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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.0" specific-use="sps-1.6" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GGhx4dQtXqhhSc7mY8WTtPR</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0034-71672017000601301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0247</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REVIEW</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Managing febrile neutropenia in adult cancer patients: an integrative review of the literature</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Manejo de la neutropenia febril en pacientes adultos oncol&#243;gicos: revisi&#243;n integradora de la literatura</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Lury Renata Barbosa Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Moreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Watanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Naomi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Possari</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Fernandes Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, General Direction of Assistance. S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Nursing School</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Professional Guidance</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Nursing School, Department of Professional Guidance. S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Ant&#244;nio Fernandes Costa Lima</bold> E-mail: <email>tonifer@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Nov-Dec</season>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>70</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1301</fpage>
      <lpage>1308</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the interventions performed by health professionals with a view to managing chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>Integrative literature review, the sample of 12 primary articles was selected from the following databases: LILACS, SciELO, BVS, PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>There was a prevalence of studies, realized by doctors, focused on pharmacological treatment and on the association of methods for greater diagnostic accuracy of febrile neutropenia. A study was found on pharmaceutical management regarding antibiotic dosing efficacy and a study indicating that nurses could contribute to the identification of elderly patients who would benefit from prophylactic use of growth factor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>There was a shortage of studies involving the participation of other health professionals, besides the doctors, and a knowledge gap regarding interprofessional practice in the management of interventions specific to their area of specialism, joint interventions and non-pharmacological interventions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analizar las intervenciones realizadas por profesionales de salud visando el manejo de la neutropenia febril inducida por Quimioterapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Revisi&#243;n integradora de la literatura cuya muestra de 12 art&#237;culos primarios fue seleccionada en las bases LILACS, SciELO, BVS, <italic>PubMed</italic>, CINAHL y <italic>Web of Science</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Se constat&#243; la prevalencia de estudios, desarrollados por m&#233;dicos, centrados en el tratamiento farmacol&#243;gico y en la asociaci&#243;n de m&#233;todos para mayor precisi&#243;n diagn&#243;stica de la neutropenia febril. Se encontr&#243; un estudio sobre manejo farmac&#233;utico relativo a la eficacia del dosificaci&#243;n de antibi&#243;ticos y un estudio indicando que los enfermeros podr&#237;an contribuir para la identificaci&#243;n de pacientes de edad avanzada que se beneficiar&#237;an con uso profil&#225;ctico de factor de crecimiento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusi&#243;n:</title>
          <p>Se evidenci&#243; la escasez de estudios con la participaci&#243;n de otros profesionales de salud, adem&#225;s de los m&#233;dicos, y la laguna de conocimiento cuanto a la pr&#225;ctica interprofesional en la conducci&#243;n de intervenciones espec&#237;ficas a su &#225;rea de competencia, intervenciones conjuntas e intervenciones no farmacol&#243;gicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Oncology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospital Oncology Service</kwd>
        <kwd>Chemotherapy-Induced Febrile Neutropenia</kwd>
        <kwd>Management</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Care Team</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Oncolog&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Servicio Hospitalario de Oncolog&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Neutropenia Febril Inducida por Quimioterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Manejo</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipo de Asistencia al Paciente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
      <p>The treatment of cancer patients is subject to factors which range from diagnostic confirmation of the disease to staging and to individual and psychological characteristics of the patient. There are various therapeutic approaches: hormone therapy, surgical procedures, radiotherapy and chemotherapy (CT)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the technological advances, antineoplastic CT continues to be an indispensable therapeutic option. This constitutes a method which uses one or more drugs in order to reach the different cellular populations and in the various phases of the cellular cycle, thereby weakening the development of those cells with disordered growth. The chemotherapies act on tumor cells and also in distinct cells of the body, such as the bone marrow, hair and mucosa of the digestive tract. CT is applied in repetitive cycles, since the normal cell presents a recovery period<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The duration of toxic exposure to the drugs depends on the quantity used, the plasma concentration and individual characteristics of each patient. The drugs can lead to toxicities and undesirable effects, such as alopecia, gastrointestinal alterations, myelodepression, fever, and also infectious signs and symptoms. The occurrence of fever in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment represents an oncological emergency, since it is indicative of febrile neutropenia (FN)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>, representing a severe complication with mortality levels that can reach over 50%<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. Axillary temperature measurements greater than 37.8&#176;C, whether single or multiple episodes, already constitutes a warning sign for a picture of FN. Laboratory exams are performed in the presence of fever and diagnosis of FN is confirmed whenever there is a neutrophil count less than 500/mm<sup>3</sup>, or a reduction to less than 500 neutrophils/mm<sup>3</sup> within the following 48 hours<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Individuals with FN can be classified as low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk neutropenic patients. The risk score is determined using the MASCC (<italic>Multinational Association for Supportive Care of Cancer)</italic> risk index, which allocates points according to the importance of each variable: asymptomatic patient; patient presenting mild, moderate or severe symptoms; no hypotension; no chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; solid tumor with no previous fungal infection; no dehydration; outpatient status at onset of fever; and age under 60 years. The MASCC risk index has a maximum score of 26 points and classifies the patients into low-risk (&#8805; 21 points) or high-risk (&lt; 21 points)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>. It is widely used and considered to be simple, while presenting good sensitivity and a high positive value.</p>
      <p>It should be noted that patients with hematologic neoplasia reach an initial score, regardless of any other conditions, up to a maximum of 22 points; implying a high rate of hospitalization that is not always necessary and incurs high costs to the health system<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Patients considered to be high-risk should receive broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotic therapy (ABT) and indicated for hospitalization; Patients with low-risk and intermediate-risk of complications may be considered candidates for ABT orally or intravenously and without hospitalization<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>The focus of infection is not always clearly defined in neutropenic patients admitted to the health services, even with clinical anamnesis, since fever may be the only sign of infection. Thus, empiric treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics is initiated early so that future complications are avoided<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Management of FN varies according to each health institution, such that establishing care guidelines based on the MASCC risk index would allow patients to benefit from complete treatment, reduce the variation of conduct in care provided, optimize decision making and thereby, improve care quality and treatment results<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering that FN is a complication induced by chemotherapy treatment, which can incur high mortality rates and faced with increasing hospital costs, it requires proper management to ensure the best results for both patients and the health institution. Consequently the present study was conducted with the objective of analyzing the interventions performed by health professionals for management of CT induced FN in adult patients.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>METHOD</title>
      <p>An integrative review of the literature was performed since this is considered a unique tool in the field of health, by enabling the synthesis of available evidence on a given theme and directs clinical practice based on scientific knowledge<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. The guiding research question was: &#8220;What are the interventions developed by health professionals, as reported in the literature, for the management of CT induced FN in adult oncology patients?&#8221;</p>
      <p>The integrative review was organized with the PICO search strategy, which is an acronym for Patient or problem, Intervention, Control or comparison and Outcome<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>; the abbreviations in this study were defined as: &#8220;P&#8221; - adult oncology patients submitted to CT; &#8220;I&#8221; - interventions performed by health professionals; &#8220;C&#8221; &#8211; not applicable as no intervention was established for comparison; and &#8220;O&#8221; - FN management.</p>
      <p>The research was undertaken in the following steps: establishment of the hypothesis and objective; establishment of inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles (sample selection); definition of the information to be extracted from selected articles; analysis of results; presentation and discussion of results; and finally, presentation of the review<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>In order to select the articles, databases were used to broaden the scope of the search<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>: LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), BVS (Virtual Library of Health), PubMed, CINAHL (The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and Web of Science.</p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria were: primary articles published in Portuguese, English or Spanish, with their entire texts available in the selected databases, published between 2010 and 2015; articles whose methodology demonstrated interventions related to the practices of health team professionals (either in conjunction or individually) for the management of CT-induced FN in adult patients.</p>
      <p>As recommended by Lopes, Galv&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">11</xref><sup>)</sup>, due to the specific characteristics of accessing each of the selected databases, the strategies used to locate the articles were adapted according to the research questions and the inclusion criteria to maintain consistency in the search for articles and avoid possible biases. From this perspective, the keywords used were: <italic>febrile neutropenia/oncology, febrile neutropenia/cancer, fever/chemotherapy neutropenia, febrile neutropenia/chemotherapy-induced, febrile/classification neutropenia, febrile neutropenia/complications, febrile/therapy neutropenia, febrile neutropenia/treatment, febrile neutropenia/management, febrile neutropenia/mucositis, febrile neutropenia/hematology, fever/nursing neutropenia, febrile/dental neutropenia, febrile/pharmacy neutropenia, febrile neutropenia/social service, febrile neutropenia/nutrition, febrile neutropenia/febrile neutropenia and medicine/medical.</italic></p>
      <p>The online search found 2,892 articles; after applying the inclusion criteria, the final sample for this integrative review comprised 12 articles, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Flow diagram of the article inclusion process, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <p>Source: adapted from Mistiaen, Franckel, Poot<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup></p>
          <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-70-06-1301-0247-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Data collection of primary articles<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> included in the integrative review was made possible through an instrument detailing: identification of the original article (title, periodical, authors, specialism of authors, year of publication); objective(s); methodological characteristics of the study (type, sample, specialism of the professionals involved in FN management); intervention for FN management; and main findings, conclusions and identification of limitations and/or biases. For the analysis and synthesis of these articles, we used synoptic tables<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup> containing: title, author/year and professional category; interventions realized; results; and recommendations/conclusions.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTS</title>
      <p>This integrative review located a sample of 12 articles<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> which met the inclusion criteria and are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Chart 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Chart 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Characterization of the 12 primary articles included in the integrative review, according to title, author, year and professional category, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, 2016</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="all">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Title</th>
              <th align="center">Author/year</th>
              <th align="center">Professional category</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Managing neutropenia in older patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy in a community setting<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup></italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Flores QI, Ershler W; 2010</td>
              <td align="center">Nurse</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Safety of Early Discharge for Low-Risk Patients With Febrile Neutropenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup></italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Talcott JA, et al.; 2010</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Pharmacokinetics of piperacillin/tazobactam in cancer patients with hematological malignancies and febrile neutropenia after chemotherapy<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup></italic>
              </td>
              <td align="center">&#193;lvarez JC, et al.; 2013</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>An&#225;lisis descriptivo de los motivos que originan visitas a urgencias en pacientes oncol&#243;gicos: toxicidad postquimioterapia</italic>
                <sup>(</sup>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
                <sup>)</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Bravo SB, et al.; 2013</td>
              <td align="center">Pharmacist</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>C-reactive protein and the MASCC risk index identify high-risk patients with febrile neutropenia and hematologic neoplasms</italic>
                <sup>(</sup>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
                <sup>)</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Juan F, Lombana M, Pino LE, Arango M; 2013</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and current practice of prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors in cancer patients in Spain: a prospective, observational study</italic>
                <sup>(</sup>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
                <sup>)</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Jolis L, et al.; 2013</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Adding procalcitonin to the MASCC risk-index score could improve risk stratification of patients with febrile neutropenia</italic>
                <sup>(</sup>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
                <sup>)</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Ahn S, Lee YS, Lim KS, Lee JL; 2013</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Feasibility and safety of a reduced duration of therapy of colony-stimulating factor in a dose-dense regimen</italic>
                <sup>(</sup>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
                <sup>)</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Puccini LRB, et al.; 2014</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Association between adherence to an antimicrobialstewardship program and mortality amonghospitalised cancer patients with febrileneutropaenia: a prospective cohort study</italic>
                <sup>(</sup>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
                <sup>)</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Rosa RG, Goldani LZ, Santos RP; 2014</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Incidence, treatment, and consequences of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in the inpatient and outpatient settings</italic>
                <sup>(</sup>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
                <sup>)</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Weycker D, Barron R, Kartashov A, Adicionar J, Lyman GH; 2014</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Randomized controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin and cefepime in febrile neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies</italic>
                <sup>(</sup>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
                <sup>)</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Yasuda T, et al.; 2014</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">
                <italic>Value of lipopolysaccharide binding protein as diagnostic marker of infection in adultcancer patients with febrile neutropenia: comparison with C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and interleukin</italic>
                <sup>(</sup>
                <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
                <sup>)</sup>
              </td>
              <td align="center">Garcia GRL, et al.; 2015</td>
              <td align="center">Doctor</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Note: MASCC - Multinational Association for Supportive Care of Cancer.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>All of the studies analyzed were performed in hospital institutions, of which 10 by doctors, one by a pharmacist and one by nurses. They were published in the following journals: <italic>Support Care Cancer</italic> (3), <italic>Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing</italic> (1), <italic>Journal of Clinical Oncology</italic> (1), <italic>BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology</italic> (1), <italic>Farmacia Hospitalaria</italic> (1), <italic>European Journal of Cancer Care</italic> (1), <italic>Supportive Care in Cancer</italic> (1), <italic>BMC Infectious Diseases</italic> (1), <italic>Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice</italic> (1) and <italic>International Journal of Infectious Diseases</italic> (1).</p>
      <p>In relation to the type of study, three were &#8220;retrospective cohort&#8221;; two &#8220;randomized controlled&#8221;; two &#8220;multicenter randomized prospective&#8221;; two &#8220;prospective observational&#8221;; one &#8220;prospective descriptive&#8221;; one &#8220;retrospective observational&#8221;; and one &#8220;prospective cohort&#8221;. A summary of the contents (Intervention, Results and Recommendations/Conclusion) of each article is presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 2</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Chart 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Presentation of the synthesis of interventions, results and recommendations/conclusions for each of the 12 primary articles included in the integrative review, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, 2016</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="all">
          <colgroup>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
            <col width="33%"/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Intervention</th>
              <th align="center">Results</th>
              <th align="center">Recommendations/Conclusions</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Compare the prophylactic use of Pegfilgrastim, as of the first CT cycle, against the use of medical criteria to manage the occurrence of FN<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
              <td align="left">A reduction was observed in the occurrence of NF amounting to approximately 60% with the prophylactic use of Pegfilgrastim since the beginning of the CT cycle in elderly patients and a reduction by approximately 50% when used according to medical criterion</td>
              <td align="left">Prophylactic use of Pegfilgrastim in elderly patients was shown to be efficient in avoiding the reduction of CT doses and CT cycle delays. It favors the reduction of complications due to NF, reducing the number of prolonged hospitalizations and use of ABT. Nurses can contribute to the identification of elderly patients who would benefit from the proposed intervention.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">To recommend home treatment for low-risk NF patients in order to reduce hospital costs<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">Early hospital discharge for low-risk FN patients, with ambulatory follow-up and/or supervision contributes to a reduction in hospital costs and improves the quality of life for patients.</td>
              <td align="left">Promoting early hospital discharge of low-risk FN patients, with appropriate ABT and ambulatory follow-up and/or supervision, attenuates the occurrence of complications and reduces hospital costs.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Evaluate the pharmacokinetics of administering piperacillin/tazobactam in patients with hematologic neoplasms and FN after CT<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">Demonstrated improved efficacy of piperacillin/tazobactam, for the treatment of FN, when initiated after CT.</td>
              <td align="left">FN patients medicated with piperacillin/tazobactam, after realizing CT, present more favorable pharmacokinetic variations for the prevention of FN complications.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Analyze administration of growth factor as a prophylaxis against FN<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">The use of growth factor reduced the occurrence of CT-induced FN.</td>
              <td align="left">It was concluded that use of growth factor in patients submitted to CT prevents the occurrence of FN.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Evaluate the association of the C-reactive protein value with the MASCC risk index for the identification of high-risk FN patients<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">The combination of results from the MASCC risk index and C-reactive protein value during the first five days of an FN episode allows the high-risk patient group to be identified.</td>
              <td align="left">Association of the C-reactive protein analysis and MASCC risk index score favors greater accuracy in the diagnosis of high-risk NF patients.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">To analyze the effects of prophylactic administration of growth factor, from the first cycle of CT, in patients with breast cancer and lymphomas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">Patients with breast cancer and lymphomas who received prophylactic growth factor presented a reduction in the interruption of chemotherapy treatment due to FN.</td>
              <td align="left">Findings showed the majority of high-risk or moderate-risk NF patients who received growth factor in the 1st cycle of CT presented less treatment delay.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Realize the collection of procalcitonin (PCT) associated with application of the MASCC risk index in patients with a score &#8805; 21 in order to prevent the occurrence of bacteremia and septic shock<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">The use of PCT as an adjunct biomarker together with the MASCC risk index score could improve the risk stratification of patients with CT-induced NF.</td>
              <td align="left">The association of PCT and results of the MASC risk index favors an improved risk stratification for NF patients.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">Prophylactic use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for CT patients in order to prevent the occurrence of FN<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">Prophylactic G-CSF could help reduce alterations in the neutrophil count after CT.</td>
              <td align="left">Use of G-CSF appears to be safe and effective, while contributing to cost reduction, however further randomized studies are necessary to define the correct dosage to avoid NF.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">To evaluate the association between adherence to an antimicrobial management protocol and the mortality of hospitalized NF patients<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">Mortality rates of patients treated according to the antimicrobial management protocol were lower when compared to mortality rates of patients treated with other ABT regimens.</td>
              <td align="left">Adherence to an antimicrobial management protocol has a favorable repercussion on NF management, since it supports the rational use of antibiotics and contributes to the reduction of mortality rates.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">To compare the prophylactic use of G-CSF and/or ABT for the treatment of low-risk neutropenic patients in hospital and outpatient settings<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">Outpatient prophylactic treatment reduces the mortality rate and need for long-term hospitalizations, while also reducing hospital costs.</td>
              <td align="left">Despite the benefits of outpatient prophylaxis, it has been proven over the last three years that most patients with low-risk NF were initially treated in the hospital setting.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">To compare the efficacy of cefepime versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of FN patients<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">Although the overall clinical response was similar between both groups, the efficacy of cefepime treatment on day 7 of CT was proven to provide a better response in the neutrophil count in high-risk NF patients.</td>
              <td align="left">The efficacy of cefepime in relation to the use of ciprofloxacin on day 7 of CT was identified. Thus, the authors recommend that cefepime be used as the initial standard treatment of choice for NF and ciprofloxacin as empiric prophylactic treatment.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left">To determine the value of lipopolysaccharide binding protein as a predictor of infection in patients with FN compared to other biomarkers: C-reactive protein, PCT and interleukin <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
              <td align="left">At admission of FN patients, the biomarkers of lipopolysaccharide, C-reactive, PCT and interleukin binding proteins were increased, with no significant differences between them for early detection of septic shock and bacteremia.</td>
              <td align="left">At admission of neutropenic patients, the lipopolysaccharide binding protein confers early diagnostic accuracy of infection similar to that of other biomarkers studied.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p>Note: FN: Febrile Neutropenia; CT: Chemotherapy; ABT: Antibiotic therapy; MASCC: Multinational Association for Supportive Care of Cancer; PCT: Procalcitonin; (G-CSF) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Regarding the interventions for management of CT-induced FN, there was a prevalence of studies focused on pharmacological treatment (use of empiric ABT in hospital and outpatient settings, adherence to an antimicrobial management protocol and use of prophylactic or non-prophylactic growth factor)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> and improvement in the diagnostics (association of biomarkers with the MASCC risk index)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. Only one study<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup> investigated pharmaceutical management in relation to the efficacy of antibiotic dosage and a study which implied that nurses could contribute to the identification of elderly patients who would benefit from prophylactic use of growth factor in order to reduce the occurrence of FN<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSSION</title>
      <p>The proven relevance of the use of growth factor as a prophylaxis in elderly patients with breast cancer and lymphoma is well-known since they are more likely to develop FN<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>. This prophylactic intervention, performed after CT, decreases the occurrence of FN episodes (neutrophils &#8805; 1000)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">20</xref><sup>)</sup>. According to the clinical practice of the authors, the use of growth factors as drug intervention is essential to avoid the occurrence of FN, associated with performing a complete blood count and the monitoring the results.</p>
      <p>Regarding the efficacy of antimicrobial use, a study demonstrated the benefits of using piperacillin/tazobactam in the treatment of FN and prevention of complications<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>. In another study, adherence to an antimicrobial management protocol enabled a reduction in the mortality rate<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>. When comparing efficacy between cefepime and ciprofloxacin, a study recommended that cefepime be used as the initial standard treatment of choice for FN and ciprofloxacin as an empiric and prophylactic treatment. Thus, the significant efficacy of cefepime treatment on day 7 of CT has been demonstrated, resulting in a better response in neutrophil counts of high-risk FN patients<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. It should be emphasized that the rational use of antimicrobial therapy has a favorable effect on FN management, while reducing hospital costs and lowering mortality rates. In the hospital context in which the investigators of the present research work, there are protocols established for each degree of FN, and empirical ABT is administered until confirmation of culture results and, subsequently, ABT according to the sensitivity of the bacterium.</p>
      <p>Pharmacological prophylactic treatment in an outpatient setting reduces the mortality rate and prolonged hospitalization, thereby reducing hospital costs<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. Early hospital discharge for patients classified as low risk, combined with adequate ABT and ambulatory follow-up and/or supervision, attenuates the occurrence of complications and reduces both hospital costs and also outpatient treatment costs, while improving the patient&#8217;s quality of life<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. In the clinical practice of the authors, those classified as low-risk neutropenic patients are usually treated with ambulatory ABT and a weekly follow-up.</p>
      <p>Studies that associated the identification of biomarkers (C-reactive, PCT, interleukin)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> with the results of the MASCC risk index obtained higher accuracy in the score and in identification of the severity of FN and its complications (bacteremia and septic shock). Based on their clinical practice the authors have noted that even though identification of CT-induced FN using the MASCC risk index is recommended by the institution&#8217;s current guidelines, it is still not fully applied-which constitutes a challenge to be faced.</p>
      <p>Despite the methodological option to expand the keywords, the present integrative review has demonstrated a lack of studies addressing non-pharmacological interventions for the management of CT-induced FN and also a lack of studies related to the practice of some health professionals and the team.</p>
      <p>These results have drawn the authors&#8217; attention, since in the hospital in which they are employed, they observe the daily work of other professionals in the health team (such as nutritionists, social workers, psychologists and nurses) developing non-pharmacological interventions that are integrated with their Interprofessional Practice (IPP).</p>
      <p>The nutritionist proposing a specific diet for neutropenic patients, in order not to expose them to foods that could lead to infection due to their immunodepression.</p>
      <p>The social worker analyzing the conditions that prevent patients from going to the hospital to receive treatment and/or prophylaxis with growth factor (Filgrastim); indicating that the patient should use the medication at home, in situations such as bedridden, impaired mobility, residing in another municipality or state and vulnerability; including making health facilities available at the place of residence of these patients in cases where transport is not available for them to receive the prescribed antimicrobial and G-CSF on a daily basis.</p>
      <p>The nurse responsible for the guidelines and care intended to prevent the occurrence of infection, as well as supervising and monitoring the patient&#8217;s myelodepression in the NADIR period, time elapsed between the application of the drug and the occurrence of the lowest hematological count<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>, and when there could be a drop in the neutrophils, checking the laboratory tests and administering the prescribed treatment.</p>
      <p>The psychologist participating in providing emotional assistance to help patients face the disease, as well as to encourage adherence to the proposed treatment and avoiding interruptions due to absenteeism.</p>
      <p>The dentist contributes both to the prevention and treatment of mucositis, using laser therapy, since an open lesion in the buccal region leads to the appearance of infection in patients submitted to CT.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in view of the present results and reality of the disease, it is reiterated that the occurrence of FN, since it constitutes an important risk for the well-being and survival of patients under chemotherapy treatment, requires the presence of highly qualified health professionals and knowledge based on scientific evidence. From this perspective, it is necessary to develop studies that give visibility to the IPP to ensure successful management of CT-induced FN.</p>
      <p>It is imperative to emphasize IPP in different contexts of health services, since it allows problematization and, consequently, a possible displacement of the acknowledged fragmentation to the articulation and integration of health actions; it also tends to increase the resolutivity of services and the quality of health care, to increase and improve communication between professionals and to give recognition to the specific contributions of each area and its overlapping borders<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Study limitations</title>
        <p>The low number of studies found in the literature is considered to be a limitation; it is recommended that future studies use a broader database.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contribution to the area of nursing health or public policy</title>
        <p>The present study synthesized the main results and recommendations of research on the interventions performed by health professionals for management of CT-induced FN in adult patients. By sharing the experience of a public hospital institution, specialized in teaching, research and humanized treatment of cancer patients, especially in the conduct of non-pharmacological interventions, it constitutes an advance in the verticalization of knowledge on the subject.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONCLUSION</title>
      <p>In this integrative review, 12 primary studies were selected and analyzed the objectives of which were to investigate interventions for the management of CT-induced FN. Most were performed by doctors with an emphasis on pharmacological treatment with antimicrobials and/or growth factors and associations of methods for greater diagnostic accuracy of FN.</p>
      <p>The scarcity of studies with the participation of other health professionals and lack of knowledge regarding IPP was evident, especially in the conduct of interventions specific to their area of &#8203;&#8203;competence, joint interventions and non-pharmacological interventions.</p>
      <p>The IPP, aiming at FN management, with the use of prophylactic drugs, accurate diagnosis, monitoring and treatment (pharmacological and non-pharmacological), contributes to the achievement of effective results, such as improvement in quality of life and adherence of patients to the treatment regimen, reduction in hospitalization rates, lower mortality rates and, consequently, lower tangible and intangible costs. Thus, the relevance and necessity is reiterated for the development of studies to confer visibility to Interprofessional Practice by broadening and deepening the scientific knowledge related to this question.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="SA1" xml:lang="pt">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>REVIS&#195;O</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Manejo da neutropenia febril em pacientes adultos oncol&#243;gicos: revis&#227;o integrativa da literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Lury Renata Barbosa Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Renata Moreira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Watanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Naomi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Possari</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Francisco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Fernandes Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, Diretoria Geral de Assist&#234;ncia. S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brasil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Orienta&#231;&#227;o Profissional</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem, Departamento de Orienta&#231;&#227;o Profissional. S&#227;o Paulo-SP, Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>AUTOR CORRESPONDENTE Ant&#244;nio Fernandes Costa Lima</bold> E-mail: <email>tonifer@usp.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <fpage>1371</fpage>
      <lpage>1378</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Analisar as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas por profissionais de sa&#250;de visando ao manejo da neutropenia febril induzida por Quimioterapia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Revis&#227;o integrativa da literatura cuja amostra de 12 artigos prim&#225;rios foi selecionada nas bases LILACS, SciELO, BVS, <italic>PubMed</italic>, CINAHL e <italic>Web of Science</italic>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Constatou-se a preval&#234;ncia de estudos, desenvolvidos por m&#233;dicos, centrados no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e na associa&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos para maior precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da neutropenia febril. Encontrou-se um estudo sobre manejo farmac&#234;utico relativo &#224; efic&#225;cia de dosagem de antibi&#243;ticos e um estudo indicando que os enfermeiros poderiam contribuir para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes idosos que se beneficiariam com uso profil&#225;tico de fator de crescimento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Evidenciou-se a escassez de estudos com a participa&#231;&#227;o de outros profissionais de sa&#250;de, al&#233;m dos m&#233;dicos, e a lacuna de conhecimento quanto &#224; pr&#225;tica interprofissional na condu&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas a sua &#225;rea de compet&#234;ncia, interven&#231;&#245;es conjuntas e interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Oncologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;o Hospitalar de Oncologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Neutropenia Febril Induzida por Quimioterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Manejo</kwd>
        <kwd>Equipe de Assist&#234;ncia ao Paciente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
        <p>O tratamento do portador de c&#226;ncer est&#225; sujeito a fatores que abrangem desde a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da doen&#231;a e o estadiamento at&#233; as caracter&#237;sticas individuais e psicol&#243;gicas do paciente, podendo ocorrer diferentes abordagens terap&#234;uticas: hormonioterapia, procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos, radioterapia e quimioterapia (Qt)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, a Qt antineopl&#225;sica continua sendo uma op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica indispens&#225;vel. Constitui-se em um m&#233;todo que utiliza um ou mais f&#225;rmacos com o objetivo de atingir diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es celulares, em diversas fases do ciclo celular, enfraquecendo o desenvolvimento da c&#233;lula com crescimento desordenado. Os quimioter&#225;picos atuam sobre as c&#233;lulas tumorais e tamb&#233;m em distintas c&#233;lulas no corpo, como na medula &#243;ssea, nos pelos e na mucosa do tubo digestivo. A Qt &#233; aplicada em ciclos repetitivos, pois a c&#233;lula normal apresenta um tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o t&#243;xica aos f&#225;rmacos depende da quantidade utilizada, da concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica e das caracter&#237;sticas individuais de cada paciente. Os f&#225;rmacos podem ocasionar toxicidades e efeitos indesej&#225;veis, como alopecia, altera&#231;&#245;es gastrointestinais, mielodepress&#227;o, febre, sinais e sintomas infecciosos. A ocorr&#234;ncia de febre em pacientes em tratamento quimioter&#225;pico representa uma emerg&#234;ncia oncol&#243;gica, visto que pode ser indicativa de neutropenia febril (NF)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>)</sup>, representando uma grave complica&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade que pode alcan&#231;arn&#237;veis superiores a 50%<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. A mensura&#231;&#227;o de temperatura axilar maior que 37,8&#176;C, sendo um &#250;nico epis&#243;dio ou v&#225;rios, j&#225; constitui alerta para um quadro de NF. Na presen&#231;a de febre s&#227;o realizados exames laboratoriais e, caso seja evidenciada a contagem de neutr&#243;filos menor que 500/mm<sup>3</sup>, ou diminui&#231;&#227;o para menor que 500 neutr&#243;filos/mm<sup>3</sup> nas pr&#243;ximas 48 horas, est&#225; confirmado o diagn&#243;stico de NF<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O paciente portador de NF pode ser classificado como neutrop&#234;nico de baixo risco, de risco intermedi&#225;rio e de alto risco. O escore de risco &#233; determinado por meio do &#237;ndice de gravidade MASCC (<italic>Multinational Association for Supportive Care of Cancer)</italic>, que credita pontos, de acordo com a import&#226;ncia, para cada vari&#225;vel: paciente assintom&#225;tico a paciente apresentando sintomas leves, moderados ou graves; aus&#234;ncia de hipotens&#227;o; aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; portador de tumor s&#243;lido ou aus&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o f&#250;ngica; aus&#234;ncia de desidrata&#231;&#227;o; n&#227;o hospitalizados ao aparecimento da febre; e a idade menor que 60 anos. O &#237;ndice de gravidade MASCC pontua at&#233; 26 pontos no m&#225;ximo e subsidia a classifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente como de baixo risco (&#8805; 21 pontos) ou de alto risco (&lt; 21 pontos)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>. &#201; amplamente utilizado por ser considerado simples, apresentar boa sensibilidade e alto valor positivo.</p>
        <p>Destaca-se que os pacientes com neoplasias hematol&#243;gicas alcan&#231;am uma pontua&#231;&#227;o inicial, independentemente de quaisquer outras condi&#231;&#245;es, de no m&#225;ximo 22 pontos, implicando em alta taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o que nem sempre se faz necess&#225;ria, resultando em altos custos ao sistema de sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Pacientes considerados de alto risco devem receber antibioticoterapia (ATB) endovenosa com cobertura abrangente, havendo a indica&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o; pacientes com risco baixo e risco intermedi&#225;rio de complica&#231;&#245;es podem ser considerados candidatos a ATB por via oral ou intravenosa, sem necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O foco infeccioso nem sempre est&#225; claramente definido em pacientes neutrop&#234;nicos admitidos nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, mesmo com a realiza&#231;&#227;o da anamnese cl&#237;nica, pois a febre pode ser o &#250;nico sinal de infec&#231;&#227;o. Assim, o tratamento emp&#237;rico, com antibi&#243;ticos de amplo espectro, &#233; iniciado precocemente para que sejam evitadas complica&#231;&#245;es futuras<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>O manejo da NF varia de acordo com cada institui&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, que, ao estabelecer seu protocolo de cuidados fundamentado no &#237;ndice MASCC, propicia aos pacientes beneficiarem-se do tratamento por completo, reduzindo a varia&#231;&#227;o de conduta na assist&#234;ncia prestada, auxiliando nas tomadas de decis&#245;es e, consequentemente, melhorando a qualidade do atendimento e os resultados advindos do tratamento<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Considerando que a NF constitui uma complica&#231;&#227;o decorrente do tratamento quimioter&#225;pico, que pode cursar com altas taxas de mortalidade e com o aumento dos custos hospitalares, requerendo adequado manejo para assegurar os melhores resultados aos pacientes e &#224; institui&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de, optou-se por realizar o presente estudo com o objetivo de analisar as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas por profissionais de sa&#250;de para o manejo da NF induzida por Qt em pacientes adultos. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>M&#201;TODO</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma revis&#227;o integrativa que &#233; considerada uma ferramenta &#237;mpar, no campo da sa&#250;de, por possibilitar a s&#237;ntese de pesquisas dispon&#237;veis sobre determinada tem&#225;tica e direcionara pr&#225;tica fundamentando-se em conhecimento cient&#237;fico<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. Teve como quest&#227;o norteadora: &#8220;Quais s&#227;o as interven&#231;&#245;es desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de sa&#250;de, evidenciadas na literatura, para o manejo da NF induzida por Qt em pacientes adultos oncol&#243;gicos?&#8221;.</p>
        <p>Para organizar a condu&#231;&#227;o da revis&#227;o integrativa utilizou-se a estrat&#233;gia PICO, acr&#243;stico de Paciente, Interven&#231;&#227;o, Compara&#231;&#227;o e <italic>Outcomes</italic> ou desfecho<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>, tendo sido empregadas as letras e seus termos equivalentes &#8220;P&#8221; &#8211; pacientes oncol&#243;gicos adultos submetidos &#224; Qt; &#8220;I&#8221; &#8211; interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas por profissionais de sa&#250;de, &#8220;C&#8221; &#8211;n&#227;o se estabeleceu interven&#231;&#227;o para compara&#231;&#227;o; e &#8220;O&#8221; &#8211; manejo da NF.</p>
        <p>Foi elaborada percorrendo as etapas: estabelecimento da hip&#243;tese e objetivo; estabelecimento de crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o de artigos (sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra); defini&#231;&#227;o das informa&#231;&#245;es a serem extra&#237;das dos artigos selecionados; an&#225;lise dos resultados; apresenta&#231;&#227;o e discuss&#227;o dos resultados; e, por fim, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o da revis&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Para a sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos utilizaram-se bases de dados que propiciassem a amplia&#231;&#227;o do &#226;mbito da pesquisa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>: LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de), SciELO (<italic>Scientific Electronic Library Online</italic>), BVS (Biblioteca Virtual de Sa&#250;de), <italic>PubMed</italic>, CINAHL (<italic>The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature</italic>) e <italic>Web of Science</italic>.</p>
        <p>Foram previamente estabelecidos como crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: artigos prim&#225;rios publicados em portugu&#234;s, ingl&#234;s e espanhol, com os textos dispon&#237;veis, na integra, nas bases de dados selecionadas, no per&#237;odo entre 2010 e 2015; artigos cuja metodologia evidenciasse interven&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224; atua&#231;&#227;o, conjunta ou em separado, de profissionais da equipe de sa&#250;de no manejo da NF induzida por Qt pacientes adultos.</p>
        <p>Conforme recomendam Lopes, Galv&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>, devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas para o acesso &#224;s bases de dados selecionadas, as estrat&#233;gias utilizadas para localizar os artigos foram adaptadas, tendo como eixos norteadores a pergunta de pesquisa e os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para manter a coer&#234;ncia na busca dos artigos e evitar poss&#237;veis vieses. Nessa perspectiva, as palavras-chave utilizadas foram: <italic>febrile neutropenia/oncology, febrile neutropenia/cancer, fever/chemotherapy neutropenia, febrile neutropenia/chemotherapy-induced, febrile/classification neutropenia, febrile neutropenia/complications, febrile/therapy neutropenia, febrile neutropenia/treatment, febrile neutropenia/management, febrile neutropenia/mucositis, febrile neutropenia/hematology, fever/nursing neutropenia, febrile/dental neutropenia, febrile/pharmacy neutropenia, febrile neutropenia/social service, febrile neutropenia/nutrition, febrile neutropenia/febrile neutropenia and medicine/medical</italic>.</p>
        <p>A busca foi realizada por acesso <italic>on-line</italic>, tendo sido encontrados 2.892 artigos; utilizando os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, a amostra final desta revis&#227;o integrativa foi constitu&#237;da de 12 artigos, conforme apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Diagrama do fluxo do processo de inclus&#227;o de artigos,S&#227;oPaulo, Brasil, 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <p>Fonte: Adaptado de Mistiaen, Franckel, Poot<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup></p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-70-06-1301-0247-gf01-pt.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A coleta de dados dos artigos prim&#225;rios<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o integrativa foi viabilizada por interm&#233;dio de um instrumento detalhando: identifica&#231;&#227;o do artigo original (t&#237;tulo, peri&#243;dico, autores, profiss&#227;o dos autores, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o); objetivo(s); caracter&#237;sticas metodol&#243;gicas do estudo (tipo, amostra, &#225;rea de atua&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais envolvidos no manejo da NF); interven&#231;&#227;o para o manejo da NF; principais resultados, conclus&#245;es e identifica&#231;&#227;o de limita&#231;&#245;es e/ou vieses. Para a an&#225;lise e s&#237;ntese desses artigos utilizaram-se quadros sin&#243;pticos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup> contendo: t&#237;tulo, autor/ano e categoria profissional; interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas, resultados, recomenda&#231;&#245;es/conclus&#245;es.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTADOS</title>
        <p>Nesta revis&#227;o integrativa obteve-se uma amostra de 12 artigos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> que atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, apresentados no quadro sin&#243;ptico a seguir (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Quadro 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Quadro 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos 12 artigos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o integrativa segundo t&#237;tulo, autor, ano e categoria profissional, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">T&#237;tulo</th>
                <th align="center">Autor/ano</th>
                <th align="center">Categoria Profissional</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Managing neutropenia in older patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy in a community setting</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Flores QI, Ershler W; 2010</td>
                <td align="center">Enfermeiro</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Safety of Early Discharge for Low-Risk Patients With Febrile Neutropenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Talcott JA, et al.; 2010</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Pharmacokinetics of piperacillin/tazobactam in cancer patients with hematological malignancies and febrile neutropenia after chemotherapy</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">&#193;lvarez JC, et al.; 2013</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>An&#225;lisis descriptivo de los motivos que originan visitas a urgencias en pacientes oncol&#243;gicos: toxicidad postquimioterapia</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Bravo SB, et al.; 2013</td>
                <td align="center">Farmac&#234;utico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>C-reactive protein and the MASCC risk index identify high-risk patients with febrile neutropenia and hematologic neoplasms</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Juan F, Lombana M, Pino LE, Arango M; 2013</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and current practice of prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factors in cancer patients in Spain: a prospective, observational study</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Jolis L, et al.; 2013</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Adding procalcitonin to the MASCC risk-index score could improve risk stratification of patients with febrile neutropenia</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Ahn S, Lee YS, Lim KS, Lee JL; 2013</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Feasibility and safety of a reduced duration of therapy of colony-stimulating factor in a dose-dense regimen</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Puccini LRB, et al.; 2014</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Association between adherence to an antimicrobialstewardship program and mortality amonghospitalised cancer patients with febrileneutropaenia: a prospective cohort study</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Rosa RG, Goldani LZ, Santos RP; 2014</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Incidence, treatment, and consequences of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in the inpatient and outpatient settings</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Weycker D, Barron R, Kartashov A, Adicionar J, Lyman GH; 2014</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Randomized controlled trial comparing ciprofloxacin and cefepime in febrile neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Yasuda T, et al.; 2014</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">
                  <italic>Value of lipopolysaccharide binding protein as diagnostic marker of infection in adultcancer patients with febrile neutropenia: comparison with C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and interleukin</italic>
                  <sup>(</sup>
                  <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>
                  <sup>)</sup>
                </td>
                <td align="center">Garcia GRL, et al.; 2015</td>
                <td align="center">M&#233;dico</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Nota: MASCC - Multinational Association for Supportive Care of Cancer.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Todos os estudos analisados foram conduzidos em institui&#231;&#245;es hospitalares, sendo dez realizados por m&#233;dicos, um por farmac&#234;uticos e um por enfermeiros. Foram publicados nos peri&#243;dicos: <italic>Support Care Cancer</italic> (3), <italic>Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing</italic> (1), <italic>Journal of Clinical Oncology</italic> (1), <italic>BMC</italic>
 <italic>Pharmacology and Toxicology</italic> (1), <italic>Farmacia Hospitalaria</italic> (1), <italic>European Journal of Cancer Care</italic> (1), <italic>Supportive Care in Cancer</italic> (1), <italic>BMC Infectious Diseases</italic> (1), <italic>Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice</italic> (1) e <italic>International Journal of Infectious Diseases</italic> (1).</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de estudo, tr&#234;s foram &#8220;coorte retrospectivo&#8221;; dois, &#8220;randomizado e controlado&#8221;; dois, &#8220;multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo randomizado&#8221;; dois, &#8220;prospectivo e observacional&#8221;; um, &#8220;descritivo e prospectivo&#8221;; um, &#8220;retrospectivo observacional&#8221;; um, &#8220;prospectivo de coorte&#8221;.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Quadro 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ntese das interven&#231;&#245;es, resultados e recomenda&#231;&#245;es/conclus&#245;es dos 12 artigos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o integrativa, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <colgroup>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
              <col width="33%"/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Interven&#231;&#227;o estudada</th>
                <th align="center">Resultados</th>
                <th align="center">Recomenda&#231;&#245;es/Conclus&#245;es</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comparar o uso profil&#225;tico de Pegfilgrastim, desde o primeiro ciclo de Qt, versus o uso a crit&#233;rio m&#233;dico para o manejo da ocorr&#234;ncia de NF<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup></td>
                <td align="left">Evidenciou-se a redu&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de NF em cerca de 60% com o uso profil&#225;tico de Pegfilgrastim desde o in&#237;cio do ciclo da Qt em pacientes idosos e a redu&#231;&#227;o em cerca de 50% com o uso a crit&#233;rio m&#233;dico.</td>
                <td align="left">O uso profil&#225;tico de Pegfilgrastim em pacientes idosos mostrou-se eficiente para evitar a diminui&#231;&#227;o das doses de Qt e atrasos do ciclo de Qt. Favorece a redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da NF, diminuindo o n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es prolongadas e o uso de ATB. Os enfermeiros podem contribuir com a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes idosos que se beneficiar&#227;o com a interven&#231;&#227;o proposta.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Preconizar o tratamento domiciliar para pacientes com NF de baixo risco visando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos hospitalares<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">A alta hospitalar precoce de pacientes com NF de baixo risco, com acompanhamento e/ou supervis&#227;o ambulatorial, contribuiu para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos hospitalares e melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes.</td>
                <td align="left">A promo&#231;&#227;o da alta precoce de pacientes com NF de baixo risco para casa, com adequada ATB e acompanhamento e/ou supervis&#227;o ambulatorial, atenua a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e reduz os custos hospitalares.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Avaliar a farmacocin&#233;tica da administra&#231;&#227;o da piperacilina/tazobactam em pacientes com neoplasias hematol&#243;gicas e NF ap&#243;s Qt<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">Demonstrou-se melhor efic&#225;cia da piperacilina/ tazobactam, para o tratamento da NF, quando iniciada ap&#243;s a Qt.</td>
                <td align="left">Pacientes com NF medicados com piperacilina/tazobactam, ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da Qt, apresentaram varia&#231;&#245;es farmacocin&#233;ticas mais favor&#225;veis para a preven&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es de NF.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Analisar a administra&#231;&#227;o de fator de crescimento para a profilaxia da NF<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">O uso de fator de crescimento reduziu a ocorr&#234;ncia de NF induzida por Qt.</td>
                <td align="left">Conclui-se que o uso do fator de crescimento em pacientes submetidos &#224; Qt previne a ocorr&#234;ncia de NF.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do valor da prote&#237;na C-reativa com a escala de MASCC para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com NF de alto risco<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">A combina&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados do &#237;ndice de gravidade MASCC e o valor da prote&#237;na C-reativa, durante os cinco primeiros dias do epis&#243;dio de NF, propicia identificar o grupo de pacientes de alto risco.</td>
                <td align="left">A associa&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise da prote&#237;na C-reativa e do &#237;ndice de gravidade MASCC favorece maior precis&#227;o no diagn&#243;stico de pacientes com NF de alto risco.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Analisar os efeitos da administra&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica do fator de crescimento, desde o primeiro ciclo de Qt, em pacientes portadores de c&#226;ncer de mama e de linfomas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">Pacientes portadores de c&#226;ncer de mama e de linfomas que receberam fator de crescimento, profilaticamente, apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento quimioter&#225;pico devido a NF.</td>
                <td align="left">Identificou-se que a maioria dos pacientes com NF, de alto risco ou de risco moderado, que recebeu fator de crescimento no 1&#176; ciclo de Qt teve um menor atraso no tratamento.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Realizar a coleta de procalcitonina (PCT) associada &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de gravidade MASCC em pacientes com pontua&#231;&#227;o igual ou maior que 21 para prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de bacteremia e choque s&#233;ptico<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">O uso do PCT, como um biomarcador adjuvante, juntamente com a pontua&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de gravidade MASCC pode melhorar a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com NF induzida por Qt.</td>
                <td align="left">A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o PCT e os resultados do &#237;ndice de gravidade MASC favorece melhor estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com NF.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Utilizar Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) profilaticamente para pacientes em Qt visando evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de NF<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">A profilaxia com G-CSF pode ajudar a aliviar a altera&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de neutr&#243;filos provocada pela Qt.</td>
                <td align="left">O uso de G-CSF aparenta ser seguro, eficaz e contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos, embora seja necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de mais estudos randomizados para defini&#231;&#227;o da dosagem correta para evitar a NF.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ades&#227;o a um protocolo de gest&#227;o de antimicrobianos e a mortalidade de pacientes com NF hospitalizados<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">As taxas de mortalidade de pacientes tratados de acordo com o protocolo de gest&#227;o de antimicrobianos foram menores quando comparadas com as taxas de mortalidade dos pacientes tratados com outros regimes de ATB.</td>
                <td align="left">A ades&#227;o a um protocolo de gest&#227;o de antimicrobianos repercute favoravelmente no manejo da NF, visto que fundamenta o uso racional de antibi&#243;ticos e concorre para a diminui&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comparar o uso profil&#225;tico de G-CSF e/ou ATB, para tratamento de pacientes neutrop&#234;nicos de baixo risco em contextos hospitalares e ambulatoriais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">O tratamento profil&#225;tico ambulatorial reduz a taxa de mortalidade e a necessidade de interna&#231;&#245;es prolongadas, diminuindo, tamb&#233;m, os custos hospitalares.</td>
                <td align="left">Apesar dos benef&#237;cios do tratamento profil&#225;tico ambulatorial, comprovou-se, ao longo de tr&#234;s anos, que a maioria dos pacientes com NF de baixo risco foi atendida, inicialmente, no contexto hospitalar.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Comparar a efic&#225;cia do uso de cefepima versus ciprofloxacino no tratamento de pacientes com NF<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">Apesar de a resposta cl&#237;nica global ser semelhante entre ambos os grupos, comprovou-se a efic&#225;cia significativa do tratamento com cefepima, no s&#233;timo dia de Qt, obtendo-se melhor resposta na contagem dos neutr&#243;filos em pacientes com NF de alto risco.</td>
                <td align="left">Identificou-se a efic&#225;cia do cefepima em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de ciprofloxacino no s&#233;timo dia de Qt. Assim, os autores recomendam que o cefepima seja usado como tratamento padr&#227;o inicial de escolha para a NF e a ciprofloxacino como tratamento profil&#225;tico emp&#237;rico.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Avaliar o valor da prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o ao lipopolissacar&#237;dio como preditor de infec&#231;&#227;o, em pacientes com NF, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros biomarcadores: prote&#237;na C-reativa, PCT e interlucina<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</td>
                <td align="left">Na admiss&#227;o do paciente com NF, os biomarcadores da prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o ao lipopolissacar&#237;dio, C-reativa, PCT e interlucina estavam aumentados, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;as significativas entre eles para detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de choque s&#233;ptico e bacteremia.</td>
                <td align="left">Na admiss&#227;o de pacientes neutrop&#234;nicos, a prote&#237;na de liga&#231;&#227;o ao lipopolissacar&#237;dio confere uma precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica precoce de infec&#231;&#227;o semelhante &#224; dos demais biomarcadores estudados.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Nota: NF: Neutropenia Febril; Qt: Quimioterapia; ATB: Antibioticoterapia; MASCC: Multinational Association for Supportive Care of Cancer; PCT: Procalcitonina; (G-CSF) Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da NF induzida por QT encontrou-se a preval&#234;ncia de estudos centrados no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico (uso da ATB emp&#237;rica em contextos hospitalares e ambulatoriais, ades&#227;o a um protocolo de gest&#227;o de antimicrobianos e uso de fator de crescimento profil&#225;tico ou n&#227;o profil&#225;tico)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> e aprimoramento diagn&#243;stico (associa&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores com o &#237;ndice de gravidade MASCC)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. Encontrou-se apenas um estudo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup> cujo objeto de investiga&#231;&#227;o foi o manejo farmac&#234;utico em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; efic&#225;cia de dosagem dos antibi&#243;ticos e um estudo no qual ficou impl&#237;cito que os enfermeiros poderiam contribuir para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes idosos que se beneficiariam com uso profil&#225;tico de fator de crescimento visando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de NF<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
        <p>&#201; not&#243;ria a relev&#226;ncia comprovada do uso de fator de crescimento como profilaxia em pacientes idosos, portadores dec&#226;ncer de mama e de linfoma por apresentarem maior possibilidade de desenvolver a NF<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>. Essa interven&#231;&#227;o profil&#225;tica, realizada ap&#243;s QT, diminui a ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de NF (neutr&#243;filos &#8805; 1000)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>. De acordo com a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica dos autores, observa-se o uso de fatores de crescimento como interven&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa primordial para evitar a ocorr&#234;ncia de NF, associado &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o e ao monitoramento dos resultados de hemograma completo.</p>
        <p>No que diz respeito &#224; efic&#225;cia do uso de antimicrobianos, estudo demonstrou os benef&#237;cios do emprego de piperaciclina/tazobactan no tratamento da NF e na preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>. Verificou-se, em outro estudo, que a ades&#227;o a um protocolo de gest&#227;o de antimicrobianos possibilita a redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>. Ao comparar-se a efic&#225;cia entre os f&#225;rmacos cefepima e ciprofloxacina, estudo recomendou que o cefepima seja usado como tratamento padr&#227;o inicial de escolha para a NF e ciprofloxacino como tratamento profil&#225;tico emp&#237;rico. Dessa forma, foi evidenciada a efic&#225;cia significativa do tratamento com cefepima, no s&#233;timo dia de QT, obtendo-se melhor resposta na contagem dos neutr&#243;filos em pacientes com NF de alto risco<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. Ressalta-se que o uso racional da terap&#234;utica antimicrobiana repercute favoravelmente no manejo da NF, reduzindo os custos hospitalares e diminuindo as taxas de mortalidade. No contexto hospitalar em que os pesquisadores do presente estudo atuam, verifica-se que h&#225; protocolos institu&#237;dos para cada grau de NF, sendo administrada ATB emp&#237;rica at&#233; a confirma&#231;&#227;o de resultados de cultura e, posteriormente, ATB de acordo com a sensibilidade da bact&#233;ria.</p>
        <p>O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico profil&#225;tico ambulatorial reduz a taxa de mortalidade e de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada, diminuindo custos hospitalares<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>. A alta precoce para pacientes classificados como de baixo risco, com adequada ATB e acompanhamento e/ou supervis&#227;o ambulatorial, atenua a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e diminui tanto os custos hospitalares quanto os custos com tratamento ambulatorial concorrendo para a melhora da qualidade de vida do paciente<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica dos autores verifica-se que os pacientes classificados como neutrop&#234;nicos de baixo risco geralmente s&#227;o tratados com ATB ambulatorialmente e com acompanhamento semanal.</p>
        <p>Estudos que associaram a identifica&#231;&#227;o de biomarcadores (C-reativa, PCT, interlucina)<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup> com os resultados do &#237;ndice de gravidade MASCC obtiveram maior precis&#227;o na pontua&#231;&#227;o e na identifica&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da NF e suas complica&#231;&#245;es (bacteremia e choque s&#233;ptico). Os autores, ainda fundamentados em sua pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, constatam que, apesar de ser preconizada a identifica&#231;&#227;o de NF induzida por QT por meio do &#237;ndice de gravidade MASCC, este ainda n&#227;o &#233; totalmente aplicado, conforme o protocolo vigente na institui&#231;&#227;o, constituindo-se em um desafio a ser enfrentado.</p>
        <p>Apesar da op&#231;&#227;o metodol&#243;gica de amplia&#231;&#227;o das palavras-chave, a presente revis&#227;o integrativa evidencia a escassez de estudos abordando interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas para o manejo da NF induzida por QT e a inexist&#234;ncia de estudos relativos &#224; atua&#231;&#227;o de alguns profissionais de sa&#250;de, bem como da equipe, conjuntamente.</p>
        <p>Tais resultados chamaram a aten&#231;&#227;o dos autores, visto que na institui&#231;&#227;o hospitalar na qual est&#227;o inseridos observam, cotidianamente, a atua&#231;&#227;o de outros profissionais da equipe de sa&#250;de, como nutricionistas, assistentes sociais, psic&#243;logos, enfermeiros, desenvolvendo interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas que integram a sua pr&#225;tica interprofissional (PIP).</p>
        <p>O nutricionista propondo dieta espec&#237;fica para pacientes neutrop&#234;nicos, com a finalidade de n&#227;o os expor a alimentos que possam levar a infec&#231;&#227;o em decorr&#234;ncia do seu quadro de imunodepress&#227;o.</p>
        <p>O assistente social analisando as condi&#231;&#245;es que impedem os pacientes de ir ao hospital para receber o tratamento e/ou profilaxia com o fator de crescimento (Filgrastima); indicando que o paciente dever&#225; fazer o uso do medicamento em domic&#237;lio, nas situa&#231;&#245;es tais como acamado e/ou dificuldade de locomo&#231;&#227;o (mobilidade prejudicada), residir em outro munic&#237;pio ou estado e vulnerabilidade; contatando, inclusive, os equipamentos de sa&#250;de dispon&#237;veis no local de resid&#234;ncia desses pacientes nos casos em que estes n&#227;o consigam transporte para receber, diariamente, o antimicrobiano e o G-CSF prescritos.</p>
        <p>O enfermeiro responsabilizando-se pelas orienta&#231;&#245;es e cuidados destinados &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o, bem como supervisionando e monitorando a mielodepress&#227;o do paciente no per&#237;odo de NADIR, tempo transcorrido entre a aplica&#231;&#227;o da droga e a ocorr&#234;ncia do menor valor de contagem hematol&#243;gica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">25</xref><sup>)</sup>, quando poder&#225; haver a queda dos neutr&#243;filos, checando os exames laboratoriais e administrando o tratamento prescrito.</p>
        <p>O psic&#243;logo auxiliando na assist&#234;ncia emocional do paciente para o enfrentamento da doen&#231;a, assim como para favorecer sua ades&#227;o ao tratamento proposto, evitando interrup&#231;&#245;es por conta de absente&#237;smo.</p>
        <p>O odontologista contribuindo tanto na preven&#231;&#227;o quanto no tratamento da mucosite, utilizando-se da laserterapia, visto que a les&#227;o aberta em regi&#227;o bucal propicia o surgimento de infec&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos a Qt.</p>
        <p>Ent&#227;o, diante dos resultados obtidos e da realidade vivenciada, reitera-se que a ocorr&#234;ncia da NF, ao constituir um risco importante para o bem-estar e sobrevida dos pacientes em tratamento quimioter&#225;pico, requer a presen&#231;a de profissionais de sa&#250;de altamente qualificados e detentores do melhor conhecimento baseado em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas. Nessa perspectiva, ressalta-se a necessidade do desenvolvimento de estudos que deem visibilidade &#224; PIP no tocante ao manejo exitoso da NF induzida por Qt.</p>
        <p>Torna-se imprescind&#237;vel explicitar a PIP, em diferentes contextos de presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, visto que ela permite a problematiza&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, um poss&#237;vel deslocamento da reconhecida fragmenta&#231;&#227;o para a articula&#231;&#227;o e a integra&#231;&#227;o das a&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de; tamb&#233;m tende a aumentar a resolubilidade dos servi&#231;os e a qualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de, ampliar e melhorar a comunica&#231;&#227;o entre os profissionais e oportunizar o reconhecimento das contribui&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de cada &#225;rea e de suas fronteiras sobrepostas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
          <p>Como limita&#231;&#227;o, indica-se o n&#250;mero reduzido de estudos encontrados na literatura; para investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras recomenda-se a amplia&#231;&#227;o das bases de dados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Contribui&#231;&#245;es para a &#225;rea da enfermagem, sa&#250;de ou pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica</title>
          <p>O presente estudo sintetizou os principais resultados e recomenda&#231;&#245;es de pesquisas sobre as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas por profissionais de sa&#250;de para o manejo da NF induzida por Qt em pacientes adultos. Ao compartilhar a experi&#234;ncia de uma institui&#231;&#227;o hospitalar p&#250;blica, especializada em ensino, pesquisa e tratamento humanizado de pacientes oncol&#243;gicos, especialmente na condu&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, constitui um avan&#231;o na verticaliza&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento sobre a tem&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONCLUS&#195;O</title>
        <p>Nesta revis&#227;o integrativa, foram obtidos e analisados 12 estudos prim&#225;rios cujos objetos de investiga&#231;&#227;o eram interven&#231;&#245;es para o manejo da NF induzida por Qt. A maioria deles foi realizada por m&#233;dicos com &#234;nfase no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico com antimicrobianos e/ou fatores de crescimento e associa&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;todos para maior precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de NF.</p>
        <p>Ficou evidente a escassez de estudos com a participa&#231;&#227;o de outros profissionais de sa&#250;de e a lacuna de conhecimento em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PIP, notadamente na condu&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas a sua &#225;rea de compet&#234;ncia, de interven&#231;&#245;es conjuntas e de interven&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas.</p>
        <p>A PIP com vistas ao manejo da NF, com o emprego de f&#225;rmacos profil&#225;ticos, diagn&#243;stico preciso, monitoramento e tratamento (farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico), concorre para a obten&#231;&#227;o de resultados eficazes, como a melhora na qualidade de vida e ades&#227;o dos pacientes ao regime terap&#234;utico, diminui&#231;&#227;o das taxas de interna&#231;&#245;es, diminui&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade e, consequentemente, redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos tang&#237;veis e intang&#237;veis. Assim, reitera-se a relev&#226;ncia e a necessidade do desenvolvimento de estudos para conferir visibilidade &#224; PIP ampliando e aprofundando o conhecimento cient&#237;fico relativo &#224; tem&#225;tica em quest&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
