233;todo com uma predomin&#226;ncia dos c&#237;rculos de cultura, do papel de facilitador e empatia do educador<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>, das palavras-chave e dos temas geradores<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref><sup>)</sup>, al&#233;m da cita&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o horizontal e dial&#243;gica/di&#225;logo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Quadro 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fases da metodologia Freiriana adotadas nos estudos analisados</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="all">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="100%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Implementa&#231;&#227;o do percurso Freiriano</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fase de investiga&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fase de tematiza&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Fase de problematiza&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Todas as fases do m&#233;todo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Algum elemento do m&#233;todo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref><sup>,</sup>39<sup>)</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Quanto &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o da fase de investiga&#231;&#227;o, os estudos descreveram a respeito do compromisso do educando em conhecer o pensamento, a linguagem e os n&#237;veis de percep&#231;&#227;o da realidade dos sujeitos, isto &#233;, conhecer como foram as rela&#231;&#245;es dos sujeitos com o mundo e como eles agiam em sua realidade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>. Entretanto, sabe-se que, no desenvolvimento desta fase, <italic>h&#225; uma necessidade de tempo dispon&#237;vel a fim de fazer uma imers&#227;o no cotidiano e na cultura dos sujeitos e de suas comunidades.</italic></p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise dos artigos, revelaram-se poucos estudos que implementavam a fase de investiga&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o referencial, descrevendo o tempo investido. Foram encontradas publica&#231;&#245;es que desenvolveram essa fase em apenas um momento, por meio de c&#237;rculos de discuss&#227;o, entrevistas individuais e question&#225;rios<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>, com uso de diversas t&#233;cnicas como, por exemplo, a observa&#231;&#227;o participante e as rodas de conversa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Na metodologia de Paulo Freire, a investiga&#231;&#227;o implica em m&#233;todos fundamentados na dialogicidade que deve estar presente desde o in&#237;cio, na constru&#231;&#227;o de uma rela&#231;&#227;o de empatia e solidariedade entre o educando e o educador<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>A fase de tematiza&#231;&#227;o &#233; precedida pela fase de investiga&#231;&#227;o, caracterizada pela concretiza&#231;&#227;o dos significados da realidade, das situa&#231;&#245;es e do universo vocabular. Assim, &#8220;o tema gerador &#233; substantivado pelas palavras geradoras, pois ele emerge da reflexividade pessoal e coletiva sobre essas palavras&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Na an&#225;lise dos artigos foi encontrado um pequeno n&#250;mero de publica&#231;&#245;es que envolvia os sujeitos participantes na an&#225;lise e discuss&#227;o dos temas geradores<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>)</sup>. Nessa fase, ficou predominante o uso da entrevista semiestruturada e das rodas de conversa na coleta dos dados. Contudo, a an&#225;lise tem&#225;tica foi desenvolvida pelos pesquisadores sem o envolvimento dos participantes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref><sup>)</sup>. Em outro estudo, o levantamento dos temas geradores ocorreu pela observa&#231;&#227;o participante, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve um di&#225;logo com os participantes sobre o universo vocabular identificado para definir esses temas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Na fase da problematiza&#231;&#227;o ocorre o desvelamento cr&#237;tico, processo pelo qual os sujeitos superam a vis&#227;o m&#225;gica e desenvolvem uma vis&#227;o cr&#237;tica da sua realidade. Na perspectiva freiriana, este &#233; o momento que compreende o desenvolvimento da consci&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica sobre os temas geradores<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>Os artigos apenas descrevem como foram desenvolvidos os grupos de discuss&#227;o ou c&#237;rculos de cultura e como utilizaram as t&#233;cnicas complementares para o aquecimento e a motiva&#231;&#227;o dos participantes sem demonstrar se houve transforma&#231;&#245;es na realidade ou como essas ocorreram. Por outro lado, algumas publica&#231;&#245;es relataram as mudan&#231;as percebidas nos participantes e no processo ao longo do desenvolvimento dos c&#237;rculos de cultura, tal como: atitude de valoriza&#231;&#227;o do di&#225;logo, rela&#231;&#245;es horizontais entre o profissional de sa&#250;de e o usu&#225;rio, sensa&#231;&#245;es de seguran&#231;a na troca de experi&#234;ncias e saberes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>, bem como a aquisi&#231;&#245;es de conhecimento cient&#237;fico sobre uma doen&#231;a e/ou tratamento<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise te&#243;rica e metodol&#243;gica evidenciou que a ado&#231;&#227;o do referencial nas experi&#234;ncias de Enfermagem tem predom&#237;nio na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta, no intuito de compreender significados e percep&#231;&#245;es das a&#231;&#245;es e experi&#234;ncias educativas implementadas. O n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia na tem&#225;tica da educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e a implementa&#231;&#227;o do referencial <italic>&#233; baixo</italic>. Quanto &#224; qualidade, nota-se a exist&#234;ncia de fragilidades na descri&#231;&#227;o das fases do m&#233;todo adotadas, o que limitou a an&#225;lise do referencial metodol&#243;gico usando apenas alguns conceitos freirianos. Isso demonstrou a necessidade de a Enfermagem investir no rigor metodol&#243;gico do referencial utilizado. A revis&#227;o demostrou tamb&#233;m que o pragmatismo e o ativismo t&#234;m distorcido as bases como referencial metodol&#243;gico na pr&#225;tica educativa de Enfermagem.</p>
        <p>Segundo Favero<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref><sup>)</sup>, h&#225; uma limita&#231;&#227;o na discuss&#227;o do conceito de sujeito como um ser inacabado, o que faz uma redu&#231;&#227;o pragm&#225;tica da proposta educativa freiriana, pois ela exige um compromisso do educador como sujeito que faz parte de uma realidade e n&#227;o apenas como um expectador. Nessa postura, o enfermeiro, como sujeito de uma pr&#225;tica educativa social em sa&#250;de, tamb&#233;m tem que se apropriar deste rigor metodol&#243;gico que vai al&#233;m de preparar-se teoricamente procurando informa&#231;&#245;es e atualiza&#231;&#245;es sobre um tema espec&#237;fico. Ele precisa modificar sua postura, a fim de se comprometer para conhecer e valorizar as experi&#234;ncias de sa&#250;de dos sujeitos dentro da pr&#225;xis educativa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O rigor metodol&#243;gico que prop&#245;e a educa<italic>&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica e</italic> problematizadora freiriana &#233; aquele que exige um desenvolvimento do profissional sobre as realidades e perspectivas sociais, pol&#237;ticas e econ&#244;micas dos sujeitos. Para se alcan&#231;ar esse objetivo, &#233; indispens&#225;vel desenvolver e envolver, desde a primeira etapa de investiga&#231;&#227;o, os sujeitos participantes no processo. Isso exige compromisso, disponibilidade e abertura para fazer uma imers&#227;o cultural e requer tempo para conhecer a cotidianidade e as rela&#231;&#245;es do sujeito, porque &#233; a partir da imers&#227;o cultural que caminham gradativamente as fases do m&#233;todo. Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, entende-se que o m&#233;todo deve ser cont&#237;nuo e persistente, visando a&#231;&#245;es transformadoras dos sujeitos envolvidos. Com isso, considera-se que os achados mostraram limita&#231;&#245;es nas publica&#231;&#245;es analisadas.</p>
        <p>Outro desafio na apropria&#231;&#227;o do referencial metodol&#243;gico freiriano &#233; o distanciamento entre condi&#231;&#245;es para a descoberta dos temas geradores sob a concep&#231;&#227;o freiriana uma vez que, &#8220;o universo tem&#225;tico n&#227;o pode ser pr&#233;-fixado, prescrito por roteiros ou pelos investigadores como sujeitos exclusivos da investiga&#231;&#227;o&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref><sup>)</sup>. De acordo com Brand&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref><sup>)</sup>, vincula-se a mudan&#231;a a uma pr&#225;xis que seja constru&#237;da coletivamente dentro dos c&#237;rculos de cultura. Assim, recomenda-se superar os processos educativos nos quais os profissionais de Enfermagem trazem conte&#250;dos prontos e colocam as tem&#225;ticas sem envolver o sujeito, paciente ou usu&#225;rio na sua constru&#231;&#227;o. Segundo esse autor, o modelo rompe com o princ&#237;pio da esperan&#231;a, pois o homem pode e deve mudar o mundo com sua intelig&#234;ncia e com sua a&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A ado&#231;&#227;o do conceito de di&#225;logo e da conscientiza&#231;&#227;o se reafirmaram como os alicerces da pr&#225;tica educativa de Enfermagem baseada no referencial freiriano, pois o homem n&#227;o se faz no sil&#234;ncio, mas sim nas palavras. Evidencia-se uma inquieta&#231;&#227;o em refletir desde a academia sobre o di&#225;logo como a pr&#225;tica educativa de Enfermagem no intuito de transformar o desafio das rela&#231;&#245;es verticais, de poder e de imposi&#231;&#227;o em uma pr&#225;tica mais humanista e como uma das principais contribui&#231;&#245;es te&#243;ricas para a Enfermagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O di&#225;logo &#233; um elemento central na postura freiriana, desde a perspectiva hermen&#234;utica que defende a capacidade argumentativa dos sujeitos na busca do conhecimento e na sua vis&#227;o da realidade. Nesse sentido, ocorre a democratiza&#231;&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o pois, em di&#225;logo, reconhece-se a heterogeneidade da realidade e o aprendizado colaborativo, inclusivo e que oportuniza a todos as condi&#231;&#245;es de se expressar. Ademais, o di&#225;logo representa a abertura &#224; interculturalidade e ao pluralismo de saberes e vis&#245;es, reduzindo a dist&#226;ncia entre os sujeitos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O di&#225;logo cr&#237;tico reflexivo liberta e, com isso, o homem aprende a dizer sua palavra. Entende-se que o di&#225;logo &#233; um conceito transversal em todas as fases no m&#233;todo de Paulo Freire e deve transformar-se em uma pr&#225;tica social. Uma das condi&#231;&#245;es fundamentais para que isso ocorra associa-se ao compromisso e <italic>&#224;</italic> curiosidade respeitosa do educador em conhecer e vivenciar a cultura, os saberes e a realidade das pessoas. Assim, o di&#225;logo sustenta teoricamente a metodologia freiriana desde a investiga&#231;&#227;o, o reconhecimento das palavras e os temas geradores que permitem desvelar as necessidades da comunidade e dos educandos. Al&#233;m disso, o di&#225;logo, na perspectiva da teoria cr&#237;tica e social, faz parte da natureza do ser humano como ser social demandado de processos de reflex&#227;o coletivos na pr&#225;tica educativa.</p>
        <p>De modo geral, evidencia-se uma lacuna entre apropria&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica dos conceitos de di&#225;logo, c&#237;rculo de cultura, conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e sua aplica&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;xis educativa da Enfermagem. Deve-se atentar que esses conceitos fundamentam uma pedagogia na qual a condi&#231;&#227;o <italic>sine qua non</italic> &#233; a participa&#231;&#227;o do educando e a coer&#234;ncia do profissional de Enfermagem, orientando sua pr<italic>&#225;</italic>tica educativa pelos desejos e expectativas dos sujeitos, das fam&#237;lias e das comunidades num processo democr&#225;tico e humanizado.</p>
        <p>Uma outra condi&#231;&#227;o para o di&#225;logo cr&#237;tico como pr&#225;tica social &#233; a dimens&#227;o coletiva, ou seja, &#8220;&#233; imposs&#237;vel pronunciar o mundo sozinho da mesma forma que tornar-se sujeito quando &#233; apartado dos outros&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref><sup>)</sup>. Contudo, os estudos utilizaram m&#233;todos de abordagem individual, como entrevistas individuais, semiestruturadas e question&#225;rios para desenvolvimento do di&#225;logo entre o profissional de sa&#250;de e os sujeitos participantes das pr&#225;ticas educativas. Revela-se, assim, a necessidade de discutir a coer&#234;ncia te&#243;rico-metodol&#243;gica na apropria&#231;&#227;o do referencial de Paulo Freire. Entende-se, ainda, que a redu&#231;&#227;o da fase de investiga&#231;&#227;o a um &#250;nico momento pode limitar a descoberta do universo vocabular e tem&#225;tico divergindo da proposta metodol&#243;gica freiriana.</p>
        <p>Nos artigos analisados, a transforma&#231;&#227;o da realidade foi revelada do ponto de vista das mudan&#231;as percebidas nos sujeitos participantes ou nas rela&#231;&#245;es internas do processo educativo. Essas mudan&#231;as s&#227;o positivas, contudo, insuficientes para afirmar que se atingiu o pressuposto da pedagogia cr&#237;tica de Paulo Freire, qual seja o fomento &#224; conscientiza&#231;&#227;o e <italic>&#224;</italic> liberta&#231;&#227;o transformadoras. Desta forma, h&#225; uma simplifica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados esperados a partir do referencial freiriano.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo referem-se &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o do recorte temporal para a revis&#227;o e ao n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia dos textos encontrados. Quanto ao primeiro item, julga-se que esse n&#227;o tenha interferido na composi&#231;&#227;o da amostra, uma vez que as publica&#231;&#245;es foram datadas a partir de 1997. No que se refere ao segundo item, houve concentra&#231;&#227;o dos textos encontrados nos n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia IV e V, o que indica que o referencial te&#243;rico-metodol&#243;gico freireano tem sido adotado na literatura de abordagem qualitativa e nos relatos de experi&#234;ncia, com pouca produ&#231;&#227;o de forte evid&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da Enfermagem, sa&#250;de ou pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica</title>
          <p>Aponta-se que os achados destacados nesta revis&#227;o trazem contribui&#231;&#245;es para a <italic>&#225;rea da</italic> Enfermagem, sa&#250;de ou pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica advindas no contexto do cuidado e da promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de com uma pr<italic>&#225;</italic>tica que se apoia na desconstru&#231;&#227;o de rela&#231;&#245;es hier&#225;rquicas no dom&#237;nio do conhecimento cient<italic>&#237;</italic>fico sobre o saber do usu&#225;rio ou paciente. A Enfermagem pode e deve construir um processo educativo em sa&#250;de que posiciona paciente, usu&#225;rio, fam&#237;lias e comunidades como sujeitos sociais que possuem saberes e experi&#234;ncias que devem ser valorizados<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref><sup>)</sup> e, com isso, <italic>h&#225;</italic> a imprescindibilidade de adequar o conhecimento cient&#237;fico aos contextos culturais, geogr&#225;ficos e hist&#243;ricos dos indiv&#237;duos.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>A Enfermagem tem se apropriado parcialmente do referencial freiriano em diversos contextos e perspectivas desde a &#225;rea da promo&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de hospitalar e acad&#234;mica. Isto reflete a magnitude dos conceitos e sua flexibilidade na constru&#231;&#227;o de um processo de apropria&#231;&#227;o ao longo do tempo e sua possibilidade criativa no contexto pragm&#225;tico da Enfermagem.</p>
        <p>Os achados indicam a ado&#231;&#227;o de alguns elementos do m&#233;todo de Paulo Freire com maior express&#227;o dos conceitos de di&#225;logo/dialogicidade, conscientiza&#231;&#227;o/consci&#234;ncia cr&#237;tica. Em rela&#231;&#227;o <italic>&#224;</italic>s fases da metodologia, houve predomin&#226;ncia na ado&#231;&#227;o de elementos, como os c&#237;rculos de cultura, a postura de horizontalidade e o respeito no momento da troca de experi&#234;ncias e saberes. Por&#233;m, houve diverg&#234;ncias entre as t&#233;cnicas e os m&#233;todos implementados nos estudos e a proposta metodol&#243;gica freiriana.</p>
        <p>Conclui-se que h&#225; uma apropria&#231;&#227;o parcial do referencial freiriano com fragilidades e limites na aplica&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica e metodol&#243;gica dos conceitos e fases propostas pelo autor nos estudos da Enfermagem. Assim, ainda que se possa evidenciar a aproxima&#231;&#227;o conceitual e pr&#225;tica, &#233; relevante a simplifica&#231;&#227;o da pedagogia cr&#237;tica libertadora de Paulo Freire na produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica da Enfermagem.</p>
        <p>Contudo, revela-se a intencionalidade e os objetivos de uma pr&#225;tica transformadora da realidade que exige, para sua apropria&#231;&#227;o plena e cr&#237;tica, um aprofundamento na compreens&#227;o dos conceitos e na preserva&#231;&#227;o de princ&#237;pios e elementos essenciais para a implementa&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo na sua integralidade, como uma constru&#231;&#227;o coletiva na pr&#225;xis educativa em Enfermagem.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
