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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">C6nH7PfFYnTrBXvw6R9qhNm</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0034-71672018000502376</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0283</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>RESEARCH</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Bowel rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury: video production</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Rehabilitaci&#243;n intestinal de individuos con lesi&#243;n medular: producci&#243;n de v&#237;deo</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Campoy</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Terenciani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabeh</surname>
            <given-names>Soraia Assad Nasbine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Faleiros Santana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ter&#231;ariol</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;sar Augusto Sangaletti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Ribeir&#227;o Preto College of Nursing</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ribeir&#227;o Preto</city>
          <state>
					</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto College of Nursing. Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil. </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Bar&#227;o de Mau&#225; de Ribeir&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <city>Ribeir&#227;o Preto</city>
          <state>S&#227;o Paulo</state>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Bar&#227;o de Mau&#225; de Ribeir&#227;o. Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Laura Terenciani Campoy</bold>. E-mail: <email>lauratcampoy@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Sep-Oct</season>
        <year>2018</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>71</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>2376</fpage>
      <lpage>2382</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>produce and validate an educational video about bowel emptying maneuvers for training of individuals with neurogenic bowel in bowel rehabilitation process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>this is a methodological study developed in four stages: script/storyboard production, validation, educational video production and pilot study, which was conducted from January 2013 to July 2015. Instruments for validation, which was performed from December 2014 to February 2015 by a group of experts. A value equal to or greater than 70% was considered for validation of agreement and relevance of the script and storyboard, using descriptive statistics for data analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>the script and storyboard were validated by 94% of the experts in the subject and 100% of the technicians. After validation and video recording, the pilot study was conducted with six individuals with neurogenic bowel &#8211; 100% of them evaluated the video positively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>the video may contribute to the education of individuals with neurogenic bowel.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Producir y validar video educativo sobre maniobras de vaciamiento intestinal para capacitar individuos con intestino neurog&#233;nico sobre el proceso de rehabilitaci&#243;n intestinal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Estudio metodol&#243;gico desarrollado en cuatro etapas: guionado/<italic>storyboard</italic>, validaci&#243;n, producci&#243;n del v&#237;deo educativo y prueba piloto. Realizado entre enero 2013 y julio2015. Validaci&#243;n mediante instrumentos, efectuada por comit&#233; de expertos, con experiencia en v&#237;deos de diciembre 2014 a febrero 2015. Valor de concordancia y pertinencia de guionado y <italic>storyboard</italic> considerado en 70% o superior. Datos analizados por estad&#237;stica descriptiva.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Guionado y <italic>storyboard</italic> validados por 94% de expertos en tem&#225;tica y 100% de expertos t&#233;cnicos. Validado y grabado el v&#237;deo, se realiz&#243; prueba piloto con seis individuos con intestino neurog&#233;nico, 100% evalu&#243; positivamente el v&#237;deo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusi&#243;n:</title>
          <p>El v&#237;deo contribuir&#225; a educar a individuos con intestino neurog&#233;nico.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Spinal Cord Injuries</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
        <kwd>Neurogenic Bowel</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing</kwd>
        <kwd>Video-Audio Media</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Traumatismos de la M&#233;dula Espinal</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitaci&#243;n</kwd>
        <kwd>Intestino Neurog&#233;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermer&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Medios Audiovisuales</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013/16334-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was conducted under a master's degree project funded by the S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), process no. 2013/16334-5.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>Diseases and injuries of the central nervous system (CNS), and their consequent sequelae, have become more prevalent in contemporary society due to population aging, increased violence and resulting traumatic injuries; however, improved care during the acute phase of the diseases has increased the survival of individuals affected by spinal cord injuries<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. National and international studies show a higher incidence of spinal cord injuries (SCI) between the second and third decades of life, predominantly in male patients, economically and sexually active, mainly due to car accidents (collision and rollover), followed by falls and violence (gunshot)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The complications resulting from SCI include neurogenic bowel dysfunction, which is defined as a colon disorder due to lack of central nervous control. Individuals with neurogenic bowel may alternate between constipation and fecal incontinence before receiving bowel regulation training. Such occurrence causes physical and psychological problems to these individuals<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>To address bowel problems of individuals with SCI, international guidelines were developed by the Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine (CSCM)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup> and translated into Portuguese<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>, with a focus on the prevention and treatment of complications, in which nurses have a special role in evaluating the signs and symptoms presented by the individuals and proposing a care plan, involving family members and caregivers in care dynamics.</p>
      <p>Individuals with SCI should be inserted into a bowel rehabilitation program to recover the standard bowel functioning, ensure bowel emptying frequency of at least three times a week, and recover the evacuation control, performing bowel emptying maneuvers at regular times to reduce incontinence and prevent complications resulting from fecal impaction. Consequently, bowel rehabilitation will result in improved quality of life and participation in society<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Health professionals working in bowel rehabilitation should focus on health education and preparation of individuals with SCI and their family members, to promote safety and quality of care provided. For the continuity of care, especially at home, it is critical to prepare the individual/family in order to promote self-care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Care should be provided by a multidisciplinary team based on interdisciplinary practice, developing actions focused on individuality, autonomy, and bonding, seeking comprehensive care and improving the quality of life of these individuals<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In nursing, we have invested in the production of virtual educational tools for teaching and care practice, which are known as hypermedia. Such tools are the result of a combination of several media resources (text, picture, animation, video, among others), which are easily posted on the internet, and, currently, they are an important resource in education. In this context, the literature has successful experiences in the production of educational videos for the health field. These studies show positive results after the adoption of videos, with improved knowledge of the target audience<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies conducted in Brazil with SCI patients to identify knowledge about bowel complications, self-care practices and guidance received during the hospitalization period related to post-injury bowel functioning showed knowledge gaps particularly regarding the preparation of these patients for bowel problem management<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering the need for teaching self-care procedures in bowel rehabilitation to individuals with neurogenic bowel, the development of current and attractive teaching methods, such as educational videos, is proposed as a strategy that may favor learning for the management of the neurogenic bowel.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
      <p>To produce and validate an educational video on bowel emptying maneuvers for training to patients with neurogenic bowel in bowel rehabilitation process.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHOD</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical aspects</title>
        <p>The study project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ribeir&#227;o Preto College of Nursing at University of S&#227;o Paulo, according to Resolution 466/12, Letter 300/2013.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study design</title>
        <p>This is a methodological study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Methodology procedures</title>
        <p>The stages illustrated in the flowchart below were followed for video production.</p>
        <p>For script and storyboard production, the recommendations of the <italic>Intestino Neurog&#234;nico: Guia para Pessoas com Les&#227;o Medular</italic><sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup> (Neurogenic Bowel Guide for People with Spinal Cord Injury) were observed.</p>
        <p>The script addresses the video content and it is made up of seven units.</p>
        <p>Unit I: introduction &#8211; shows information about the educational video, such as video title, authors/people involved, production site, target audience, objectives, estimated duration and characters.</p>
        <p>Unit II: nurse examination &#8211; a nurse interview was prepared to simulate a fictitious clinical case, in which a patient had SCI with consequent paraplegia, neurogenic bowel and nursing diagnosis of constipation. Horizontal interaction occurred between the two characters in the setting, who played the roles of nurse and patient; the main author of the study played the nurse role.</p>
        <p>Unit III: essential knowledge for understanding the problem &#8211; in this unit, the nurse presented the concepts of SCI and its implications for the patient, with emphasis on complications related to bowel dysfunction, such as reflexic and areflexic neurogenic bowel.</p>
        <p>Unit IV: care plan/bowel rehabilitation program &#8211; it presented the nursing care planning, addressing general aspects of the bowel rehabilitation program.</p>
        <p>Unit V: nursing intervention/bowel emptying maneuvers &#8211; presentation of maneuvers such as training on how to use the toilet, abdominal massage, Valsalva maneuver, abdominal press, digital rectal touches and manual stool removal.</p>
        <p>Unit VI: other measures to help bowel control and the benefits of the patient's active participation in the bowel rehabilitation program.</p>
        <p>Unit VII: references and credits to collaborators &#8211; it presented bibliographical references and credits to collaborators to script, storyboard and video production.</p>
        <p>After the script production, the storyboard was developed. The storyboard content was the same as for the script, following the same division. The storyboard acts as an organizer, detailing the scenes for video preview, and it consisted of three columns. The first, audio/narration, had all the script content; the second, images/scenes, showed the description of scenes and the places where the video was recorded; and the last column had the description of photos/animations used in the video. This way, the experts were able to preview the video and perform evaluations.</p>
        <p>Pasquali's model (2011)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup> was used for script and storyboard validation, as well as instruments based on similar studies but adapted to the theme in question<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. For content validation, an instrument was used containing 15 questions related to the items: objective, content, relevance, and environment (and a field for suggestions) and, for technical validation, another instrument was used with 11 questions regarding the items: functionality, usability and efficiency (and a field for suggestions). The questions were analyzed in terms of levels of agreement and relevance.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participants</title>
        <p>A group of experts was created for the validation study; it consisted of ten nurses, all of them with experience in providing care to individuals with neurogenic bowel, and three communication experts with video production experience, who were selected by convenience. The selection of experts was also based on other studies of the same nature<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>, in which experts in content and technicians were selected, with professional experience and production on the subject.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Study setting</title>
        <p>The video storyboard and script were validated when they reached at least 70% of &#8220;strongly agree&#8221; and/or &#8220;agree&#8221; answers for each item of the instrument. This criterion was described in studies for the validation of virtual learning environments<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>. The suggestions were analyzed and adopted when relevant.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data collection and organization</title>
        <p>Data collection for script and storyboard validation was performed from December 2014 to February 2015.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Video production</title>
        <p>After script and storyboard validation, the educational video was produced. The video was recorded in the simulation center of a nursing school in the State of S&#227;o Paulo, which has low- and medium-fidelity simulation laboratories, after an authorization from the board of directors, and at the studio of the Computer Center of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP). The characters signed an informed consent form, authorizing the use of their image in the video. Photos, pictures and animation, and video recording and editing were conducted by an audiovisual operator of the institution's Multimedia Creation and Production Service.</p>
        <p>For semantic evaluation<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>, a pilot study was conducted at a rehabilitation center with a convenience sample of six individuals with spinal cord injury and neurogenic bowel, in rehabilitation follow-up, to evaluate video clarity, understanding, and duration. This step was performed after presenting the edited video to the individuals who then answered an instrument, the same used with the experts, but adapted to the target audience. It contained 11 questions of sociodemographic and clinical characterization, and five questions related to the video content, images, and scenes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data analysis</title>
        <p>The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences&#174; (SPSS), version 21.0, was used in data compilation and analysis. For the descriptive statistical analysis of data, absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for qualitative variables, as well as mean and median values and minimum, maximum and standard deviation for quantitative variables.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Script/storyboard validation</title>
        <p>The group of experts had 13 members. Among the ten content experts, all were female, aged 30 to 58 years, mean of 37.6 years (&#177;7.52). Regarding their current professional activity, six (60%) were from the rehabilitation area, three (30%) were nursing professors and one was from the area of epidemiological surveillance, with prior experience in rehabilitation. Length of service varied from six months to 15 years, mean of eight years (&#177;4.55). All participants had <italic>stricto sensu</italic> or <italic>lato sensu</italic> graduate degrees, with a predominance of master's and doctor's degrees as the highest educational level.</p>
        <p>In content validation, all experts agreed that the video objectives were consistent with the clinical practice. In the &#8216;content' item, suggestions were made regarding changes to terms and addition of more learning objects, because, according to the experts, the script/storyboard had highly technical language, which could make it difficult for the target audience to understand. The suggestions were analyzed and adopted, with the adaptation of terms and inclusion of more photos, pictures, and animation.</p>
        <p>One of the suggestions proposed to separate the maneuvers by type of bowel - reflexic and areflexic, which was relevant, since individual evaluation in the beginning of the bowel rehabilitation program is required to identify the sensitivity and preservation of the structures to design the care plan. After addressing these aspects, the group decided to demonstrate bowel emptying maneuvers for both types of bowels and both complete and incomplete injuries.</p>
        <p>In the evaluation of the relevance of images and scenes for the practice of maneuvers, one of the suggestions proposed to demonstrate the suppository administration. The group decided to demonstrate it in the video only with conservative maneuvers without the use of stimulant medications, because they should be used only when necessary, and not continuously, such as bowel emptying maneuvers.</p>
        <p>Regarding the &#8216;environment' item, the experts were unanimous, due to the adequacy of the simulated setting for video production for the teaching-learning process. In the evaluation from content specialists, the agreement of the answers regarding the instrument items was 94%.</p>
        <p>Another relevant suggestion was to present the clinical case by the characters themselves (nurse and patient) during the nurse examination, in which both would interact through horizontal dialogue. This suggestion was accepted and the case was reformulated according to the dialogical strategy; then, the nurse started to collect data from the patient's report about her case, her experiences, needs, challenges, doubts and practices, regarding bowel functioning. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref> shows the pre-validation script of unit II and post-validation script, after incorporating the suggested changes.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Chart 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Pre- and post-validation versions of the script of unit II: nurse examination, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, 2017</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="50%"/>
              <col width="50%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">PRE-VALIDATION VERSION</th>
                <th align="center">POST-VALIDATION VERSION</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">A.S., 26 years old, female, white, single, nursing student, had a car accident 6 months ago, and a spinal cord injury at the lumbar level (L2), she lives with her mother, her caregiver. She came to the health service complaining of malaise, abdominal discomfort, bowel incontinence, anal bleeding and no bowel elimination for 10 days. At her physical examination: distended abdomen, decreased airflow sounds, at palpation, presence of fecal impaction. She does not attend any rehabilitation center. She received guidance on bowel complications associated with SCI at discharge from the first post-injury hospitalization. She uses oral laxatives daily and does not perform bowel emptying maneuvers. She says she has a low-fiber diet, takes small amounts of liquid daily and that she has presented difficult bowel elimination after she had the car accident; she reports daily evacuation before the accident.</td>
                <td align="left"><italic>Hi Ana, I'm Laura, I'm a nurse here at this rehabilitation service and I'd like to know a little about your case.</italic> (Nurse)<break/><italic>Hi Laura, I'm 26 years old, single, a student, I live with my mother, who is my caregiver. Six months ago I had a car accident and was informed that I had a spinal cord injury at the lumbar level at L2. I came to this service because I felt malaise, abdominal discomfort and I haven't evacuated for 10 days.</italic> (Patient)<break/><italic>Do you attend any rehabilitation service, Ana?</italic> (Nurse)<break/><italic>No, I don't.</italic> (Patient)<break/><italic>Have you received any guidance regarding bowel complications at discharge when you were hospitalized?</italic> (Nurse)<break/><italic>Yes, when I was discharged at the first hospitalization, they told me that I would have some bowel complications because of the accident.</italic> (Patient)<break/><italic>Do you use any medication for bowel elimination?</italic> (Nurse)<break/><italic>Yes. After the accident, I started taking oral laxatives daily, something I didn't use to do, because before the accident I had no problem evacuating, I used to do it every day at the same time, after the meal.</italic> (Patient)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Of the three technicians, two were male, aged 37 to 45, and worked as analysts in digital media and educational technologies, multimedia production and information systems, with more than ten years of experience. Regarding the highest academic qualification, two had specialization in distance education, systems analysis and video production, and one was a doctor in nursing.</p>
        <p>The technicians evaluated the items of functionality, usability, and efficiency, based on the script and storyboard, with 100% agreement of the answers, as well as relevant suggestions that were adopted.</p>
        <p>In the questions about usability, suggestions were made regarding the selection of visual (illustration/animation) and audio resources (voice recording/soundtrack), as well as editing/finish to attract the interest and attention of patients. In the item about efficiency, the estimated time of 15 minutes in relation to the number of scenes and communication between the characters was considered adequate.</p>
        <p>The video script and storyboard obtained more than 70% agreement of the content experts and technicians, so they were considered as validated. After that, the stage of video production took place.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Video production</title>
        <p>Based on the suggestions made by the experts, the nurse examination was reformulated with the adoption of the dialogical strategy between the nurse and the patient. The study setting simulated an outpatient rehabilitation service for video recording, which took place at the nursing practice simulation center of a higher education nursing institution.</p>
        <p>Three settings were used in video recording: Laboratory II, Primary Care Laboratory (simulated house) and a studio. Rehearsal and recording of scenes took nine hours (four days) in April 2015.</p>
        <p>Setting 1: nurse examination/bowel emptying maneuvers &#8211; the following materials were used to record nurse examination and demonstration of maneuvers (abdominal massage, digital rectal touches, and manual stool removal): anatomical piece of the vertebral column, pelvis model, wheelchair, hospital bed with white sheet, white face and bath towels, liquid soap, moisturizing cream and oil, medical gloves, water-soluble lubricant, and brown modeling dough. Laboratory II presented good lighting and large physical space, which facilitated the video recording. The time spent was one hour to prepare the setting and another three hours of video recording, totaling four hours.</p>
        <p>Setting 2: simulated house/training for bowel emptying maneuvers &#8211; aspects related to bowel retraining and training of maneuvers in the home environment were addressed in this laboratory. It had four rooms: kitchen, living room, bathroom, and bedroom. When recording the following maneuvers: using the toilet, abdominal massage, Valsalva maneuver and abdominal press, the patient (character) used a wheelchair and a shower chair to demonstrate the maneuvers performed in the bathroom of the house, illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. The recording time was one hour.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f1">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Stages of study development, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, 2017</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-71-05-2376-0283-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Representation of setting 2, related to the simulated house and training on bowel emptying maneuvers, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, 2017</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-71-05-2376-0283-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Setting 3: studio at CIRP-USP &#8211; the studio was equipped with artificial LED and incandescent lamps, acoustic insulation and infinite background, lavalier microphone, Sony HXR NX5&#174; camera, Manfrotto&#174; tripod, and LG 21&#8221; monitor. Voice recording was performed in this studio by the nurse (character), and the recording time was two hours.</p>
        <p>The characters had a prior rehearsal to estimate material resources, preparation of the characters and recording time. A photo essay was performed of the scenes and materials that would be used. All materials had hidden labels; however, they were identified by tags. The time spent was two hours.</p>
        <p>Several professionals collaborated to video recordings, including technicians in multimedia, digital media and educational technologies, the study advisor and the nurse in charge of the laboratories with experience in video production.</p>
        <p>The pre-validation version of the storyboard contained 57 scenes, and the post-validation version, 67 scenes. The scenes were repeated several times for better picture and audio.</p>
        <p>The photos and video were produced using a Canon EOS 7&#174; digital camera, and Adobe Flash and Photoshop&#174;, Adobe Photoshop and Audacity&#174; and Adobe Premiere&#174; were used in animation, image/sound treatment and video editing. The edited video was in HD 1280x720 format and its duration was 13 minutes and 43 seconds. The process in question was supported by the Multimedia Creation and Production Service of the nursing higher education institution, and it was conducted by the audiovisual operator of the service between April and June 2015.</p>
        <p>The pilot study had the participation of six individuals with SCI and diagnosis of neurogenic bowel. Of these individuals, five (83.3%) were male and four (66.6%) had completed high school. Regarding their participation in bowel rehabilitation programs and bowel emptying maneuvers, four (66.6%) reported current or prior participation, and four (66.6%) were already performing the maneuvers.</p>
        <p>In the semantic validation, 100% of the individuals evaluated the video positively in terms of comprehension, clarity and time, highlighting the important guidance contained in the video.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>Currently, with information and communication technologies (ICT), health education can be conducted in an easier and more accessible way. ICTs can make the teaching-learning process easier through the use of active methods and offer individuals greater access to sources of knowledge, without geographical limits<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among the ICTs, video, which originates from the Latin word <italic>video</italic> (I see), refers to a technology for the education of electronic analog or digital signals, which represents images in motion, thus facilitating the learning process of viewers, as it is attractive and draws attention. Also, video refers to the recording of moving images and animation comprised of sequential photos, which result in animated images<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The video produced in this study was for individuals with neurogenic bowel, considering the clinical characteristics of the types of bowel, to offer tools for such individuals to perform bowel actions with safety. The video production was based on assumptions of health education and dialogicity, problematization and reflection of Paulo Freire<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>, in order to improve the preparation of these individuals through educational intervention to help them achieve autonomy and greater independence.</p>
      <p>To ensure video quality, content and technique were validated by a group of experts, who evaluated the video in terms of clarity and representativeness of script and storyboard scenes, according to the intended thematic unit, easy understanding by the target audience, form of presentation and coverage, including conceptual elements of scene relevance<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The profile of content experts, experienced in the theme, contributed to script and storyboard validation and improvement with the suggestions made. This process led to the video produced for this study, with quality subsequently attested by individuals with neurogenic bowel. This strategy was also used by other authors<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup> for the construction of audiovisual media.</p>
      <p>From the suggestions of content experts, language was the main aspect highlighted as it emphasized the importance of a more informal and less technical language for easy understanding of the target audience. In the technical validation, the suggestions regarding video editing and selection of audiovisual resources were relevant, attracting the interest and attention of individuals. They were also unanimous on video duration &#8211; it should not exceed 15 minutes.</p>
      <p>Studies involving the production of educational videos report a recommended duration. The final version of the video produced in this study lasted 13 minutes and 43 seconds. Researchers<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> have quoted in their studies that this type of digital object should not exceed 15 minutes to keep the viewer's attention.</p>
      <p>The video production in the context of nurse examination favored the approach to the problem and teaching of bowel emptying maneuvers. Nurses have a preponderant role in preparing individuals for bowel rehabilitation. Studies on this theme have shown nurses have to use instruments when performing this role and the nursing interventions recommended in the literature<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another very relevant suggestion referred to the presentation of a simulated clinical case during the nurse examination to favor the dialogue between the characters. This change made the video more dialogic, allowing a greater participation of the patient and placing a greater value on the dialogue between the characters. The communication between the characters changed from vertical to horizontal interaction, and became dialogic and reciprocal, in agreement with the education/care process.</p>
      <p>Dialogic communication, in the context of health education in nursing, in agreement with a transformative discourse, takes place through active, critical and questioning participation of the patient. This educational practice contradicts the vertical model, in which there is no exchange of information, knowledge and experience<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In problem-solving education, the presentation of the problem to be studied should be approached from a real scenario, with situations that arise from the daily life of the individuals in question<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>. For scenario replication, the simulation strategy was used in video production. Materials and equipment used in this study were identical to those of clinical practice, favoring the reproduction of the setting, which was close to reality.</p>
      <p>A randomized study, conducted at the University of Turin, Italy, analyzed the efficacy of a video for decubitus change of individuals on bed and compared the performance of two groups of nursing undergraduates, one group watched the video and the other group received the information in writing, it was demonstrated; the results of this study showed that the video group performed the procedure more effectively and presented a better performance. Therefore, the video was considered as an important tool to reinforce previous learning<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Titler<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup> points out the relevance of using study results and evidence-based innovations in clinical practice to generate more effective, safer and quality care. It also emphasizes, among the diversity of strategies to be implemented, the practical aspect of incorporating innovations, the attempt to change a certain condition with the support of multidisciplinary teams. In this sense, the intention with the educational video produced in this study is that it should help SCI patients to fulfill their bowel needs, since it was positively evaluated by 100% of the pilot study participants.</p>
      <p>In general, the changes made during the video production were in compliance with the validation process of the content and reference adopted and, therefore, the video can help individuals with neurogenic bowel. In addition, it is committed to disseminating the content on the subject, with the video available in different media for easy dissemination and access.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>This study was conducted under a master's degree project in a period of 30 months and the time spent for the video production process, including the four stages, did not allow a pilot study with a larger number of participants. More robust validation studies will be required to test its effectiveness.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contributions to nursing</title>
        <p>This study intends to contribute to quality care, promoting the effectiveness and efficiency of nursing activities regarding the rehabilitation of individuals with neurogenic bowel, for self-care and management of this chronic condition.</p>
        <p>The video produced in this study may contribute to nursing care improvement, focused on the rehabilitation of individuals with neurogenic bowel and their caregivers, besides being a technological tool that can be used in virtual and face-to-face learning environments.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSION</title>
      <p>The process of producing an educational video required time, specific knowledge about the theme, collaboration, and experiences of researchers and experts in the field, resulting in a current educational material with a potential for innovation in nursing care in terms of bowel rehabilitation of individuals with neurogenic bowel.</p>
      <p>Considering the proposed objectives, this study concludes the educational video has been validated. It will be published in institutional repositories (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=8104">http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=8104</ext-link>) and on a video sharing website of open access. The video should be used in the context of bowel rehabilitation and, in case of doubts after watching it, these should be discussed with health professionals with expertise in the subject.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>FUNDING</bold>
        </p>
        <p>This study was conducted under a master's degree project funded by the S&#227;o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), process no. 2013/16334-5.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
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          <subject>PESQUISA</subject>
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            <given-names>C&#233;sar Augusto Sangaletti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">II</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto. Ribeir&#227;o Preto-SP, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Bar&#227;o de Mau&#225; de Ribeir&#227;o. Ribeir&#227;o Preto-SP, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>AUTOR CORRESPONDENTE: Laura Terenciani Campoy</bold>. E-mail: <email>lauratcampoy@hotmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <fpage>2518</fpage>
      <lpage>2525</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>produzir e validar v&#237;deo educativo sobre manobras de esvaziamento intestinal para capacita&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico, no processo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>estudo metodol&#243;gico, desenvolvido em quatro etapas: produ&#231;&#227;o do roteiro/<italic>storyboard</italic>, valida&#231;&#227;o <italic>,</italic> produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo educativo e estudo-piloto. Ocorreu no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2013 a julho de 2015. Para a valida&#231;&#227;o, utilizaram-se instrumentos, sendo realizada por um comit&#234; de especialistas, no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015. Considerou-se valor igual ou superior a 70% para valida&#231;&#227;o de concord&#226;ncia e pertin&#234;ncia do roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic>, utilizando-se estat&#237;stica descritiva para an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>o roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic> foram validados por 94% dos especialistas na tem&#225;tica e 100% dos especialistas t&#233;cnicos. Ap&#243;s valida&#231;&#227;o e grava&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo, foi realizado estudo-piloto com seis indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico, dos quais 100% avaliaram o v&#237;deo positivamente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>o v&#237;deo poder&#225; contribuir para a educa&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Traumatismos da Medula Espinhal</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Intestino Neurog&#234;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#237;dia Audiovisual</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013/16334-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Esse artigo originou-se de uma pesquisa de mestrado financiada pela FAPESP, Processo n&#186; 2013/16334-5.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>As doen&#231;as e les&#245;es do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), e suas consequentes sequelas, v&#234;m se tornando mais prevalentes na sociedade contempor&#226;nea, mediante o envelhecimento populacional, o aumento da viol&#234;ncia e das les&#245;es traum&#225;ticas decorrentes, fatores esses que, se somados &#224; melhoria dos cuidados na fase aguda das doen&#231;as, refletem no aumento da sobrevida de indiv&#237;duos atingidos por les&#227;o medular<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. Em estudos nacionais e internacionais, revela-se maior incid&#234;ncia de Les&#227;o Medular (LM) entre a segunda e terceira d&#233;cadas de vida, com predomin&#226;ncia do sexo masculino, fase econ&#244;mica e sexualmente ativa, em decorr&#234;ncia principalmente de acidentes por colis&#227;o e capotamento de ve&#237;culos, seguidos de quedas e atos de viol&#234;ncia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Dentre as complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da LM, destaca-se a disfun&#231;&#227;o intestinal neurog&#234;nica, a qual &#233; definida como disfun&#231;&#245;es de c&#243;lon devido &#224; falta de controle nervoso central. Os indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico podem apresentar fases alternadas de constipa&#231;&#227;o e incontin&#234;ncia fecal, antes de realizarem o treinamento para regula&#231;&#227;o intestinal. Tal ocorr&#234;ncia ocasiona problemas f&#237;sicos e psicol&#243;gicos a esses indiv&#237;duos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Para atender aos problemas intestinais dos indiv&#237;duos com LM, foram constru&#237;das diretrizes internacionais do <italic>Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine</italic> (CSCM)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>, as quais foram traduzidas para o portugu&#234;s<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>, com enfoque na preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento de complica&#231;&#245;es, em que o enfermeiro possui papel preponderante na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos sinais e sintomas apresentados pelos indiv&#237;duos e na proposi&#231;&#227;o de plano de cuidados, envolvendo familiares e cuidadores na din&#226;mica da assist&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>O indiv&#237;duo com LM deve ser inserido em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal, a fim de obter o padr&#227;o de funcionamento intestinal, garantindo a frequ&#234;ncia das elimina&#231;&#245;es intestinais de, no m&#237;nimo, tr&#234;s vezes por semana e o restabelecimento do controle da evacua&#231;&#227;o, com a realiza&#231;&#227;o das manobras de esvaziamento intestinal em hor&#225;rios regulares, a fim de diminuir a incontin&#234;ncia e prevenir as complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da impacta&#231;&#227;o fecal. Consequentemente, a reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal resultar&#225; na melhora da qualidade de vida e participa&#231;&#227;o na sociedade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Os profissionais de sa&#250;de que atuam no contexto da reabilita&#231;&#227;o devem ter como metas a educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e o preparo dos indiv&#237;duos com LM e seus familiares, visando &#224; seguran&#231;a e qualidade da assist&#234;ncia prestada. Para continuidade do cuidado, principalmente em domic&#237;lio, &#233; fundamental o preparo do indiv&#237;duo/fam&#237;lia para promo&#231;&#227;o do autocuidado<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Destaca-se a import&#226;ncia de construir o cuidado pautado em equipe multiprofissional e com pr&#225;tica interdisciplinar, desenvolvendo a&#231;&#245;es com foco na individualidade, autonomia e no estabelecimento de v&#237;nculo, com o objetivo de buscar a integralidade do cuidado e a melhoria na qualidade de vida desses indiv&#237;duos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Na enfermagem, tem-se investido na produ&#231;&#227;o de ferramentas virtuais educativas para o ensino e pr&#225;tica assistencial, as quais s&#227;o conhecidas como hiperm&#237;dias. Tais ferramentas se d&#227;o a partir da jun&#231;&#227;o de diversos recursos midi&#225;ticos (textos, gravuras, anima&#231;&#245;es, v&#237;deos, entre outros), sendo facilmente divulgadas na Internet e, atualmente, s&#227;o importante recurso para a educa&#231;&#227;o. Nesse contexto, s&#227;o apresentadas, na literatura, experi&#234;ncias exitosas na produ&#231;&#227;o de v&#237;deos educativos, na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de. Nesses estudos, h&#225; resultados positivos quanto &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o dos v&#237;deos produzidos e melhoria do conhecimento do p&#250;blico a quem s&#227;o destinados<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Em estudos nacionais realizados com indiv&#237;duos com LM para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de conhecimentos acerca das complica&#231;&#245;es intestinais, das pr&#225;ticas de autocuidado e das orienta&#231;&#245;es recebidas no per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o, referentes ao funcionamento intestinal p&#243;s-les&#227;o, foram evidenciadas lacunas, especialmente quanto ao preparo dos indiv&#237;duos para o gerenciamento do problema intestinal<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Considerando a necessidade do ensino para o autocuidado na reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal de indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico, o desenvolvimento de formas de ensino atualizadas e atraentes, como os v&#237;deos educativos, &#233; apresentado como estrat&#233;gia que pode favorecer a aprendizagem para o manejo do intestino neurog&#234;nico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJETIVO</title>
        <p>Produzir e validar v&#237;deo educativo sobre manobras de esvaziamento intestinal para a capacita&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico, no processo de reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
          <p>O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, segundo a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12, Of&#237;cio 300/2013.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
          <p>Estudo metodol&#243;gico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos</title>
          <p>Para produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo, foram seguidas as etapas conforme apresentadas no fluxograma a seguir.</p>
          <p>Para a produ&#231;&#227;o do roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic>, foram seguidas as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes do guia &#8220;Intestino Neurog&#234;nico: Guia para Pessoas com Les&#227;o Medular&#8221;<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
          <p>O roteiro cont&#233;m o conte&#250;do abordado no v&#237;deo e &#233; composto de sete unidades.</p>
          <p>Unidade I: apresenta&#231;&#227;o &#8211; referente &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo educativo, constou de informa&#231;&#245;es iniciais, como t&#237;tulo do v&#237;deo, respons&#225;veis/autores, local da produ&#231;&#227;o, p&#250;blico-alvo, objetivos, tempo estimado do v&#237;deo e personagens.</p>
          <p>Unidade II: consulta de enfermagem &#8211; foi preparado cen&#225;rio simulado para apresenta&#231;&#227;o de um caso cl&#237;nico fict&#237;cio, em que a paciente apresentava LM com consequente paraplegia, intestino neurog&#234;nico e diagn&#243;stico de enfermagem de constipa&#231;&#227;o. Houve intera&#231;&#227;o horizontal entre as duas personagens participantes do cen&#225;rio, as quais desempenharam os pap&#233;is de enfermeira e paciente, sendo que a autora principal do estudo foi a enfermeira interlocutora.</p>
          <p>Unidade III: saberes essenciais para a compreens&#227;o do problema &#8211; nessa unidade, a enfermeira apresentou os conceitos de LM e suas implica&#231;&#245;es para o indiv&#237;duo, com &#234;nfase nas complica&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o intestinal, tais como intestino neurog&#234;nico reflexo e arreflexo.</p>
          <p>Unidade IV: plano de cuidado/programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal &#8211; constou do planejamento da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem, em que foram abordados aspectos gerais do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal.</p>
          <p>Unidade V: interven&#231;&#227;o de enfermagem/manobras de esvaziamento intestinal &#8211; apresenta&#231;&#227;o de manobras, como treino para uso do vaso sanit&#225;rio, massagem abdominal, manobra de Valsalva, prensa abdominal, est&#237;mulo d&#237;gito-anal e extra&#231;&#227;o manual de fezes.</p>
          <p>Unidade VI: outras medidas que visam auxiliar o controle intestinal e os benef&#237;cios da participa&#231;&#227;o ativa do indiv&#237;duo no programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal.</p>
          <p>Unidade VII: refer&#234;ncias e cr&#233;ditos dos colaboradores &#8211; foram apresentadas as refer&#234;ncias bibliogr&#225;ficas utilizadas, assim como os cr&#233;ditos com os nomes dos colaboradores para produ&#231;&#227;o do roteiro, do <italic>storyboard</italic> e do v&#237;deo.</p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a produ&#231;&#227;o do roteiro, elaborou-se o <italic>storyboard</italic>. Destaca-se que o conte&#250;do do <italic>storyboard</italic> foi o mesmo do roteiro, seguindo a mesma divis&#227;o. O <italic>storyboard</italic> atua como organizador, com detalhamento das cenas, a fim de se pr&#233;-visualizar o v&#237;deo, e constou de tr&#234;s colunas. Na primeira, &#225;udio/narra&#231;&#227;o, foi inserido todo o conte&#250;do do roteiro, na segunda, imagens/cenas, a descri&#231;&#227;o das cenas e dos locais de filmagem e, na &#250;ltima coluna, a descri&#231;&#227;o das fotos/anima&#231;&#245;es utilizadas. Desse modo, os especialistas puderam pr&#233;-visualizar o v&#237;deo e realizar as avalia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>Foram utilizados o referencial de Pasquali (2011)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>, para o processo de valida&#231;&#227;o do roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic>, e instrumentos baseados em estudos semelhantes, por&#233;m, adaptados para o tema em quest&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>. Para valida&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do, foi utilizado um instrumento contendo 15 quest&#245;es referentes aos itens objetivo, conte&#250;do, relev&#226;ncia e ambiente (e um campo para sugest&#245;es) e, para valida&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica, utilizou-se outro instrumento composto de 11 quest&#245;es referentes aos itens funcionalidade, usabilidade e efici&#234;ncia (e um campo para sugest&#245;es). As quest&#245;es foram analisadas quanto aos n&#237;veis de concord&#226;ncia e pertin&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participantes</title>
          <p>Foi formado comit&#234; de especialistas para o estudo de valida&#231;&#227;o, sendo dez enfermeiros, todos com experi&#234;ncia na assist&#234;ncia a indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico, e tr&#234;s especialistas em comunica&#231;&#227;o com experi&#234;ncia em v&#237;deos, os quais foram selecionados por conveni&#234;ncia. A escolha dos especialistas tamb&#233;m foi baseada em outros estudos da mesma natureza<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>, em que foram selecionados especialistas da &#225;rea de conte&#250;do e t&#233;cnica, com experi&#234;ncia profissional e produ&#231;&#227;o na tem&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cen&#225;rio do estudo</title>
          <p>O roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic> do v&#237;deo foram validados ao atingirem pelo menos 70% das respostas &#8220;concordo fortemente&#8221; e/ou &#8220;concordo&#8221; para cada item do instrumento. Esse crit&#233;rio foi descrito em estudos para valida&#231;&#227;o de ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>. As sugest&#245;es foram analisadas e acatadas conforme a pertin&#234;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
          <p>A coleta de dados para valida&#231;&#227;o do roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic> foi realizada no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2014 a fevereiro de 2015.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo</title>
          <p>Ap&#243;s a valida&#231;&#227;o do roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic>, houve a produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo educativo. A grava&#231;&#227;o ocorreu no centro de simula&#231;&#227;o de uma escola de enfermagem do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, que &#233; composto de laborat&#243;rios de simula&#231;&#227;o de baixa e m&#233;dia fidelidade, ap&#243;s autoriza&#231;&#227;o da diretoria, e no est&#250;dio de grava&#231;&#227;o do Centro de Inform&#225;tica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP). As personagens assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE), autorizando a capta&#231;&#227;o e divulga&#231;&#227;o de suas imagens. As fotos, figuras e anima&#231;&#245;es, assim como a filmagem e edi&#231;&#227;o, foram realizadas por um operador audiovisual do Servi&#231;o de Cria&#231;&#227;o e Produ&#231;&#227;o Multim&#237;dia (SCPM).</p>
          <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o sem&#226;ntica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>, foi realizado um estudo-piloto em um Centro de Reabilita&#231;&#227;o, (CER) com uma amostra selecionada por conveni&#234;ncia, com seis indiv&#237;duos com les&#227;o medular e intestino neurog&#234;nico, em acompanhamento de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, a fim de avaliar o v&#237;deo quanto &#224; clareza, compreens&#227;o e ao tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o. Essa etapa foi realizada a partir da apresenta&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo editado aos indiv&#237;duos que, em seguida, responderam a um instrumento, o mesmo utilizado para os especialistas, por&#233;m, adaptado para o p&#250;blico-alvo. Este continha 11 quest&#245;es referentes &#224; caracteriza&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica e cl&#237;nica e cinco quest&#245;es relacionadas ao conte&#250;do, imagens e cenas do v&#237;deo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
          <p>Para a compila&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise dos dados, utilizou-se o <italic>software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic>&#174; (SPSS), vers&#227;o 21.0. Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica descritiva dos dados, foi feito o c&#225;lculo de frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, para as vari&#225;veis qualitativas, e de tend&#234;ncias centrais (m&#233;dia e mediana) e variabilidade (m&#237;nimo, m&#225;ximo e desvio-padr&#227;o), para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o do roteiro/<bold>storyboard</bold></title>
          <p>O comit&#234; de especialistas foi constitu&#237;do de 13 membros. Dentre os dez especialistas de conte&#250;do, todos eram do sexo feminino, com idade entre 30 e 58 anos, m&#233;dia de 37,6 anos (&#177;7,52). Quanto &#224; atua&#231;&#227;o profissional atual, seis (60%) eram da &#225;rea de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, tr&#234;s (30%) eram docentes de gradua&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem e uma participante era da &#225;rea de vigil&#226;ncia epidemiol&#243;gica, com experi&#234;ncia pr&#233;via em reabilita&#231;&#227;o. O tempo de atua&#231;&#227;o profissional apresentou varia&#231;&#227;o de seis meses a 15 anos, com m&#233;dia de oito anos (&#177;4,55). Todos os participantes possu&#237;am p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o <italic>stricto sensu</italic> ou <italic>lato sensu</italic>, com predomin&#226;ncia de mestrado e doutorado como maior titula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          <p>Na valida&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do, todos os especialistas concordaram que os objetivos referentes &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo eram coerentes com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. No item conte&#250;do, foram sugeridas mudan&#231;as de termos e acr&#233;scimo de mais objetos de aprendizagem, pois, na opini&#227;o dos especialistas, o roteiro/<italic>storyboard</italic> apresentava linguagem muito t&#233;cnica, o que poderia dificultar a compreens&#227;o pelo p&#250;blico-alvo. As sugest&#245;es foram analisadas e acatadas, com adequa&#231;&#227;o dos termos e inclus&#227;o de mais fotografias, figuras e anima&#231;&#245;es.</p>
          <p>Houve tamb&#233;m sugest&#227;o para se separarem as manobras por tipo de intestino, reflexo e arreflexo, a qual foi pertinente, visto que &#233; necess&#225;ria avalia&#231;&#227;o individual no in&#237;cio do programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal, para identifica&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade e preserva&#231;&#227;o das estruturas, para que seja tra&#231;ado o plano de cuidado. Ap&#243;s a abordagem desses aspectos, optou-se por demonstrar as manobras de esvaziamento intestinal nos dois tipos de intestinos e, tamb&#233;m, nos tipos de les&#227;o (completa e incompleta).</p>
          <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de relev&#226;ncia das imagens e cenas para pr&#225;tica das manobras, houve sugest&#227;o para se demonstrar a interven&#231;&#227;o da administra&#231;&#227;o de suposit&#243;rio. Optou-se por demonstrar, no v&#237;deo, apenas manobras conservadoras e sem o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es estimulantes, pois estas devem ser utilizadas somente quando necess&#225;rio, e n&#227;o como uso cont&#237;nuo, como as manobras de esvaziamento intestinal.</p>
          <p>Quanto ao item ambiente, os especialistas foram un&#226;nimes em face da adequa&#231;&#227;o do cen&#225;rio simulado para produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo, visando ao processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos especialistas de conte&#250;do, a concord&#226;ncia das respostas, quanto aos itens do instrumento, foi de 94%.</p>
          <p>Outra sugest&#227;o relevante foi para se apresentar o caso cl&#237;nico pelas pr&#243;prias personagens (enfermeira e paciente) durante a consulta de enfermagem, em que ambas estariam interagindo a partir de di&#225;logo horizontal. A sugest&#227;o foi acatada e o caso foi reformulado a partir da estrat&#233;gia dial&#243;gica, com isso a enfermeira passou a conduzir a coleta de dados mediante o relato da paciente a respeito do seu caso, suas experi&#234;ncias, necessidades, dificuldades, d&#250;vidas e pr&#225;ticas visando ao funcionamento intestinal. No <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Quadro 1</xref>, mostra-se o roteiro pr&#233;-valida&#231;&#227;o da unidade II e p&#243;s-valida&#231;&#227;o, com as altera&#231;&#245;es sugeridas.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Quadro 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Vers&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-valida&#231;&#227;o do roteiro da unidade II: consulta de enfermagem, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, 2017</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="box" rules="all">
              <colgroup>
                <col width="50%"/>
                <col width="50%"/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="center">VERS&#195;O PR&#201;-VALIDA&#199;&#195;O</th>
                  <th align="center">VERS&#195;O P&#211;S-VALIDA&#199;&#195;O</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">A.S., 26 anos, sexo feminino, cor branca, solteira, estudante de enfermagem, sofreu acidente automobil&#237;stico h&#225; 6 meses, com les&#227;o medular em n&#237;vel lombar (L2), reside com a m&#227;e, sua cuidadora. Procurou o servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de com queixa de mal-estar, desconforto abdominal, incontin&#234;ncia intestinal, sangramento anal e aus&#234;ncia de elimina&#231;&#227;o de fezes h&#225; 10 dias. Quanto ao exame f&#237;sico: abdome distendido, ru&#237;dos hidroa&#233;reos diminu&#237;dos &#224; palpa&#231;&#227;o, presen&#231;a de massa fecal. N&#227;o faz acompanhamento em nenhum centro de reabilita&#231;&#227;o. Recebeu orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre as complica&#231;&#245;es intestinais associadas &#224; LM na alta da primeira interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-les&#227;o. Faz uso de laxante oral diariamente e n&#227;o realiza manobras de esvaziamento intestinal. Refere ter uma dieta pobre em fibras, ingerir pouca quantidade de l&#237;quidos e verbaliza dificuldade para a elimina&#231;&#227;o intestinal desde que sofreu o acidente, refere que antes evacuava diariamente.</td>
                  <td align="left"><italic>Oi Ana, eu sou a Laura, sou enfermeira aqui desse servi&#231;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o e gostaria de escutar um pouco sobre o seu caso.</italic> (Enfermeira)<break/><italic>Oi Laura, eu tenho 26 anos, sou solteira, estudante, moro com minha m&#227;e, que &#233; minha cuidadora. Seis meses atr&#225;s, eu sofri um acidente de carro e fui informada que tive les&#227;o medular no n&#237;vel lombar, na L2. Procurei esse servi&#231;o porque tive mal-estar, desconforto abdominal e estou h&#225; 10 dias sem evacuar.</italic> (Paciente)<break/><italic>Voc&#234; faz algum acompanhamento em servi&#231;o de reabilita&#231;&#227;o, Ana?</italic> (Enfermeira)<break/><italic>N&#227;o, n&#227;o fa&#231;o nenhum.</italic> (Paciente)<break/><italic>Voc&#234; recebeu alguma orienta&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es intestinais na alta, quando voc&#234; foi internada?</italic> (Enfermeira)<break/><italic>Sim, quando eu tive alta na primeira interna&#231;&#227;o, eles me informaram que eu teria algumas complica&#231;&#245;es intestinais por causa do acidente.</italic> (Paciente)<break/><italic>Voc&#234; faz uso de alguma medica&#231;&#227;o para elimina&#231;&#227;o?</italic> (Enfermeira)<break/><italic>Fa&#231;o. Hoje, depois do acidente, diariamente eu passei a tomar laxante oral, coisa que eu n&#227;o fazia antigamente, porque, antes do acidente, eu n&#227;o tinha nenhum problema pra ir ao banheiro, eu ia no mesmo hor&#225;rio, ap&#243;s a refei&#231;&#227;o.</italic> (Paciente)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Dos tr&#234;s especialistas t&#233;cnicos, dois eram do sexo masculino, com idade entre 37 e 45 anos, e atuavam como analistas em m&#237;dias digitais e tecnologias educacionais, produ&#231;&#227;o multim&#237;dia e sistemas de informa&#231;&#227;o, com mais de dez anos de experi&#234;ncia. Quanto &#224; maior titula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica, dois possu&#237;am especializa&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea de Educa&#231;&#227;o a Dist&#226;ncia, An&#225;lise de Sistemas e produ&#231;&#227;o de v&#237;deo, e um era doutor em enfermagem.</p>
          <p>Foram avaliados pelos especialistas t&#233;cnicos os itens de funcionalidade, usabilidade e efici&#234;ncia a partir do roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic>, com concord&#226;ncia de 100% das respostas, al&#233;m de sugest&#245;es pertinentes que foram acatadas.</p>
          <p>Nas quest&#245;es sobre usabilidade, foram feitas sugest&#245;es quanto &#224; escolha dos recursos visuais (ilustra&#231;&#227;o/anima&#231;&#227;o), de &#225;udio (locu&#231;&#227;o/trilha), al&#233;m de edi&#231;&#227;o/finaliza&#231;&#227;o que favorecesse o interesse e aten&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo. No item sobre efici&#234;ncia, o tempo estimado de 15 minutos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#250;mero de cenas e comunica&#231;&#227;o entre as personagens foi considerado adequado.</p>
          <p>O roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic> do v&#237;deo obtiveram mais de 70% de concord&#226;ncia das respostas dos especialistas de conte&#250;do e t&#233;cnicos, sendo considerados validados. Posteriormente, ocorreu a produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo</title>
          <p>A partir das sugest&#245;es dos especialistas, a consulta de enfermagem foi reformulada com ado&#231;&#227;o da estrat&#233;gia dial&#243;gica entre enfermeira e paciente. Foi preparado cen&#225;rio ambulatorial simulado de um servi&#231;o de atendimento em reabilita&#231;&#227;o para as grava&#231;&#245;es que ocorreram no centro de simula&#231;&#227;o de pr&#225;ticas de enfermagem de uma institui&#231;&#227;o de ensino superior em enfermagem.</p>
          <p>Foram utilizados tr&#234;s cen&#225;rios para as filmagens: Laborat&#243;rio II, Laborat&#243;rio de Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria (casa simulada) e est&#250;dio de grava&#231;&#227;o. Para o ensaio e grava&#231;&#245;es das cenas, foram necess&#225;rias nove horas de trabalho durante quatro dias, no m&#234;s de abril de 2015.</p>
          <p><bold>Cen&#225;rio 1:</bold> consulta de enfermagem/manobras de esvaziamento intestinal &#8211; para a grava&#231;&#227;o da consulta de enfermagem e demonstra&#231;&#227;o das manobras (massagem abdominal, toque d&#237;gito-anal e extra&#231;&#227;o manual de fezes), foram utilizados os seguintes materiais: pe&#231;a anat&#244;mica de coluna vertebral, manequim de pelve, cadeira de rodas, cama hospitalar com len&#231;ol branco, toalhas de rosto e banho brancas, sabonete l&#237;quido, creme e &#243;leo hidratante, luvas de procedimentos, lubrificante (sol&#250;vel em &#225;gua) e massa de modelar marrom. No Laborat&#243;rio II, havia boa luminosidade e amplo espa&#231;o f&#237;sico, o que facilitou as filmagens. O tempo despendido foi de uma hora para prepara&#231;&#227;o do cen&#225;rio e mais tr&#234;s horas de grava&#231;&#227;o, totalizando quatro horas.</p>
          <p><bold>Cen&#225;rio 2:</bold> casa simulada/treino para manobras de esvaziamento intestinal &#8211; nesse laborat&#243;rio, foi poss&#237;vel abordar aspectos relativos &#224; reeduca&#231;&#227;o intestinal e ao treino das manobras no ambiente domiciliar. Havia, no ambiente, quatro c&#244;modos, a saber, cozinha, sala, banheiro e quarto. Para filmagem das manobras/treino para uso do vaso sanit&#225;rio, massagem abdominal, manobra de Valsalva e prensa abdominal, a paciente (personagem) utilizou cadeira de rodas e cadeira de banho para demonstra&#231;&#227;o das manobras realizadas no banheiro da casa, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 1</xref>. O tempo de grava&#231;&#227;o foi de uma hora.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Etapas para o desenvolvimento do estudo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, 2017</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-71-05-2376-0283-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Representa&#231;&#227;o do cen&#225;rio 2, referente &#224; casa simulada e ao treino para manobras de esvaziamento intestinal, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, 2017</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-71-05-2376-0283-gf02-pt.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Cen&#225;rio 3:</bold> est&#250;dio de grava&#231;&#227;o do CIRP-USP &#8211; o est&#250;dio era equipado com ilumina&#231;&#227;o artificial LED e incandescente, com isolamento ac&#250;stico e fundo infinito, microfone lapela, c&#226;mera Sony HXR NX5&#174;, trip&#233; Manfrotto&#174; e monitor LG 21 polegadas. A locu&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo foi gravada, nesse est&#250;dio, pela enfermeira (personagem), e o tempo de grava&#231;&#227;o foi de duas horas.</p>
          <p>Houve ensaio pr&#233;vio para previs&#227;o de recursos materiais, prepara&#231;&#227;o das personagens e tempo estimado das grava&#231;&#245;es. Foi realizado, ainda, ensaio fotogr&#225;fico das cenas e dos materiais que seriam utilizados. Ressalta-se que todos os materiais utilizados tiveram seus r&#243;tulos ocultados, por&#233;m, foram identificados por etiquetas. O tempo despendido foi de duas horas.</p>
          <p>Para as grava&#231;&#245;es, contou-se com a colabora&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios profissionais, dentre eles, t&#233;cnicos de multim&#237;dia, m&#237;dias digitais e tecnologias educacionais, a orientadora da pesquisa e a enfermeira respons&#225;vel pelos laborat&#243;rios, com experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea de produ&#231;&#227;o de v&#237;deo.</p>
          <p>A vers&#227;o pr&#233;-valida&#231;&#227;o do <italic>storyboard</italic> continha 57 cenas e, na vers&#227;o p&#243;s-valida&#231;&#227;o, foram gravadas 67 cenas. As cenas foram repetidas v&#225;rias vezes, para obten&#231;&#227;o de melhor imagem e &#225;udio.</p>
          <p>As fotos e as filmagens foram realizadas com c&#226;mera digital Canon EOS 7&#174; e, para a cria&#231;&#227;o das anima&#231;&#245;es, tratamento das imagens/som e edi&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo, foram utilizados os <italic>softwares Adobe Flash</italic> e <italic>Photoshop</italic>&#174; <italic>, Adobe Photoshop</italic> e <italic>Audacity</italic>&#174; e o <italic>Adobe Premiere</italic>&#174;. O v&#237;deo editado ficou no formato HD 1280x720, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 13 minutos e 43 segundos. O processo em quest&#227;o contou com o apoio do SCPM da institui&#231;&#227;o de ensino superior em enfermagem e foi realizado pelo operador audiovisual do referido servi&#231;o, entre os meses de abril e junho de 2015.</p>
          <p>No estudo-piloto, contou-se com a participa&#231;&#227;o de seis indiv&#237;duos com LM e diagn&#243;stico de intestino neurog&#234;nico. Dos indiv&#237;duos, cinco (83,3%) eram do sexo masculino e quatro (66,6%) possu&#237;am ensino m&#233;dio completo. Quanto &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o em programa de reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal e realiza&#231;&#227;o de manobras de esvaziamento intestinal, quatro (66,6%) referiram participar ou j&#225; ter participado e quatro (66,6%) realizavam as manobras.</p>
          <p>Na valida&#231;&#227;o sem&#226;ntica, 100% dos indiv&#237;duos avaliaram o v&#237;deo de forma positiva quanto &#224; compreens&#227;o, clareza e ao tempo, destacando as importantes orienta&#231;&#245;es contidas nele.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Atualmente, com o uso de Tecnologia de Informa&#231;&#227;o e Comunica&#231;&#227;o (TIC), a educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de pode ser realizada de maneira mais f&#225;cil e acess&#237;vel. As TICs t&#234;m potencial para facilitar o processo de ensino-aprendizagem por meio da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos ativos e oferece aos indiv&#237;duos maior acessibilidade &#224;s fontes de conhecimento, sem limites geogr&#225;ficos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Dentre as TICs, destaca-se o v&#237;deo, do latim <italic>video</italic> (eu vejo), considerado tecnologia de educa&#231;&#227;o de sinais eletr&#244;nicos, anal&#243;gicos ou digitais, com a fun&#231;&#227;o de representar imagens em movimento, facilitando, assim, o aprendizado do telespectador, por ser atrativo e chamar a aten&#231;&#227;o. Igualmente, denomina-se v&#237;deo a grava&#231;&#227;o de imagens em movimento e a anima&#231;&#227;o composta de fotos sequenciais, as quais resultam em imagem animada<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O v&#237;deo produzido neste estudo foi direcionado ao indiv&#237;duo com intestino neurog&#234;nico, considerando-se as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos tipos de intestino, de modo a serem oferecidas ferramentas para que ele possa desempenhar as a&#231;&#245;es que visam atender &#224; necessidade intestinal com seguran&#231;a. A produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo foi baseada em pressupostos da educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de e da dialogicidade, problematiza&#231;&#227;o e reflex&#227;o de Paulo Freire<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>, tendo em vista a melhoria do preparo do indiv&#237;duo, por meio da interven&#231;&#227;o educativa, com vistas &#224; sua autonomia e maior independ&#234;ncia.</p>
        <p>Para garantir a qualidade da produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo, utilizou-se a valida&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do e t&#233;cnica que ocorreu por meio de comit&#234; de especialistas, os quais avaliaram o v&#237;deo quanto &#224; clareza e representatividade das cenas do roteiro e <italic>storyboard</italic>, conforme a unidade tem&#225;tica pretendida, facilidade de compreens&#227;o para o p&#250;blico-alvo, forma de apresenta&#231;&#227;o e abrang&#234;ncia, englobando elementos conceituais de pertin&#234;ncia das cenas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O perfil dos especialistas de conte&#250;do, experientes na tem&#225;tica, contribuiu para que o roteiro e o <italic>storyboard</italic> fossem validados e aprimorados com as sugest&#245;es realizadas. Isso resultou no v&#237;deo em quest&#227;o, com qualidade comprovada, posteriormente, pelos indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico. Essa estrat&#233;gia tamb&#233;m foi utilizada por outros autores<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup> para constru&#231;&#227;o de m&#237;dias audiovisuais.</p>
        <p>Das sugest&#245;es dos especialistas de conte&#250;do, a linguagem foi o principal aspecto apontado, ressaltando-se a import&#226;ncia de linguagem mais informal e menos t&#233;cnica, a fim de facilitar a compreens&#227;o do p&#250;blico-alvo. Na valida&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica, destacaram-se as sugest&#245;es quanto &#224; edi&#231;&#227;o e escolha dos recursos audiovisuais, de maneira a favorecer o interesse e a aten&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo. Tamb&#233;m foram un&#226;nimes aquelas quanto ao tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o devendo ultrapassar 15 minutos.</p>
        <p>Em estudos envolvendo a produ&#231;&#227;o de v&#237;deos educativos, h&#225; alus&#227;o quanto ao tempo recomendado de dura&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos. A vers&#227;o final do v&#237;deo elaborado nesta pesquisa apresentou tempo de dura&#231;&#227;o de 13 minutos e 43 segundos. Pesquisadores<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> citaram, em seus estudos, que esse tipo de objeto digital n&#227;o deve exceder 15 minutos de dura&#231;&#227;o, para n&#227;o ficar cansativo.</p>
        <p>A produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo no contexto de consulta de enfermagem favoreceu a abordagem do problema, bem como o ensino das manobras de esvaziamento intestinal. O enfermeiro tem papel preponderante no preparo do indiv&#237;duo para a reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal. Em estudos nessa tem&#225;tica, tem sido demonstrada a necessidade de o profissional se instrumentalizar para desempenhar tal papel e as interven&#231;&#245;es de enfermagem preconizadas na literatura<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Outra sugest&#227;o bastante pertinente foi quanto &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso cl&#237;nico simulado durante a consulta de enfermagem, a fim de favorecer o di&#225;logo entre as personagens. Ressalta-se que essa altera&#231;&#227;o deixou o v&#237;deo mais dial&#243;gico, permitindo maior participa&#231;&#227;o da paciente, al&#233;m de valorizar o di&#225;logo entre os atores. A comunica&#231;&#227;o entre as personagens deixou de ser verticalizada e passou a ser constru&#237;da de forma horizontal, dial&#243;gica e rec&#237;proca, em conformidade ao processo de educar/cuidar.</p>
        <p>A comunica&#231;&#227;o dial&#243;gica, no contexto da educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de na enfermagem, em conson&#226;ncia com um discurso transformador, se d&#225; por meio da participa&#231;&#227;o ativa, cr&#237;tica e questionadora do paciente. Essa pr&#225;tica educativa contraria o modelo verticalizado, no qual n&#227;o h&#225; troca de informa&#231;&#245;es, saberes e experi&#234;ncias<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Na educa&#231;&#227;o problematizadora, a exposi&#231;&#227;o do problema a ser estudado deve ser abordada a partir de cen&#225;rio real, com situa&#231;&#245;es que adv&#234;m do cotidiano dos indiv&#237;duos em quest&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>. Para a replica&#231;&#227;o de cen&#225;rio, utilizou-se a estrat&#233;gia da simula&#231;&#227;o para a produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo. Contou-se com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de materiais e equipamentos id&#234;nticos aos da pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, o que favoreceu a reprodu&#231;&#227;o de cen&#225;rio pr&#243;ximo &#224; realidade.</p>
        <p>Em estudo randomizado realizado na Universidade de Turim, na It&#225;lia, com o objetivo de se avaliar a efic&#225;cia do v&#237;deo para mudan&#231;a de dec&#250;bito do indiv&#237;duo acamado e se comparar o desempenho de dois grupos de alunos de gradua&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem, em que um assistiu ao v&#237;deo e outro recebeu as informa&#231;&#245;es por escrito, foi demonstrado, nos resultados, que o grupo que assistiu ao v&#237;deo realizou o procedimento de forma mais eficaz, apresentando melhor desempenho. Concluiu-se, portanto, que o v&#237;deo foi utilizado como importante ferramenta para refor&#231;ar a aprendizagem pr&#233;via<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Titler<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup> aponta a relev&#226;ncia da utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados de pesquisas e inova&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, de forma a gerar cuidados mais eficazes, seguros e de qualidade. Ressalta tamb&#233;m, dentre a diversidade de estrat&#233;gias a serem implementadas, o aspecto pr&#225;tico da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de inova&#231;&#245;es, a tentativa de mudar determinada condi&#231;&#227;o, a partir do apoio das equipes multidisciplinares. Nesse sentido, pretende-se que o v&#237;deo educativo em quest&#227;o contribua para o atendimento das necessidades dos indiv&#237;duos, uma vez que foi positivamente avaliado por 100% dos participantes do estudo-piloto.</p>
        <p>De modo geral, as mudan&#231;as que ocorreram na produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo se deram em conformidade com o processo de validade do conte&#250;do e referencial adotado e, portanto, o v&#237;deo poder&#225; auxiliar indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico. Al&#233;m disso, tem-se o compromisso de disseminar o conte&#250;do acerca da tem&#225;tica com a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo em diferentes m&#237;dias, a fim de difundir e facilitar o seu acesso.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Este estudo foi realizado a partir de um projeto de mestrado, em um per&#237;odo de 30 meses, e o tempo despendido para o processo de produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo, incluindo as quatro etapas, n&#227;o permitiu a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo-piloto com um n&#250;mero maior de participantes. Ser&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos mais robustos de valida&#231;&#227;o para testar sua efic&#225;cia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da enfermagem</title>
          <p>Com este estudo, pretende-se contribuir para a assist&#234;ncia de qualidade, visando a maior efetividade e efici&#234;ncia das atividades de enfermagem no que concerne &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo com intestino neurog&#234;nico para o autocuidado e manejo da condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica.</p>
          <p>A produ&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo poder&#225; contribuir para o aprimoramento da assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem, com enfoque na reabilita&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico e nos seus cuidadores, al&#233;m de constituir ferramenta tecnol&#243;gica que poder&#225; ser utilizada em ambiente de aprendizagem virtual e presencial.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUS&#195;O</title>
        <p>O processo de constru&#231;&#227;o do v&#237;deo educativo demandou tempo, conhecimentos espec&#237;ficos sobre o tema, colabora&#231;&#227;o e experi&#234;ncias de pesquisadores e especialistas na &#225;rea, resultando em material educativo atual com potencial para inova&#231;&#227;o na assist&#234;ncia de enfermagem, no que tange &#224; reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal de indiv&#237;duos com intestino neurog&#234;nico.</p>
        <p>Mediante os objetivos propostos, conclui-se que o v&#237;deo educativo foi validado. Ele est&#225; publicado em reposit&#243;rios institucionais (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=8104">http://eaulas.usp.br/portal/video.action?idItem=8104</ext-link>) e <italic>site</italic> de compartilhamento de v&#237;deos da Internet, regidos pela pol&#237;tica de acesso aberto. Recomenda-se a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o no contexto da reabilita&#231;&#227;o intestinal e, em caso de d&#250;vidas ap&#243;s a sua visualiza&#231;&#227;o, estas devem ser discutidas com profissionais de sa&#250;de com <italic>expertise</italic> na tem&#225;tica.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>
            <bold>FOMENTO</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Esse artigo originou-se de uma pesquisa de mestrado financiada pela FAPESP, Processo n&#186; 2013/16334-5.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
