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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">R5sVj7pVB8gPpKcC9kJQT5f</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0034-71672016000500864</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167-2015-0114</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>PESQUISA</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Representa&#231;&#245;es sociais da Enfermagem sobre biosseguran&#231;a: sa&#250;de ocupacional e o cuidar prevencionista</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Representaciones sociales de la Enfermer&#237;a sobre bioseguridad: salud laboral y los cuidados preventivos</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro Francisco Lopes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">c1</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Acelino Francisco Luz Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Layze Braz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eliete Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Odin&#233;a Maria Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Denise de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem Fundamental</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem Fundamental. Ribeir&#227;o Preto-SP, Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem. Teresina-PI, Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>AUTOR CORRESPONDENTE: &#193;lvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa</bold>. E-mail: <email>alvarosousa@usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Sep-Oct</season>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>69</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>864</fpage>
      <lpage>871</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licen&#231;a Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribui&#231;&#227;o e reprodu&#231;&#227;o em qualquer meio, sem restri&#231;&#245;es desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>apreender as representa&#231;&#245;es sociais da biosseguran&#231;a por profissionais de Enfermagem na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria e analisar como elas se articulam com a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia prestada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>pesquisa explorat&#243;ria, qualitativa, fundamentada na Teoria das Representa&#231;&#245;es Sociais. Os participantes da pesquisa foram 36 trabalhadores de Enfermagem de Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de de uma capital da Regi&#227;o Nordeste do Brasil. Os dados foram analisados pela Classifica&#231;&#227;o Hier&#225;rquica Descendente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>foram obtidas cinco classes: acidentes ocupacionais sofridos pelos profissionais; exposi&#231;&#227;o ocupacional a agentes biol&#243;gicos; gest&#227;o da biosseguran&#231;a em Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria; import&#226;ncia do equipamento de prote&#231;&#227;o individual, e biosseguran&#231;a e controle de infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>as diferentes tomadas de posi&#231;&#245;es dos profissionais parecem se ancorar em um campo das representa&#231;&#245;es sociais ligado a quest&#245;es relacionadas ao conceito de biosseguran&#231;a, &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o a acidentes e riscos aos quais est&#227;o expostos. No entanto, o acidente ocupacional &#233; reportado como inerente &#224; pr&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>comprender las representaciones sociales de bioseguridad en profesionales de Enfermer&#237;a en Atenci&#243;n Primaria y analizar c&#243;mo se articulan con la calidad de la atenci&#243;n brindada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>investigaci&#243;n exploratoria, cualitativa, fundamentada en Teor&#237;a de las Representaciones Sociales. Participaron del estudio 36 trabajadores de Enfermer&#237;a de Unidades B&#225;sicas de Salud de una capital del Noreste brasile&#241;o. Datos analizados por Clasificaci&#243;n Jer&#225;rquica Descendente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>se obtuvieron cinco clases: accidentes laborales sufridos por profesionales; exposici&#243;n laboral a agentes biol&#243;gicos; gesti&#243;n de bioseguridad en Atenci&#243;n Primaria; importancia de equipos de protecci&#243;n individual; y bioseguridad y control de infecciones.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusi&#243;n:</title>
          <p>las diferentes tomas de posici&#243;n de los profesionales parecen anclarse en un campo de las representaciones sociales vinculado a asuntos relacionados al concepto de bioseguridad, a la exposici&#243;n al accidente y riesgos a los cuales est&#225;n expuestos. No obstante, el accidente laboral es considerado inherente a la pr&#225;ctica.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Riscos Ocupacionais</kwd>
        <kwd>Biosseguran&#231;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Psicologia Social</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Riesgos Laborales</kwd>
        <kwd>Bioseguridad</kwd>
        <kwd>Atenci&#243;n Primaria de Salud</kwd>
        <kwd>Enfermer&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Psicolog&#237;a Social</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa</funding-source>
          <award-id>136127/2014-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa-CNPq- Processo: 136127/2014-2.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
      <p>Os profissionais de sa&#250;de, especificamente a equipe de Enfermagem (ou seja, o enfermeiro, o t&#233;cnico e o auxiliar), est&#227;o expostos a diversos riscos de acidentes ocupacionais, seja em ambiente hospitalar, ambulat&#243;rios, postos de sa&#250;de e no domic&#237;lio. Considera-se risco uma ou mais condi&#231;&#245;es de uma vari&#225;vel com potencial necess&#225;rio para causar danos. Os riscos de acidentes podem ser classificados em f&#237;sicos (calor, ilumina&#231;&#227;o e artigos cortantes, por exemplo), qu&#237;micos (solu&#231;&#245;es qu&#237;micas e aeross&#243;is), biol&#243;gicos (representados pelos fluidos corporais com v&#237;rus, bact&#233;rias ou fungos) e ergon&#244;micos. Dentre estes, o risco biol&#243;gico destaca-se como um dos mais frequentes no desenvolvimento das atividades dos profissionais de Enfermagem, principalmente devido &#224; manipula&#231;&#227;o de material contaminado com sangue e secre&#231;&#245;es<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Os profissionais de Enfermagem executam cuidados que envolvem risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o com material biol&#243;gico, como a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de objetos perfurocortantes (agulha, cateteres agulhados e sob agulha, e l&#226;mina de bisturi), gazes contaminadas com sangue e ou secre&#231;&#245;es, instrumentais cir&#250;rgicos, roupas de cama e demais materiais hospitalares tamb&#233;m contaminados. Por isso, &#233; necess&#225;ria a aplica&#231;&#227;o de normas de biosseguran&#231;a, para prevenir a ocorr&#234;ncia de agravos a sa&#250;de do trabalhador<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, a biosseguran&#231;a &#233; regulamentada pela lei 11.105, de 25 de mar&#231;o de 2005, que disp&#245;e sobre a Pol&#237;tica Nacional de Biosseguran&#231;a, a qual contempla, al&#233;m das quest&#245;es ligadas a &#225;rea da sa&#250;de e do trabalho, tamb&#233;m aquelas ligadas ao meio ambiente e &#224; biotecnologia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. O estudo da exposi&#231;&#227;o ocupacional de trabalhadores da sa&#250;de aos riscos biol&#243;gicos pode ser considerado recente e remete ao surgimento da epidemia da s&#237;ndrome da imunodefici&#234;ncia humana (AIDS), principalmente ap&#243;s o surgimento do primeiro caso de transmiss&#227;o ocupacional por esse v&#237;rus<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, a biosseguran&#231;a, tamb&#233;m voltada para a sa&#250;de do trabalhador, abrange o estudo desses riscos e se configura em uma &#225;rea relativamente nova e incipiente para muitas categorias profissionais, a despeito da grande exposi&#231;&#227;o destes, principalmente na &#225;rea da sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Dada a sua import&#226;ncia para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de dos profissionais, a biosseguran&#231;a se apresenta como tem&#225;tica obrigat&#243;ria em cursos de capacita&#231;&#227;o e exige uma constante qualifica&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A biosseguran&#231;a envolve as mais diversas profiss&#245;es e, na Enfermagem, possui singular import&#226;ncia, tendo em vista que as atividades desenvolvidas pelo profissional enfermeiro e por sua equipe, na realiza&#231;&#227;o de cuidados, permitem estar em contato direto com o paciente durante a assist&#234;ncia, o que os exp&#245;e a maior risco ocupacional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. A presta&#231;&#227;o de cuidados de Enfermagem de qualidade &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia para garantir a seguran&#231;a desses profissionais, bem como de toda a equipe e dos pacientes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>H&#225; um grande n&#250;mero de pesquisas que abordam a biosseguran&#231;a do profissional de Enfermagem no ambiente hospitalar, o que se justifica por se tratar de um ambiente insalubre, no qual se aglomeram pacientes com v&#225;rias patologias infectocontagiosas, al&#233;m de ser um ambiente em que se lida cotidianamente com a morte e com a sobrecarga de trabalho<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. Profissionais que atuam na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria tamb&#233;m est&#227;o expostos a elevados riscos advindos de sua atividade laboral no posto de sa&#250;de, como tamb&#233;m no cuidado domiciliar, com destaque para o risco envolvendo material biol&#243;gico, por exemplo: na realiza&#231;&#227;o de curativos contaminados e/ou na aplica&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos endovenosos. Assim, ignorar o tema seria desviar o olhar dos diversos riscos aos quais os profissionais se exp&#245;em, em um cen&#225;rio de grande representatividade da sa&#250;de atual<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Diante dessa problem&#225;tica, este estudo teve como objeto as representa&#231;&#245;es sociais da biosseguran&#231;a por profissionais de Enfermagem na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, por considerar insuficiente a produ&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica nacional e internacional sobre o tema, bem como pela magnitude dos acidentes ocupacionais envolvendo profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>T&#234;m-se percebido um aumento na utiliza&#231;&#227;o do referencial te&#243;rico das Representa&#231;&#245;es Sociais em pesquisas abordando os profissionais da sa&#250;de principalmente envolvendo temas relacionados &#224;s doen&#231;as e formas de preven&#231;&#227;o e cuidado<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>As Representa&#231;&#245;es Sociais s&#227;o conjuntos simb&#243;licos, pr&#225;ticos e din&#226;micos, cujo <italic>status</italic> &#233; atrelado a produ&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o a reprodu&#231;&#227;o ou rea&#231;&#227;o, e a est&#237;mulos exteriores, baseada na utiliza&#231;&#227;o e na sele&#231;&#227;o de informa&#231;&#245;es, a partir de repert&#243;rio existente e circulante na sociedade. N&#227;o s&#227;o simples "opini&#245;es sobre", ou "imagens de", mas verdadeiras teorias coletivas <italic>sui generis</italic>, destinadas &#224; interpreta&#231;&#227;o e &#224; elabora&#231;&#227;o do real. Assim, representar um objeto, pessoa ou coisa n&#227;o consiste apenas em desdobr&#225;-lo, repeti-lo ou reproduzi-lo, mas em reconstru&#237;-lo, retoc&#225;-lo e modific&#225;-lo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Em sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a natureza, o homem, baseado no contexto s&#243;cio-hist&#243;rico, tem suas a&#231;&#245;es e atitudes constantemente permeadas pelas rela&#231;&#245;es sociais estabelecidas no contexto em que se inserem. Considerando que os profissionais de Enfermagem est&#227;o expostos a riscos de infec&#231;&#227;o cruzada no ambiente dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, &#233; imprescind&#237;vel conhecer o posicionamento dos atores sociais envolvidos para investigar os aspectos psicossociol&#243;gicos que influenciam nas atitudes dos profissionais durante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de suas atividades, relacionadas com a implementa&#231;&#227;o das medidas de biosseguran&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Foram objetivos deste estudo apreender as representa&#231;&#245;es sociais da biosseguran&#231;a elaboradas por profissionais de Enfermagem na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria e analisar como elas se articulam com a qualidade da assist&#234;ncia prestada pela equipe.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#201;TODO</title>
      <p>Tratou-se de uma pesquisa explorat&#243;ria, de abordagem qualitativa, fundamentada na Teoria das Representa&#231;&#245;es Sociais, desenvolvida por Serge Moscovici, na d&#233;cada de 1950, constru&#237;da a partir de conceitos, afirma&#231;&#245;es e experi&#234;ncias dos participantes por meio do conhecimento socialmente elaborado e compartilhado<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes, local e amostra</title>
        <p>Estudo realizado com profissionais de Enfermagem da equipe de Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia, que trabalhavam em 18 Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de do munic&#237;pio de Teresina (PI), pertencentes a duas regionais de Sa&#250;de (Leste/Sudeste e Sul). As duas regionais possu&#237;am 63 Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de, sendo 36 na Leste/Sudeste e 27 na Sul. A escolha das regionais, bem como das Unidades de sa&#250;de se deu por sorteio. A amostra foi composta por 36 profissionais de Enfermagem, sendo 18 t&#233;cnicos e 18 enfermeiros, selecionados pelo m&#233;todo de amostragem aleat&#243;ria estratificada proporcional.</p>
        <p>Para inclus&#227;o na pesquisa, o profissional deveria ser funcion&#225;rio efetivo da Unidade B&#225;sica de Sa&#250;de e desenvolver atividades junto a Estrat&#233;gia Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia com atua&#231;&#227;o h&#225; pelo menos 1 ano. Exclu&#237;ram-se profissionais que estavam de licen&#231;a ou f&#233;rias, e os que recusaram o convite.</p>
        <p>Procedeu-se &#224; coleta dos dados nos meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2015, em sala reservada da pr&#243;pria institui&#231;&#227;o, guiada por um roteiro semiestruturado, testado anteriormente em estudo piloto, com tr&#234;s quest&#245;es abertas, as quais exploraram os saberes e os fazeres dos profissionais em seu cotidiano. A entrevista foi gravada e teve dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 25 minutos, totalizando mais de 7 horas de di&#225;logo, que foram posteriormente transcritas. Ao final, foi questionado se algum participante gostaria de desistir da pesquisa ou mudar sua resposta, mas n&#227;o houve desist&#234;ncias e nem mudan&#231;as.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
        <p>Para o processamento e a an&#225;lise dos dados, utilizou-se o <italic>software</italic> IRaMuTeQ(acr&#244;nimo de <italic>Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Texteset de Questionnaires</italic>). Os dados foram tratados utilizando-se o m&#233;todo da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Hier&#225;rquica Descendente, segundo o qual os textos s&#227;o classificados em fun&#231;&#227;o de seus respectivos vocabul&#225;rios, e o conjunto deles se divide pela frequ&#234;ncia das formas reduzidas. A partir de matrizes que cruzaram segmentos de textos e palavras (repetidos testes X<sup>2</sup>), aplicou-se o m&#233;todo de Classifica&#231;&#227;o Hier&#225;rquica Descendente, e foi obtida uma classifica&#231;&#227;o est&#225;vel e definitiva. Essa classifica&#231;&#227;o permitiu a obten&#231;&#227;o de classes de segmentos de texto com vocabul&#225;rio semelhante entre si, mas ao mesmo tempo diferente dos segmentos de texto das outras classes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa, buscou-se estabelecer contato com as unidades e, posteriormente, com os enfermeiros e t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem. Na ocasi&#227;o de cada coleta, foram apresentados os objetivos da pesquisa, riscos e benef&#237;cios para que os participantes manifestassem de forma aut&#244;noma o desejo de participar. N&#227;o houve nenhuma recusa, e todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
        <p>Para preservar a identidade dos profissionais de enfermagem, optou-se pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o do sistema alfanum&#233;rico, por meio dos codinomes "ENF" para enfermeiros e "TEC" para t&#233;cnicos em enfermagem, seguidos da numera&#231;&#227;o ar&#225;bica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTADOS</title>
      <p>Dos 36 participantes, 24 eram mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 26 anos, tempo m&#233;dio no servi&#231;o de 5 anos e tempo de forma&#231;&#227;o maior que 5 anos.</p>
      <p>O IRaMuTeQ reconheceu a separa&#231;&#227;o do <italic>corpus</italic> em 178 unidades de texto elementares, a partir de 208 segmentos de textos. Foram registradas 7356 ocorr&#234;ncias, com aproveitamento de 93,97% do <italic>corpus</italic> total, valor considerado elevado. Por meio da Classifica&#231;&#227;o Hier&#225;rquica Descendente, foram poss&#237;veis a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a an&#225;lise dos dom&#237;nios textuais, al&#233;m da interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos significados, dando-lhes nomes com seus respectivos sentidos em classes, como apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Estrutura tem&#225;tica das representa&#231;&#245;es sociais da biosseguran&#231;a por profissionais de Enfermagem na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-69-05-0864-0114-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O <italic>corpus</italic> analisado em seu todo continha elementos que abordavam o conhecimento e a pr&#225;tica dos profissionais, relacionados &#224; biosseguran&#231;a. Inicialmente, esse <italic>corpus</italic> sofreu uma primeira parti&#231;&#227;o em dois subgrupos, relacionados ao bin&#244;mio exposi&#231;&#227;o-acidente e ades&#227;o-gest&#227;o, contemplando 4 classes (classes 1 a 4). A classe 5 surgiu de uma segunda parti&#231;&#227;o, englobando as demais e relacionada &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o e ao controle da infec&#231;&#227;o nos servi&#231;os.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Classe 1: acidentes ocupacionais sofridos pelos profissionais</title>
        <p>Esta classe apontou a viv&#234;ncia do acidente ocupacional, o qual foi experimentado pela maioria dos profissionais, envolveu agentes biol&#243;gicos e pareceu ter sido incorporado ao conceito de "acidentes" elaborado por estes sujeitos, como pode ser observado nas express&#245;es "<italic>j&#225;, com sangue n&#233;?; &#233;, sempre tem sangue; me acidentei, mas n&#227;o tinha sangue</italic> n&#227;o<italic>; a agulha tava com sangue, por isso me desesperei</italic>".</p>
        <p>As rela&#231;&#245;es acidente-material e acidente-exposi&#231;&#227;o se fizeram presente em todos os discursos, quase sempre associadas a medo e precau&#231;&#227;o. A preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a exposi&#231;&#227;o a fluidos corporais, materiais perfurocortantes e seu manejo davam concretude &#224; dial&#233;tica do agir preventivo, quando n&#227;o se sabia da possibilidade de cont&#225;gio/infec&#231;&#227;o. Chamou-se a aten&#231;&#227;o para o relato apontado pelos sujeitos, elegendo a sala de vacina como ambiente de maior possibilidade de acidentes.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Eu estava manuseando a caixa de perfurocortante, eu n&#227;o vi quando fui lacrar a caixa, as agulhas estavam viradas para fora transbordando...</italic> (TEC01)</p>
            <p><italic>J&#225; sofri sim, acidentes. E muitos aqui nessa Unidade B&#225;sica de Sa&#250;de</italic> j&#225; sofreram mais de uma vez, todas as minhas colegas ao menos... (ENF08)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classe 2: exposi&#231;&#227;o ocupacional a material biol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Esta classe comportou-se como complementar a anterior, estendendo e aprofundando a discuss&#227;o sobre a sa&#250;de ocupacional e o risco biol&#243;gico na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria. Nesta, a representa&#231;&#227;o da biosseguran&#231;a encontrou-se ligada &#224; suscetibilidade percebida aos riscos biol&#243;gicos, principalmente &#224; transmiss&#227;o de micro-organismo por contato direto ou aeross&#243;is. Durante o atendimento ao paciente, os profissionais interagiam com usu&#225;rios ainda n&#227;o diagnosticados e, muitas vezes, realizavam atendimentos desprovidos do aparato necess&#225;rio para prote&#231;&#227;o contra os riscos, principalmente quando este atendimento era realizado fora da Unidade B&#225;sica de Sa&#250;de. Nesse sentido, chamou-se a aten&#231;&#227;o para a dial&#233;tica do agir com precau&#231;&#227;o, na qual a incorpora&#231;&#227;o das normas de biosseguran&#231;a influenciou na exposi&#231;&#227;o e no risco de acidente, afetando a classe anterior.</p>
        <p>O profissional se sentia mais vulner&#225;vel no domic&#237;lio do paciente, j&#225; que a incorpora&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento correto sobre as normas n&#227;o se configurava obrigatoriamente em seu uso. Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o Equipamentos de Prote&#231;&#227;o Individual (EPI) -uso era prejudicada pelo investimento para as Unidades B&#225;sicas de Sa&#250;de, citada como distante de suas realidades e carente de incentivo.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>... Ah, isso &#233; bem comum quando se lida com pessoas com tuberculose, por exemplo... ainda tem os curativos e procedimentos ginecol&#243;gicos, al&#233;m de suturas pequenas e drenagem de alguns tipos de abscessos, que acabamos fazendo</italic> (ENF10)</p>
            <p><italic>... Do que temos mais medo mesmo &#233; de se expor a agulhas e material perfurocortante, e contrair HIV e hepatite B...</italic> (ENF11)</p>
            <p><italic>... Exposi&#231;&#227;o sempre tem, principalmente porque se atende paciente com tuberculose, hansen&#237;ase e &#233; uma forma de exposi&#231;&#227;o...</italic> (TEC 04)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classe 3: gest&#227;o da biosseguran&#231;a na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de</title>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos apreendidos nessa classe evidenciaram que os profissionais percebiam a biosseguran&#231;a como medidas e normas de seguran&#231;a, que proporcionavam subs&#237;dio &#224;s suas pr&#225;ticas cotidianas. O termo de maior signific&#226;ncia, "gestor", evidenciou a import&#226;ncia do agir educativo, o qual proporcionava a precau&#231;&#227;o-preven&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, a concretiza&#231;&#227;o da precau&#231;&#227;o-preven&#231;&#227;o era do tipo gestor-dependente e, em suma, envolvia a provis&#227;o de materiais, que, por sua vez, segundo os sujeitos, independia de suas vontades e conhecimentos.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>O gestor teria que disponibilizar uma estrutura no m&#237;nimo adequada ao trabalho</italic> [...]<italic>, fornecer os materiais pra que pud&#233;ssemos desenvolver o trabalho da forma adequada, no entanto esse gestor n&#227;o faz isso.</italic> (ENF 10)</p>
            <p><italic>Aqui n&#227;o</italic> &#233; <italic>realizada nenhuma atividade educativa,</italic> [...] <italic>simplesmente eles deixam os materiais e se quisermos temos que aprender sozinhos.</italic> (TEC 10)</p>
            <p><italic>Quando tem, a gente usa ... Se n&#227;o tem ... ningu&#233;m deixa de fazer o procedimento n&#227;o.</italic> (TEC 18)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classe 4: import&#226;ncia do uso do Equipamento de Prote&#231;&#227;o Individual</title>
        <p>Esta classe encontra-se intimamente relacionada a anterior (classe 3), de forma que seu conte&#250;do expressou a condi&#231;&#227;o de interdepend&#234;ncia entre provis&#227;o de materiais e garantia do uso do EPI, visando ao agir preventivo. Assim, a biosseguran&#231;a foi representada como EPI, que se configurou como importante medida na preven&#231;&#227;o de acidentes ocupacionais e na manuten&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de ocupacional. No entanto, as falas evidenciaram que sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o se apresentou de forma insuficiente, utilizando-se rotineiramente apenas a luva e o jaleco, mesmo quando existiam outros materiais para serem utilizados, revelando a contradi&#231;&#227;o entre o falar, o pensar e o agir.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Esse equipamento &#233; importante para os profissionais, mas aqui no nosso setor n&#227;o utilizamos EPI.</italic> (TEC 01)</p>
            <p><italic>Tudo aquilo que voc&#234; usa na hora da realiza&#231;&#227;o de um procedimento, para se proteger contra um risco a favor de sua sa&#250;de, podem ser luvas, capotes, m&#225;scaras, botas, gorros.</italic> (ENF 07)</p>
            <p><italic>Luvas, m&#225;scaras NR-95; eu uso &#243;culos e ent&#227;o n&#227;o acho necess&#225;rio usar &#243;culos de prote&#231;&#227;o.</italic> (ENF 01)</p>
            <p><italic>Conhecer como se usam os Equipamento de Prote&#231;&#227;o Individual e praticar os conhecimentos.</italic> (ENF 05)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Classe 5: biosseguran&#231;a e controle de infec&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O conceito elaborado sobre biosseguran&#231;a foi constru&#237;do amparado na preven&#231;&#227;o e no controle de infec&#231;&#227;o, em uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa-efeito. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o das representa&#231;&#245;es expressadas pelos depoentes, independente da categoria profissional, esteve ancorada na adequa&#231;&#227;o de condutas e nas t&#233;cnicas, com forte impacto na pr&#225;tica profissional. Percebeu-se que estas representa&#231;&#245;es, em alguns casos, alteraram a pr&#243;pria forma de cuidar, exigindo um distanciamento f&#237;sico, por parte do profissional, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao cliente, dando concretude &#224; dial&#233;tica do agir com cautela.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Quando eu utilizo o material, ou seja, quando eu me protejo, eu evito o cont&#225;gio da infec&#231;&#227;o, tanto pra mim, quanto pra os pacientes...</italic> (ENF 04)</p>
            <p><italic>As vezes o quadro daquele paciente indica tuberculose, ou seja, ele tinha que t&#225; em isolamento! A&#237; a gente evita n&#233;... Porque era pra mim t&#225; de N95.</italic> (ENF 15)</p>
            <p><italic>Naquelas casas bem pobrinhas, o povo tudo sujo... menino com ferida exposta...</italic> &#224;s <italic>vezes a gente pega, analisa, mas com cautela n&#233;?</italic> (TEC 14)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Conforme a classifica&#231;&#227;o hier&#225;rquica descendente, expressa pela rela&#231;&#227;o entre as classes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), as representa&#231;&#245;es da biosseguran&#231;a, na vis&#227;o da equipe de Enfermagem na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, demonstraram que o risco de acidentes no desenvolvimento de suas atividades &#233; constante. Esse risco encontrou-se ligado &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o desses profissionais aos agentes biol&#243;gicos, o que p&#244;de ser minimizado pelo fornecimento de condi&#231;&#245;es adequadas de trabalho, as quais deviam ser garantidos pelo gestor de sa&#250;de, personificado como o respons&#225;vel pela provis&#227;o de materiais, com destaque para os EPI. Por fim, os profissionais reconheceram a import&#226;ncia da biosseguran&#231;a no controle de infec&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que a mesma forneceu subs&#237;dios para que estes exercessem uma assist&#234;ncia segura. Quando a biosseguran&#231;a n&#227;o foi garantida, a qualidade da pr&#225;tica foi afetada, uma vez que estes profissionais desenvolveram a assist&#234;ncia com maior cautela, que, muitas vezes, traduziu-se em distanciamento f&#237;sico.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
      <p>Os profissionais de sa&#250;de em todo o mundo possuem risco aumentado para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de pat&#243;genos, como os v&#237;rus das hepatites B e C, e o HIV, quando comparados a qualquer outro grupo ocupacional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>. Para a Enfermagem, os riscos biol&#243;gicos mostram-se ainda mais elevados e se relacionam principalmente a acidentes com materiais perfurocortantes contaminados com sangue, tecidos ou outros fluidos corporais potencialmente infectados<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>, o que justifica a condensa&#231;&#227;o em torno desses termos, nos depoimentos dos profissionais.</p>
      <p>Apesar do reconhecimento da magnitude que esta problem&#225;tica envolve, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento a n&#237;vel global mostra-se complexa. Existe atualmente, em todo o mundo, cerca de 35 milh&#245;es de trabalhadores de sa&#250;de, dos quais 3 milh&#245;es j&#225; tiveram algum tipo de exposi&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea a v&#237;rus transmitidos pelo sangue. Essa elevada exposi&#231;&#227;o ocorre principalmente por falta de direcionamento de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas, aperfei&#231;oamento de pessoal, desmotiva&#231;&#227;o e sobrecarga de servi&#231;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. A despeito disso, estudo revela que 70% da popula&#231;&#227;o mundial est&#225; coberta de alguma forma pela Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria &#224; Sa&#250;de, entretanto, quando se trata de cuidados de sa&#250;de ocupacional na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, apenas 10 a 15% desses trabalhadores possuem acesso<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>O conhecimento e o reconhecimento pelos profissionais das normas e dos riscos aos quais est&#227;o expostos s&#227;o importantes para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de infec&#231;&#245;es ocupacionais, pois demonstram uma ancoragem em saberes apreendidos no campo pr&#225;tico, associados a arcabou&#231;o cientifico. Na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria, os profissionais de sa&#250;de se exp&#245;em a micro-organismos pelas pr&#243;prias caracter&#237;sticas desse modelo de aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de. Muitos pacientes s&#227;o atendidos sem diagn&#243;stico, principalmente nas visitas domiciliares e, por n&#227;o conhecerem o diagn&#243;stico, muitos enfermeiros negligenciam o uso de EPI<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Os profissionais possuem dificuldade em convergir forma&#231;&#227;o e atua&#231;&#227;o ou discurso e pr&#225;tica, representadas pela n&#227;o utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos EPI, quando necess&#225;rio. Percebe-se, em suas falas, que o uso dos EPI parece uma atividade apenas te&#243;rica, que n&#227;o possui espa&#231;o em sua rotina de trabalho, ainda que seja largamente indicado para precau&#231;&#245;es padr&#245;es. O uso de luvas, por exemplo, &#233; recomendado em caso de exposi&#231;&#227;o a fluidos biol&#243;gicos, comum na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ao objetivarem percep&#231;&#245;es sobre sua pr&#225;tica profissional como isenta de riscos, a equipe considera sup&#233;rfluo o uso de tais prote&#231;&#245;es e acaba por se expor durante atividades que fogem &#224; rotina de trabalho ou em situa&#231;&#245;es emergenciais. Esse ambiente, desencorajador ao uso de EPI, revela a import&#226;ncia do agir educativo, principalmente por parte dos gestores, tornando-se &#225;vido por atividades educacionais que reforcem seu uso, com o intuito de mitigar esse impasse, visto que os profissionais possuem conhecimento de sua import&#226;ncia para uma pr&#225;tica profissional saud&#225;vel, mas o percebem como distante<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Os resultados dessa pesquisa indicaram que os participantes objetivam a biosseguran&#231;a na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria como atividades que remetem a maior ou menor risco, destacando como preocupantes, principalmente aquelas doen&#231;as com transmiss&#227;o por aeross&#243;is, como tuberculose e hansen&#237;ase. Anualmente, mais de 200 mil novos casos de hansen&#237;ase e mais de 9 milh&#245;es de novos casos de tuberculose s&#227;o registrados em todo o mundo. Ambas as doen&#231;as s&#227;o altamente incidentes no Brasil, principalmente nas Regi&#245;es Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, com cerca de 30 mil e 700 novos casos de hansen&#237;ase e tuberculose, respectivamente, registrados no pa&#237;s por ano<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Por causa de doen&#231;as transmitidas por aeross&#243;is, faz-se necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#225;scaras com respiradores (N95), principal EPI no contexto de doen&#231;as respirat&#243;rias, como a tuberculose<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. No Brasil, a norma regulamentadora NR-6 obriga as empresas a fornecerem gratuitamente aos seus funcion&#225;rios EPI apropriados e em boas condi&#231;&#245;es de uso, sempre que medidas coletivas n&#227;o oferecerem prote&#231;&#227;o total contra o risco de acidentes ou doen&#231;as relacionadas ao trabalho. No entanto, no contexto desta pesquisa, isso n&#227;o ocorreu e o profissional acabou por sofrer grande exposi&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A capacita&#231;&#227;o foi identificada como uma a&#231;&#227;o <italic>sine qua non</italic>, incisiva e eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o de acidentes, capaz de propiciar o agir educativo e permitir o agir preventivo. Nesse sentido, pr&#225;ticas de simula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o efetivas quanto m&#233;todos tradicionais de ensino, apresentando oportunidades de encenar atividades j&#225; conhecidas, eventos inesperados e novas t&#233;cnicas aos profissionais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>H&#225; tamb&#233;m propostas acad&#234;micas que visam levar em conta os h&#225;bitos e as disposi&#231;&#245;es dos agentes envolvidos dentro da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de quando forem a eles oferecidos cursos e capacita&#231;&#245;es sobre biosseguran&#231;a, a fim de que se tornem parte do processo de ensino-aprendizagem e, de fato, levem o que aprenderem para suas vidas profissionais<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Dentre as &#225;reas de abrang&#234;ncia da biosseguran&#231;a, o controle de infec&#231;&#227;o &#233; o que mais se assemelha e influencia na pr&#225;tica dos profissionais. Ainda que carente de conhecimentos te&#243;ricos espec&#237;ficos, principalmente sobre preven&#231;&#227;o e controle de infec&#231;&#245;es relacionadas a assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, como o uso correto de EPI, t&#233;cnicas de lavagem das m&#227;os e realiza&#231;&#227;o ass&#233;ptica de procedimentos invasivos, &#233; percept&#237;vel como os profissionais ancoram suas atitudes &#8722; ou tentam faz&#234;-lo &#8722; na preven&#231;&#227;o de infec&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>A biosseguran&#231;a ainda se apresenta como um grande desafio &#224; gest&#227;o de qualidade nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, laborat&#243;rios e outras unidades de presta&#231;&#227;o de servi&#231;os, principalmente pela responsabiliza&#231;&#227;o em m&#227;o &#250;nica, como observada nesta pesquisa. Quando questionados acerca de responsabilidades, as representa&#231;&#245;es se voltaram a figura do gestor, como provedor das condi&#231;&#245;es de trabalho necess&#225;rias para o agir preventivo.</p>
      <p>Sabe-se que o gestor possui importante papel nas a&#231;&#245;es de controle dos riscos &#224; sa&#250;de, sendo o respons&#225;vel por fornecer capacita&#231;&#227;o, adequa&#231;&#227;o de infraestrutura, al&#233;m de EPI e equipamentos de prote&#231;&#227;o coletivos, monitoramento, planejamento e gerenciamento de riscos decorrentes das atividades profissionais. No entanto, um cen&#225;rio de corresponsabiliza&#231;&#227;o pode propiciar mudan&#231;as de atitudes, que contribuam para uma pr&#225;tica centrada no coletivo. Al&#233;m disto, destaca-se, no Brasil, a aus&#234;ncia de uma pol&#237;tica nacional de biosseguran&#231;a em sa&#250;de efetiva, principalmente no que diz respeito &#224; &#225;rea da sa&#250;de do trabalhador, a qual dificulta listar responsabilidades e atribui&#231;&#245;es nas esferas de gest&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo e contribui&#231;&#245;es para a enfermagem</title>
        <p>No estudo n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel elencar medidas de gerenciamento de risco utilizadas pelos profissionais, quando n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel garantir a biosseguran&#231;a adequada, revelando-se apenas que a conduta profissional &#233; fortemente influenciada por essas representa&#231;&#245;es, com repercuss&#245;es na pr&#225;tica. Esta limita&#231;&#227;o aponta para a necessidade de realiza&#231;&#227;o de outros estudos, para responder esse questionamento.</p>
        <p>A tem&#225;tica &#233; relevante por abordar problem&#225;tica de sa&#250;de contempor&#226;nea associada &#224;s pr&#225;ticas profissionais em sa&#250;de e as situa&#231;&#245;es de risco e vulnerabilidade impostas, particularmente, a Enfermagem. As representa&#231;&#245;es sociais elaboradas demonstram simultaneamente, os comportamentos deste grupo e do pr&#243;prio cen&#225;rio em que atuam, permitindo a ado&#231;&#227;o de medidas contextualizadas com a realidade estudada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
      <p>As representa&#231;&#245;es sociais dos profissionais de Enfermagem sobre a biosseguran&#231;a na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria permitiram levantar o conhecimento elaborado e compartilhado por esse grupo, enraizado no decorrer de sua pr&#225;tica profissional.</p>
      <p>O m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise permitiu inferir que as representa&#231;&#245;es estavam ancoradas no decurso do cotidiano profissional, no qual estes profissionais atrelaram o conceito de biosseguran&#231;a &#224; exposi&#231;&#227;o e a acidentes. Nesse sentido, os participantes reconheceram os riscos aos quais est&#227;o expostos, por&#233;m reportaram o acidente ocupacional como inerente &#224; pr&#225;tica e apresentaram dificuldades em reconhecer a pr&#243;pria inseguran&#231;a dentro de sua pr&#225;tica. Quando essa inseguran&#231;a personifica-se na presen&#231;a do diagn&#243;stico, hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica, sangue ou sujidade vis&#237;vel, os profissionais utilizam a prote&#231;&#227;o com mais frequ&#234;ncia ou, na aus&#234;ncia desta, evitam contato f&#237;sico ou aproxima&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, suscitar essa discuss&#227;o, com base na teoria das representa&#231;&#245;es sociais, possibilitou um melhor entendimento sobre atividades cognitivas, simb&#243;licas e afetivas relacionadas &#224; biosseguran&#231;a nesse ambiente, de grande import&#226;ncia para a sa&#250;de, mas ainda pouco vis&#237;vel, no que diz respeito a gerenciamento de riscos, principalmente aqueles voltados &#224; sa&#250;de dos profissionais.</p>
      <p>No que concerne &#224;s representa&#231;&#245;es sociais da biosseguran&#231;a por profissionais de Enfermagem, podem-se considerar modalidades de conte&#250;do favor&#225;vel, ao se reconhecer a necessidade da ado&#231;&#227;o das medidas de biosseguran&#231;a no ambiente dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. No entanto, ficou demonstrada a imparcialidade; essas medidas foram adotadas parcialmente na realiza&#231;&#227;o de suas atividades, devido &#224;s dificuldades encontradas no cotidiano do trabalho.</p>
      <p>A partir desse conhecimento apreendido, &#233; poss&#237;vel propor estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o que gerem reflexos sobre a problem&#225;tica da biosseguran&#231;a na Aten&#231;&#227;o Prim&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>
          <bold>FOMENTO</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa-CNPq- Processo: 136127/2014-2.</p>
      </fn>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Queiroz</surname>
            <given-names>Artur Acelino Francisco Luz Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Layze Braz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Eliete Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Batista</surname>
            <given-names>Odin&#233;a Maria Amorim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Denise de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto College of Nursing, Postgraduate Program in Fundamental Nursing. Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Nursing. Teresina, Piau&#237;, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: &#193;lvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa</bold>. E-mail: <email>alvarosousa@usp.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <fpage>810</fpage>
      <lpage>817</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to understand the biosecurity social representations by primary care nursing professionals and analyze how they articulate with quality of care.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>exploratory and qualitative research based on social representation theory. The study participants were 36 nursing workers from primary health care in a state capital in the Northeast region of Brazil. The data were analyzed by descending hierarchical classification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>five classes were obtained: occupational accidents suffered by professionals; occupational exposure to biological agents; biosecurity management in primary health care; the importance of personal protective equipment; and infection control and biosecurity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>the different positions taken by the professionals seem to be based on a field of social representations related to the concept of biosecurity, namely exposure to accidents and risks to which they are exposed. However, occupational accidents are reported as inherent to the practice.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Occupational Risks</kwd>
        <kwd>Biosecurity</kwd>
        <kwd>Primary Health Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Nursing</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Psychology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Council for Scientific and Technological Development</funding-source>
          <award-id>136127/2014-2.</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq. Process: 136127/2014-2.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
        <p>Healthcare professionals, specifically the nursing team (i.e., nurses, technicians, and aides), are exposed to several risks of occupational accidents, whether in the hospital environment, in community health care, or at home. A risk is deemed to be one or more conditions of a variable with potential to cause harm. Risks of accidents can be classified as physical (heat, lighting, and sharp items, for instance), chemical (chemical solutions, airborne contaminants), biological (represented by bodily fluids carrying viruses, bacteria, or fungi), and ergonomics. Among these, biological risk stands out as one of the most frequent for professionals engaging in nursing activities, especially during manipulation of material contaminated with blood and bodily fluids<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nursing professionals exercise precautions that involve the risk of contamination with biological material, such as the use of sharp objects (needles, needled and over-the-needle catheters, and scalpel blades), gauzes contaminated with blood and/or bodily fluids, surgical instruments, bed sheets, and other hospital materials that are also contaminated. Consequently, it is necessary to apply biosecurity regulations to prevent the occurrence of health hazards to workers<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>In Brazil, biosecurity is regulated by Law 11.105 of March 25, 2005, which addresses National Safety on Biosecurity that, in addition to issues related to labor and the health area, also covers those related to the environment and biotechnology<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>. The study of occupational exposure to biological risks among healthcare workers can be considered recent and goes back to the outbreak of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), especially after the advent of the first case of occupational transmission by this virus<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Therefore, biosecurity, also aimed at worker health, covers the study of those risks and is a relatively new and emerging area for several professional categories with high exposure, especially the healthcare field<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Given the importance of maintaining the health of professionals, biosecurity emerges as a mandatory subject area in training courses and requires constant professional qualification<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Biosecurity involves several professions, and nursing is of exceptional importance, considering that the activities carried out by a nursing professional and the team require them to be in direct contact with the patient while providing care, thus exposing them to higher occupational risk<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>. The provision of quality nursing care is extremely important to guarantee the safety of these professionals, as well as the team and the patients<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>There are a large number of studies conducted on biosecurity of nursing professionals in the hospital setting, which are justifiable because it is a hazardous environment crowded with patients with infectious and contagious diseases, in addition to the hazards of dealing regularly with death and work overload<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. Primary healthcare professionals are also exposed to high risk from their work activity in community health and home care, especially the risks involving biological materials, for instance, handling contaminated bandages and/or administering intravenous medications. Therefore, to ignore the topic is to turn a blind eye to the several risks that professionals are exposed to, a scenario greatly represented in the current health environment<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Facing this issue, the aim of this study was to examine the social representations of biosecurity by primary care nursing professionals. The national and international scientific production on the subject was considered insufficient, and the authors also wanted to take into account the magnitude of occupational accidents involving healthcare professionals<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>What has also been observed is an increased use of the theoretical framework of social representations in studies that address healthcare professionals, especially involving topics related to diseases and forms of prevention and care<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Social representations are symbolic, practical, and dynamical settings in which <italic>status</italic> is linked to production, and not to reproduction or reaction, as well as external stimuli based on the use and selection of information resulting from an existent and current repertoire in society. It is not a mere "opinion about," or "images of," but real <italic>sui generis</italic> collective theories aiming to interpret and expound on the real. Thus, to represent an object, person, or thing does not consist solely of unfolding it, repeating it, or reproducing it, but rather of reconstructing it, retouching it, and changing it<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>With its relationship with nature, humankind, based on social-historical context, has its actions and attitudes constantly permeated by social relations established in the context in which humans are inserted. Taking into account that nursing professionals are exposed to risks of cross-infection in the healthcare environment, it is essential to know the position taken by the social actors involved in order to investigate the psychological aspects that influence the attitudes of professionals when carrying out the activities related to the implementation of biosecurity measures.</p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to learn the social representations of biosecurity by primary care nursing professionals and analyze how it relates to the quality of care provided by the team.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>METHOD</title>
        <p>This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach based on the theory of social representations developed by Serge Moscovici in the 1950s, built on the basis of concepts, claims, and experiences of the participants through a socially elaborated and shared knowledge<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants, place, and sample</title>
          <p>This study was carried out with nursing professionals from a family health strategy team, working in 18 primary health care units in the city of Teresina (PI) that belong to two health care regions (East/Southeast and South). These two regions include 63 primary healthcare units, with 36 located in the East/Southeast and 27 in the South. The regions and the healthcare units were chosen by lot. The sample consisted of 36 nursing professionals, where 18 were technicians and 18 nurses, selected through a proportional stratified random sampling method.</p>
          <p>For inclusion in the study, the professional should be a permanent worker in the primary healthcare unit who performed activities as part of the family health strategy for at least one year. Professionals who were on leave or on vacation and those who refused the invitation were excluded.</p>
          <p>The data were collected from January to February 2015, in a room reserved at the institution, guided by a semi-structured script that was previously tested in a pilot study, with three open-ended questions that explored the knowledge and practices of professionals in their daily routines. The interview was recorded and had an average duration of 25 minutes, totaling more than seven hours of dialogue, which were transcribed later. At the end, the participants were asked if they wanted to quit the study or change their answers, but there were neither dropouts nor changes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>For data processing and analysis, the IRAMUTEQ (<italic>Interface de R pour les Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Texteset de Questionnaires</italic>) software was used. The data were analyzed based on the descending hierarchical classification, where the texts were classified according to their respective vocabularies, and the whole set of texts was then divided by the frequency of the reduced forms. Based on the matrices, which crossed segments of texts and words (repeated X<sup>2</sup> tests), the descending hierarchical classification was applied to obtain a stable and definitive classification. This classification allowed obtaining text segments with similar vocabulary among them, but that were at the same time different from the text segments of the other classes<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>After approval by the Research Ethics Committee, contact was sought with the units and, later, with the nurses and nursing technicians. During each data collection, the objectives, risks, and benefits of the study were presented so that the participants could autonomously manifest their willingness to participate. No one refused, and all of the participants signed the Informed Consent Form.</p>
          <p>To preserve the identity of nursing professionals, an alphanumerical system was used, with aliases "ENF" for nurses and "TEC" for nursing technicians, followed by Arabic numerals.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTS</title>
        <p>Of the 36 participants, 24 were women, the mean age was 26 years, the mean time of service was five years, and the level of education was more than five years.</p>
        <p>The IRAMUTEQ software recognized the division of the corpus into 178 elementary text units from 208 text segments. There were 7,356 recorded occurrences, with the use of 93.97% of the total corpus, a value considered high. Based on the descending hierarchical classification, it was possible to identify and analyze the textual domains, as well as to interpret the meanings, giving them names with their respective significance in classes, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Thematic structure of the social representations of biosecurity by primary care nursing professionals</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1984-0446-reben-69-05-0864-0114-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The corpus analyzed in its entirety contained elements that addressed the knowledge and the practice of professionals related to biosecurity. Initially, this corpus was submitted to the first partition into two subgroups, related to the combination exposure-accident and adherence-management, covering four classes (classes 1 to 4). Class 5 came from the second partition, encompassing the others and related to prevention and control of infection during the services.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Class 1: Occupational accidents suffered by professionals</title>
          <p>This class showed the occupational accidents most experienced by professionals. It involved biological accidents and seemed to have adopted the concept of "accidents" as elaborated by these individuals, as can be seen in expressions such as <italic>"Already, with blood, isn't it?"; "Yes, there is always blood"; "I had an accident, but there was no blood"; "The needle had blood, that is why I panicked."</italic></p>
          <p>The relationships between accident-material and accident-exposure were present in all discourses, almost always associated with fear and precaution. The concern with exposure to bodily fluids as well as sharp materials and their handling was substantiated with the dialectics of acting preventively when not aware of the possibility of contamination/infection. Attention was drawn to the account made by the individuals that elected the vaccination room as the setting with the highest probability for accidents to happen.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>I was handling a box with needle stick, and did not notice when I was sealing the box and the needles were pointing upwards overloading...</italic> (TEC01)</p>
              <p><italic>Yes, I already suffered some accidents. And most of us here in this primary care unit had more than once, all my colleagues at least...</italic> (ENF08)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Class 2: Occupational exposure to biological material</title>
          <p>This class added information to the previous one, expanding and deepening the discussion on occupational health and biological risk in primary care. Here, the representation of biosecurity was perceived as linked to the susceptibility noticed with biological risks, especially related to the spread of microorganisms, either airborne or through direct contact. During patient care, professionals interacted with patients who were still undiagnosed. Several times they provided care without the necessary equipment for their protection against risks, especially when this service was carried out away from the primary care unit. Therefore, attention was drawn to the discussions on acting with precaution, in which the adoption of biosecurity standards influenced the risk and exposure to accidents, which affected the previous class.</p>
          <p>These professionals felt more vulnerable when providing care to the patient at home, because the integration of the correct knowledge about the standards did not necessarily align with their use. Furthermore, the relation between personal protective equipment (PPE) and its use was compromised by the investment in the primary care units, which was considered to be far from reality and lacking incentives.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>... Oh, this is very common when dealing with people with tuberculosis, for instance... including the bandages and gynecological procedures, besides small sutures and draining some types of abscesses that we end up doing.</italic> (ENF10)</p>
              <p><italic>... What really scares us the most is to get exposed to needles and needle sticks, and get infected with HIV and hepatitis B...</italic> (ENF11)</p>
              <p><italic>... Exposure is always a constant, especially when caring for patients with tuberculosis, leprosy, and is a form of exposure...</italic> (TEC 04)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Class 3: Biosecurity management in primary health care</title>
          <p>The content learned in this class evidenced that the professionals perceived biosecurity as safety measures and standards, and subsidies that would be provided for their daily practices. The most significant word, "manager," showed the importance of acting educationally, which led to precaution-prevention. In addition, the achievement of precaution-prevention had to do with the manager-dependent type and, in short, involved the provision of materials that, according to these individuals, was independent from their will and knowledge.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>The manager must provide a structure at least adequate to the job</italic> [...]<italic>, supply the materials so we can carry out our work in an appropriate manner, but this manager does not do that.</italic> (ENF 10)</p>
              <p><italic>There is no educational activity going on here,</italic> [...]; <italic>they simply drop off the materials and it is up to us to learn by ourselves.</italic> (TEC 10)</p>
              <p><italic>When we have it, we use it... If we don't... we will do the procedure no matter what.</italic> (TEC 18)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Class 4: Importance of using personal protective equipment</title>
          <p>This class is closely related to the previous one (Class 3), in the sense that its content expressed the interdependence condition between provision of materials and the guaranteed use of the PPE, with the goal of acting preventively. Thus, biosecurity was represented as PPE, which was considered an important measure for preventing occupational accidents and maintaining occupational health. However, the discourses evidenced that its use was insufficient. Professionals reported the routine use of gloves and lab coats only, even when there were other materials to be used, revealing a contradiction between talking, thinking, and acting.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>This equipment is important to professionals, but here in our sector we don't use PPE.</italic> (TEC 01)</p>
              <p><italic>You use everything available while carrying out a procedure, for protection against a risk to your health; it can be gloves, coats, facemasks, boots, caps.</italic> (ENF 07)</p>
              <p><italic>Gloves, NR-95 facemasks; I wear glasses so I don't think it is necessary to wear protective goggles.</italic> (ENF 01)</p>
              <p><italic>To learn how to use personal protective equipment and practice the knowledge.</italic> (ENF 05)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Class 5: Biosecurity and infection control</title>
          <p>The concept of biosecurity was elaborated based on infection prevention and control, and a cause-effect relationship. The interpretation of the representations expressed by the interviewees, regardless of their professional category, was anchored in the adequacy of conduct and techniques, with a great impact on professional practice. It was clear that these representations, in some cases, changed the very way of providing care, requiring a physical distancing by the professional in relation to the client, making the dialectics of acting with precaution concrete.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>When I use the material, in other words, when I protect myself, I avoid infection contamination, not only for me, but for the patient as well...</italic> (ENF 04)</p>
              <p><italic>Sometimes the condition of the patient indicates tuberculosis; in other words, he was supposed to be in isolation! Then we really have to avoid him, right?... Because I was supposed to be using N95.</italic> (ENF 15)</p>
              <p><italic>Those very poor houses, with those filthy people... the kid with an exposed wound... sometimes we pick them up, check them out, but very cautiously, right?</italic> (TEC 14)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>According to the descending hierarchical classification, expressed by the relationship among classes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>), the representations of biosecurity, from the perspective of the primary care nursing team, showed that the risk of accidents while carrying out their activities is constant. This risk, related to the exposure these professionals face to biological agents, can be minimized by providing adequate working conditions. This must be guaranteed by the healthcare manager, whose duty is to provide the materials, especially the PPE. In the end, the professionals recognized the importance of biosecurity in infection control, once subsidies are provided for them to carry out a safer care. When biosecurity was not guaranteed, the quality of the practice was affected, because these professionals ended up engaging in a more cautious care, which sometimes translated into physical distancing.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSSION</title>
        <p>Healthcare professionals all over the world have a higher risk of acquiring pathogens, such as hepatitis B and C and the HIV virus, when compared to any other occupational group<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>. For nursing, the biological risks are even higher and mostly related to accidents with sharp materials, needle sticks contaminated with blood, tissues, and other bodily fluids that are potentially infected<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. This justifies the discussion focused on these topics, drawn from the accounts of professionals.</p>
        <p>Despite recognizing the magnitude of this problem, the implementation of strategies worldwide would be very complex. There are, currently, in the world approximately 35 million healthcare workers, of which three million have already had some kind of percutaneous exposure to viruses transmitted by blood. This high level of exposure occurs mostly because of lack of public policy guidelines, personal qualification, motivation, and work overload<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>)</sup>. With regard to this, the study revealed that 70% of the global population is somewhat covered by primary health care. However, when the issue is occupational health in primary care, only 10% to 15% of these workers had access<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The knowledge and recognition by professionals regarding the norms and risks that they are exposed to are important for reducing the rates of occupational infections, because they demonstrate an understanding of what the practice has taught them, associated with the scientific framework. In primary care, healthcare professionals are exposed to microorganisms by the very characteristics of the healthcare model. Many patients are assisted without diagnosis, especially in home visits. In not being aware of the diagnosis, many nurses neglect the use of PPE<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The professionals have difficulty conveying education and performance or discourse and practice, as represented by their not using PPE when necessary. It becomes clear in their discourses that the use of PPE is a mere theoretical activity, which has no room in their working routine, although it is widely indicated for standard precautions. The use of gloves, for instance, is recommended in case of exposure to biological fluids, which is common in primary care practice<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>When explaining the perception of professional practice as risk-free, the team considers the use of such protections unnecessary and ends up being exposed during activities that are beyond the working routine or in emergency situations. This setting, which discourages the use of PPE, reveals the importance of acting educationally, especially on the part of the managers, who should reinforce its use through educational activities with the aim of minimizing this deadlock. This would take into account the fact that professionals are aware of its importance for a healthier professional practice, but they see it with distance<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The study results indicated that the participants sought biosecurity in primary care as activities that lead to higher or lower risk, expressing more concern mostly with airborne diseases, such as tuberculosis and leprosy. Yearly, more than 200,000 new cases of leprosy and more than nine million new cases of tuberculosis are reported worldwide. Both of these diseases are highly prominent in Brazil, especially in the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions, with approximately 30 thousand and 700 new cases of leprosy and tuberculosis, respectively, reported yearly in the country<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>As a result of airborne diseases, the use of facemasks with respirators (N95), the key PPE in the context of respiratory diseases, such as tuberculosis, becomes necessary<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref><sup>)</sup>. In Brazil, the regulatory standard NR-6 requires companies to provide their workers with adequate PPEs free of charge and in good condition whenever collective measures do not provide total protection against the risk of accidents or work-related illnesses. However, in context of this study, this did not occurred and the professionals ended up suffering great exposure<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The capacitation was identified as a <italic>sine qua non</italic> action, incisive, and efficient at preventing accidents, capable of providing the educated behavior and allowing the professionals to act preventively. In this respect, simulation practices are extremely effective compared to traditional training methods. They provide opportunities for rehearsing already known activities, as well as unexpected events and new techniques<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>There are also educational proposals taking into account the practices and dispositions of the agents involved within health care when they are offered courses and training on biosecurity, so they can become part of the learning-teaching process and, consequently, take into their professional lives what they have learned<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Among the areas that cover biosecurity, infection control is the most similar and most influences the practice of professionals. Although they lack specific theoretical knowledge, especially on prevention and control of infections related to health care, such as the correct use of PPE, techniques for washing hands, and aseptic performance for invasive procedures, it is notable that professionals base their attitudes - or try to - on infection prevention.</p>
        <p>Biosecurity still presents a major challenge to quality management in health care, laboratories, and other healthcare units, especially because of the one-way accountability, as this study showed. When questioned about their responsibilities, the representations turned to the manager as the provider of the necessary working conditions to act preventively.</p>
        <p>It is known that the manager plays an important role in actions to control health risks, being responsible for providing capacitation, infrastructure adaptation including PPE and collective protection equipment, monitoring, planning, and risk management resulting from professional activities. However, a co-accountability scenario can provide changes in attitudes that could contribute to a practice focused on the collective. In addition, it is important to note that Brazil lacks a nationwide policy on biosecurity for effective care, especially related to the area of workers' health care, which makes it difficult to list the responsibilities and duties at the managerial level<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations and contributions for the nursing</title>
          <p>In the study, it was not possible to specify the risk management measures used by the professionals, when it was not possible to assure the adequate biosecurity. The study revealed only that professional conduct is strongly influenced by these representations, with repercussions in practice. This limitation points to a need to carry out further studies to address this issue.</p>
          <p>The topic is relevant for addressing the issue of the current healthcare system associated with professional health practices, risk situations, and imposed vulnerability, especially regarding nursing. The social representations elaborated show, simultaneously, the behaviors of the group and the very scenario where they act, allowing the adoption of measures contextualized with the studied reality.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
        <p>The social representations of nursing professionals regarding biosecurity in primary health care allowed for an increase in elaborated and shared knowledge by this group, rooted as a result of its professional practice.</p>
        <p>The method of analysis enabled the authors to imply that the representations were based on the routine of the professional, in which those professionals correlate the concept of biosecurity with exposure and accidents. Therefore, the participants recognized the risks they were exposed to. However, they related occupational accidents as inherent to the practice and expressed difficulties in recognizing their own insecurity within the practice. When this insecurity embodies the presence of diagnosis, diagnostic assumption, blood, or visible filthiness, the professionals use protection more frequently or, in the absence of such protection, they avoid physical contact or approach.</p>
        <p>In this context, to raise this discussion, based on the theory of social representations, allowed a better understanding regarding the cognitive, symbolic, and affective activities related to biosecurity in this environment, which is of great importance to health care, but hardly discernible when the issue is risk management, which mostly associated with the health of professionals.</p>
        <p>Concerning the social representations of biosecurity by nursing professionals, modalities with positive content were considered when the need for adopting biosecurity measures in the health care environment was recognized. However, neutrality became visible; these measures were only partially adopted when nurses were carrying out their activities, because of the difficulties they faced in their daily work.</p>
        <p>Drawn from this learned knowledge, it is possible to propose intervention strategies that could raise issues of biosecurity in primary health care.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
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            <bold>FUNDING</bold>
          </p>
          <p>National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq. Process: 136127/2014-2.</p>
        </fn>
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