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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. Bras. Enferm.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">dyvzBkXBbK4ZgFqm64LhLBf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0034-71672016000400654</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167.2016690406i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>PESQUISA</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Di&#225;logo: rede que entrela&#231;a a rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica no ensino pr&#225;tico- reflexivo</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>El di&#225;logo: una red que entrama la relaci&#243;n pedag&#243;gica en la ense&#241;anza pr&#225;ctica-reflexiva</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Margarete Maria de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reibnitz</surname>
            <given-names>Kenya Schmidt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kloh</surname>
            <given-names>Daiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vendruscolo</surname>
            <given-names>Carine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">IV</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Aline B&#250;ssolo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa e Tecnologia em Educa&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laborat&#243;rio de Pesquisa e Tecnologia em Educa&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem e Sa&#250;de. Florian&#243;polis-SC, Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem. Florian&#243;polis-SC, Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem. Florian&#243;polis-SC, Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>IV</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chapec&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Enfermagem. Chapec&#243;-SC, Brasil</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>AUTOR CORRESPONDENTE: Margarete Maria de Lima</bold>. E-mail: <email>margaretelima2@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Jul-Aug</season>
        <year>2016</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>69</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>654</fpage>
      <lpage>661</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2016</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licen&#231;a Creative Commons Attribution, que permite uso, distribui&#231;&#227;o e reprodu&#231;&#227;o em qualquer meio, sem restri&#231;&#245;es desde que o trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>compreender como ocorre o di&#225;logo na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica no ensino pr&#225;tico reflexivo em um curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso. Coleta de dados realizada de maio de 2013 a setembro de 2014 com oito docentes de enfermagem, mediante observa&#231;&#227;o e entrevistas. A an&#225;lise de dados guiou-se pela proposta operativa constitu&#237;da pela etapa explorat&#243;ria e a interpretativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>apontam o di&#225;logo estabelecido na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica como um desafio a ser enfrentado no ensino pr&#225;tico-reflexivo, para que professor e estudante construam uma rela&#231;&#227;o que estimule o pensar e o agir no contexto te&#243;rico e no campo da pr&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Ao imprimir um tom dial&#243;gico-reflexivo na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica, o docente abre caminhos para novas descobertas, o que possibilita a cria&#231;&#227;o de espa&#231;os de ensino-aprendizagem estimuladores da autonomia, das habilidades e das atitudes cr&#237;ticas e reflexivas dos estudantes no decorrer de sua forma&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>comprender de qu&#233; manera ocurre el di&#225;logo en la relaci&#243;n pedag&#243;gica en la ense&#241;anza pr&#225;ctica-reflexiva en una carrera de enfermer&#237;a.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>estudio cualitativo, de tipo estudio de caso. Se llev&#243; a cabo la recolecci&#243;n de datos de mayo de 2013 hasta septiembre de 2014, con ocho docentes de enfermer&#237;a, por intermedio de observaci&#243;n y entrevistas. En el an&#225;lisis de datos se emple&#243; la propuesta operativa constituida en la fase exploratoria e interpretativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>el di&#225;logo establecido en la relaci&#243;n pedag&#243;gica es el reto a enfrentarse en la ense&#241;anza pr&#225;ctica-reflexiva, de modo que profesor y estudiante puedan construir una relaci&#243;n que les estimule el pensar y actuar en el contexto te&#243;rico y pr&#225;ctico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Consideraciones finales:</title>
          <p>al emplear el di&#225;logo y la reflexi&#243;n en la relaci&#243;n pedag&#243;gica, el docente establece nuevos descubrimientos, lo que promueve la creaci&#243;n de espacios de ense&#241;anza-aprendizaje que les estimule la autonom&#237;a, las habilidades y acciones cr&#237;ticas, reflexivas a los estudiantes durante su formaci&#243;n educativa.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Enfermagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensino Superior</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Docentes</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Descriptores:</title>
        <kwd>Enfermer&#237;a</kwd>
        <kwd>Ense&#241;anza Superior</kwd>
        <kwd>Educaci&#243;n</kwd>
        <kwd>Docentes</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudiantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
      <p>O processo de ensino-aprendizagem &#233; complexo e, ao longo dos anos, vem sofrendo a influ&#234;ncia de diversos aspectos relacionados a fatores institucionais, ao docente e ao estudante. Tal complexidade tem instigado o desenvolvimento de estudos com a inten&#231;&#227;o de tornar esse processo efetivo<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. Nessa dire&#231;&#227;o, as institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino precisam repensar a epistemologia da pr&#225;tica e os pressupostos pedag&#243;gicos que ancoram os curr&#237;culos, para que possam formar profissionais na perspectiva de um ensino pr&#225;tico-reflexivo e comprometidos com as demandas dos servi&#231;os<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, percebe-se a necessidade de transforma&#231;&#227;o no ensino de enfermagem para que o estudante participe do seu processo formativo como um sujeito que constr&#243;i e reconstr&#243;i os seus conhecimentos e n&#227;o mais como mero receptor de informa&#231;&#245;es. Ao mesmo tempo, estimula-se a reflex&#227;o do estudante sobre o perfil do profissional que deseja ser, ao vivenciar as atividades de ensino-aprendizagem no contexto da pr&#225;tica. Este movimento contribui para a forma&#231;&#227;o de profissionais cr&#237;ticos, reflexivos, capazes de propor mudan&#231;as para os problemas da pr&#225;tica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Estabelecer uma rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica pautada no di&#225;logo reflexivo favorece o processo de ensino-aprendizagem com resultados satisfat&#243;rios para professores, estudantes e, sobretudo, para as pessoas que s&#227;o por eles cuidadas.</p>
      <p>O referencial te&#243;rico da epistemologia da pr&#225;tica reflexiva de Donald A. Schon<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup> adotado neste estudo sustenta que o di&#225;logo &#233; realizado por meio de palavras e a&#231;&#245;es, propiciando que docente e estudante desenvolvam a reflex&#227;o-na-a&#231;&#227;o rec&#237;proca. A reflex&#227;o-na-a&#231;&#227;o ocorre no momento da execu&#231;&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o, sem interromp&#234;-la, mesmo com breves instantes de distanciamento que permitem a reformula&#231;&#227;o da a&#231;&#227;o. A reflex&#227;o sobre a a&#231;&#227;o ocorre retrospectivamente, quando reconstru&#237;mos mentalmente a a&#231;&#227;o para tentar analis&#225;-la. A reflex&#227;o sobre a reflex&#227;o na a&#231;&#227;o contribui para que o profissional progrida no seu desenvolvimento e construa sua forma pessoal de conhecer, assim contribuindo para compreens&#227;o de problemas futuros ou descoberta de novas solu&#231;&#245;es<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Na forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro, a rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica est&#225; balizada por elementos que envolvem comportamentos, intera&#231;&#227;o, valores, estrat&#233;gias e pressupostos, modos de dizer e ouvir, pensar e agir. Nessa perspectiva, tanto professor quanto estudante desenvolvem teorias de a&#231;&#227;o, oriundas de um determinado tipo de comportamento, adquirido nas viv&#234;ncias e intera&#231;&#227;o com outras pessoas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. Nesse contexto, objetivou-se compreender como ocorre o di&#225;logo na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica no ensino pr&#225;tico- reflexivo em um curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#201;TODO</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Tipo de estudo</title>
        <p>Pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso &#250;nico, desenvolvida em um Curso de Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem. O caso pesquisado foi o curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem de uma universidade p&#250;blica do Sul do Brasil, o qual busca desenvolver educa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica, criativa e reflexiva dos discentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cen&#225;rio e participantes do estudo</title>
        <p>Participaram do estudo oito docentes de enfermagem que desenvolviam atividades no contexto te&#243;rico e no campo da pr&#225;tica, nas disciplinas do eixo integrador (a&#231;&#245;es educativas voltadas ao desenvolvimento de compet&#234;ncias espec&#237;ficas do enfermeiro) dos quatro &#250;ltimos semestres do curr&#237;culo de 2004. A escolha por tais disciplinas justifica-se pela presen&#231;a de dois curr&#237;culos em andamento no curso e, nesse sentido, a rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica no atual curr&#237;culo (ainda nos primeiros semestres do curso) poderia n&#227;o estar bem consolidada com as mudan&#231;as ocorridas na matriz curricular.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a escolha das disciplinas, foram selecionados os participantes por meio do sorteio de dois docentes de cada disciplina. O n&#250;mero de participantes foi pr&#233;-estabelecido por entender que a compreens&#227;o do caso reside na sua singularidade, e relaciona-se &#224; profundidade de compreens&#227;o exigida por um estudo de caso<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>, e na vis&#227;o ampla e integrada da rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica, podendo ser obtida com os oito docentes. Constitu&#237;ram crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos docentes: presen&#231;a de v&#237;nculo docente efetivo na institui&#231;&#227;o de ensino escolhida; mais de dois anos de exerc&#237;cio na doc&#234;ncia; e viv&#234;ncia institucional em atividades te&#243;ricas e te&#243;rico-pr&#225;ticas. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta e organiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados</title>
        <p>A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de observa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o participante dos contextos de ensino-aprendizagem e entrevistas individuais com os docentes. Iniciou-se em maio de 2013 com a observa&#231;&#227;o e, posteriormente, realizaram-se entrevistas, finalizando em setembro de 2014. Foram constru&#237;dos dois instrumentos: um roteiro para guiar as observa&#231;&#245;es das atividades pedag&#243;gicas desenvolvidas no curso e outro para as entrevistas. Realizaram-se 85 horas de observa&#231;&#227;o distribu&#237;das em 28 momentos de ensino-aprendizagem, compreendendo atividades te&#243;ricas, atividades te&#243;rico-pr&#225;ticas, est&#225;gio supervisionado e orienta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho de conclus&#227;o de curso. As observa&#231;&#245;es foram identificadas pela letra O de observa&#231;&#227;o, seguida pela letra D de docente e pelo n&#250;mero destinado a cada participante, acrescidas pelas letras CT de contexto te&#243;rico e CP de contexto da pr&#225;tica (OD1CT, OD1CP ... OD8CT, OD8CP).</p>
        <p>Finalizadas as observa&#231;&#245;es, os docentes foram entrevistados para complementar as informa&#231;&#245;es das observa&#231;&#245;es. As entrevistas ocorreram no ambiente de trabalho dos participantes, agendadas por e-mail, com data e hor&#225;rio pr&#233;-estabelecidos. Foram gravadas em m&#237;dia digital e transcritas na &#237;ntegra. Optou-se por identificar os depoimentos com as letras E de entrevista e D de docente, seguidas por n&#250;mero de identifica&#231;&#227;o de cada participante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de dados</title>
        <p>Processo orientado pela proposta operativa<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>, constitu&#237;da por dois momentos operacionais. O primeiro relacionado <italic>&#224;s</italic> determina&#231;&#245;es fundamentais da pesquisa, mapeado na fase explorat&#243;ria da investiga&#231;&#227;o; o segundo, denominado de interpretativo, &#233; o ponto de partida e o ponto de chegada da investiga&#231;&#227;o, representado pelo encontro com os fatos emp&#237;ricos. O momento interpretativo &#233; constitu&#237;do por ordena&#231;&#227;o e classifica&#231;&#227;o de dados, an&#225;lise final e relat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Na ordena&#231;&#227;o dos dados, as informa&#231;&#245;es provenientes das observa&#231;&#245;es e entrevistas foram organizadas em determinada ordem para iniciar uma primeira releitura dos materiais, de modo a propiciar a elabora&#231;&#227;o de um mapa horizontal das descobertas encontradas no contexto pesquisado.</p>
        <p>Na classifica&#231;&#227;o dos dados, a leitura flutuante do material permitiu apreender as estruturas de relev&#226;ncia e ideias centrais que gradativamente foram construindo as categorias emp&#237;ricas da pesquisa. Posteriormente, procedeu-se &#224; leitura transversal de cada subconjunto e do conjunto em sua totalidade. Realizou-se o processo de recorte das informa&#231;&#245;es provenientes das observa&#231;&#245;es e de cada entrevista em unidades de sentido, por estrutura de relev&#226;ncia e t&#243;picos de informa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>As ideias centrais foram agrupadas em cinco grandes temas, o que originou a primeira codifica&#231;&#227;o. Posteriormente, a segunda codifica&#231;&#227;o originou-se da imers&#227;o e do aprofundamento das informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas na primeira codifica&#231;&#227;o, buscando coer&#234;ncias e incoer&#234;ncias das informa&#231;&#245;es e recortando novamente os dados, para estruturar as categorias de an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>Os dados encontrados foram construindo as categorias iniciais, aprimoradas mediante processo de reflex&#227;o e agrupadas em tr&#234;s categorias: Rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica: as diferentes maneiras de dizer e ouvir, demonstrar e imitar no contexto da forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro; Combinando o dizer/ouvir e demonstrar/imitar na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica; Rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica e as ferramentas tecnol&#243;gicas na forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro: universos comportamentais e impasses no ensino-aprendizagem.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>O projeto foi aprovado no Comit&#234; &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, visando atender aos princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos da pesquisa preconizados pela Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTADO</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica: as diferentes maneiras de dizer e ouvir, demonstrar e imitar no contexto da forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro</title>
        <p>Esta categoria aborda as diferentes maneiras de se comunicar presentes na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica do curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o pesquisado. Por meio do di&#225;logo, os docentes transmitem orienta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas sobre determinado procedimento a ser realizado pelo estudante no campo da pr&#225;tica, criticam o cuidado prestado e prop&#245;em sugest&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o a como ele pode aperfei&#231;oar seus conhecimentos, mostrando como definir prioridades.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Estabelecido o di&#225;logo na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica pelo qual docente e estudantes discutem as orienta&#231;&#245;es pontuais e prioridades relacionadas &#224;s atividades na unidade e</italic> &#224; <italic>finaliza&#231;&#227;o do TCC.</italic> (OD7CT)</p>
            <p><italic>Professora critica tabela e cronograma feitos pelas estudantes e d&#225; sugest&#227;o desenhando um esbo&#231;o do ideal.</italic> (OD6CT)</p>
            <p><italic>Na atividade te&#243;rico-pr&#225;tica, professora d&#225; instru&#231;&#245;es pontuais aos estudantes, aponta prioridades no cuidado, faz apontamentos e cr&#237;ticas sobre o cuidado prestado pelo</italic> estudante<italic>, ap&#243;s finaliza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, sugerindo o que ele pode fazer para melhorar seu desempenho.</italic> (0D2CP)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Os docentes declararam que procuravam orientar o estudante antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de determinado procedimento, e jamais o faziam na frente do paciente, para que n&#227;o transmitissem inseguran&#231;a no cuidado prestado. No entanto, ap&#243;s, conversavam com o estudante sobre o procedimento por ele realizado.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Eu sempre friso para o estudante: nunca diga na frente da m&#227;e ou da crian&#231;a que voc&#234; n&#227;o sabe fazer ou que voc&#234; nunca fez.</italic> [...] <italic>Mesmo que a gente tenha conversado, na hora de realizar o cuidado, t&#225; ainda em d&#250;vida, n&#227;o est&#225; seguro, n&#227;o faz, deixa que eu fa&#231;o, reveja de novo, eu tento resgatar sempre que o estudante esteja seguro.</italic> (ED2)</p>
            <p><italic>A estudante</italic> n&#227;o conseguia colocar o esp&#233;culo, me fez um sinal, pedi licen&#231;a para a usu&#225;ria, posicionei e ela fez a coleta, de tal forma que n&#227;o evidencie para o usu&#225;rio que ela n&#227;o teria per&#237;cia, compet&#234;ncia ou habilidade<italic>.</italic> (ED4)</p>
            <p><italic>Durante visita aos pacientes internados, professora, ao observar a estudante que passa a visita, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o desta assim que ela sai de um quarto, devido &#224; forma como a estudante conversa com o paciente. Diz que &#233; preciso se situar na interna&#231;&#227;o do adulto, que na pediatria pode falar no diminutivo, mas ali ela est&#225; lidando com um adulto. Ao final de todas as visitas professora fala novamente com a estudante sobre a sua postura. Estudante diz que prefere que fale na hora mesmo, para corrigir, e professora complementa que estudante se saiu bem durante a atividade</italic>. (OD7CP)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>O di&#225;logo entre professor e estudante sobre determinado cuidado prestado nem sempre ocorre no cotidiano das atividades pr&#225;ticas, pois eles avaliam que o estudante j&#225; adquiriu determinada habilidade e autonomia, dispensando essa comunica&#231;&#227;o antes e ap&#243;s o procedimento. Durante as observa&#231;&#245;es, alguns momentos f&#233;rteis para a reflex&#227;o sobre a a&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foram explorados pelo docente, implicando preju&#237;zo para sua reflex&#227;o e, principalmente, ao estudante que poderia ter refletido sobre diferentes possibilidades de cuidar.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>A gente faz sempre no final do dia, da manh&#227;, uma reuni&#227;o pra que eles troquem as experi&#234;ncias que tiveram e se avaliem as quest&#245;es</italic> [...] <italic>quando &#233; uma quest&#227;o espec&#237;fica, falo logo ap&#243;s o procedimento. &#192; medida que o est&#225;gio vai andando e que eles t&#227;o mais seguros, essas reuni&#245;es v&#227;o reduzindo, porque j&#225; est&#227;o com mais habilidade</italic> [...] <italic>fizemos um fechamento mais r&#225;pido</italic>. (ED4)</p>
            <p><italic>Professora acompanha passagem de plant&#227;o da estudante. Ap&#243;s finaliza&#231;&#227;o, estudante</italic> &#233; dispensada do est&#225;gio e professora n&#227;o faz apontamentos sobre seu desempenho. (OD6CP)</p>
            <p><italic>Professor n&#227;o faz apontamentos sobre desempenho da estudante ap&#243;s a passagem de plant&#227;o</italic>. (OD5CP)</p>
            <p><italic>No campo da pr&#225;tica, alguns momentos ricos para reflex&#227;o na e sobre a a&#231;&#227;o, como a realiza&#231;&#227;o da consulta de enfermagem &#224; mulher e corre&#231;&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o de enfermagem feita pela estudante, n&#227;o s&#227;o explorados pela professora, que n&#227;o aponta &#224; estudante como foi seu desempenho durante a atividade</italic>. (OD4CP)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Durante as observa&#231;&#245;es das atividades te&#243;rico-pr&#225;ticas foi poss&#237;vel identificar apenas um momento de ensino pela demonstra&#231;&#227;o e imita&#231;&#227;o, que estimulou a reflex&#227;o na a&#231;&#227;o do estudante, como ilustrado no fragmento abaixo:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Professora demonstra a estudante como diluir uma medica&#231;&#227;o. Estudante tenta fazer como professora demonstrou e reflete na a&#231;&#227;o, identificando que a forma como colocou seu dedo na ponta da seringa fez com que ela provocasse um desperd&#237;cio de medica&#231;&#227;o</italic>. (OD2CP)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Diante dessa potencialidade, e considerando que &#233; o docente quem imprime o tom da rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica, cabe a este estimular o estudante a refletir tanto sobre o cuidado prestado quanto sobre o ouvir/imitar e o demonstrar/dizer do docente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Combinando o dizer/ouvir e demonstrar/imitar na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica</title>
        <p>Esta categoria aborda os diferentes modos de di&#225;logo na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica, na perspectiva de um ensino pr&#225;tico e reflexivo, combinando dizer e ouvir e demonstrar e imitar. O docente, ao ter clareza do seu papel de estimulador do di&#225;logo nos contextos da forma&#231;&#227;o, reflete sobre a condu&#231;&#227;o do processo de ensino-aprendizagem e, ao mesmo tempo, estimula a reflex&#227;o do estudante sobre seu desempenho nas atividades acad&#234;micas.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Minha volta do est&#225;gio &#233; pensando, venho dirigindo e pensando o que aconteceu naquela manh&#227;, o que poderia ser feito diferente, melhorado, a forma como conduzi ou n&#227;o conduzi, qual estudante que t&#225; precisando de mais alguma coisa, o que eu n&#227;o vi e o que precisava ser visto</italic>. (ED4)</p>
            <p><italic>Professora elogia desempenho das estudantes na escrita do trabalho de conclus&#227;o de curso. A rela&#231;&#227;o estabelecida entre professora e estudantes estimula a reflex&#227;o na a&#231;&#227;o rec</italic>&#237;<italic>proca, onde professora e estudantes refletem sobre o que escreveram. Professora utiliza palavras e a&#231;&#245;es quando escreve junto com as estudantes</italic>. (OD8CT)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Diante dessa rela&#231;&#227;o dial&#243;gica, o professor assume o papel de reconhecer as particularidades e fragilidades de cada estudante, procurando estimular a reflex&#227;o sobre o processo de forma&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, vale destacar que estas descobertas s&#227;o poss&#237;veis quando professor e estudante est&#227;o relativamente seguros de terem constru&#237;do uma vis&#227;o adequada dos significados do outro.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>O di&#225;logo &#233; troca, rela&#231;&#245;es horizontais, escuta, onde as pessoas participam e contribuem, se sentem correspons&#225;veis, protagonistas do seu conhecimento</italic>. (ED3)</p>
            <p><italic>Muitas vezes o professor acha que o estudante t&#225; entendendo e ele n&#227;o est&#225;, &#233; preciso usar estrat&#233;gias para identificar o momento que o estudante est&#225; no processo de ensino- aprendizagem. O docente deve trabalhar com as facilidades e dificuldades do estudante porque cada estudante &#233; diferente do outro</italic>. (ED8)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>O di&#225;logo estabelecido na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica entrela&#231;a o dizer e o demonstrar do docente ao ouvir e imitar do estudante, gerando a&#231;&#245;es e reflex&#245;es rec&#237;procas que estimulam o agir diante das demandas encontradas nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e nos demais contextos de forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica e as ferramentas tecnol&#243;gicas na forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro: universos comportamentais e impasses no ensino-aprendizagem</title>
        <p>Os resultados apontam que os impasses comportamentais encontrados est&#227;o relacionados &#224;s ferramentas tecnol&#243;gicas adotadas pelos estudantes durante a forma&#231;&#227;o. O computador e o celular, embora indispens&#225;veis na atualidade, tamb&#233;m contribuem para que os estudantes se dispersem durante as atividades desenvolvidas no contexto da sala de aula e no campo da pr&#225;tica. Assim, os docentes participantes buscam alternativas metodol&#243;gicas que despertem o interesse do estudante para o conte&#250;do a ser ministrado e estabelecem acordos pedag&#243;gicos para uso do celular durante as atividades te&#243;rico-pr&#225;ticas nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>As estrat&#233;gias pedag&#243;gicas podem n&#227;o ser as mais adequadas, j&#225; se trabalhou com diferentes metodologias de ensino, com diferentes quest&#245;es, e o inferno &#233; o tal do telefone, o tempo inteiro no celular teclando</italic> [...] <italic>ent&#227;o eles t&#227;o o tempo inteiro naquilo, o tempo inteiro no laptop</italic>. (ED4)</p>
            <p><italic>Uma coisa que me incomoda muito, principalmente na atividade em campo de est&#225;gio, &#233; o uso de celular.</italic> [...] <italic>dispersa muito e essa gera&#231;&#227;o &#233; totalmente presa &#224; tecnologia. Estabele&#231;o um contrato pedag&#243;gico</italic> [...] <italic>celular no bolso do jaleco, no silencioso. Atender somente se for uma emerg&#234;ncia. Estudante precisa aprender a negociar o uso do celular.</italic> [...] &#224;<italic>s vezes a gente prepara "aquela" aula e estuda, e os estudantes</italic> n&#227;o est&#227;o interessados, <italic>est&#227;o com os notebooks, celulares, e a&#237; voc&#234;,</italic> &#224;s <italic>vezes se sente frustrada</italic> [...]. (ED2)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Foi poss&#237;vel identificar um movimento reflexivo por parte do docente sobre o uso das tecnologias durante a forma&#231;&#227;o, evidenciado durante um momento de observa&#231;&#227;o de um docente no campo da pr&#225;tica, como apresentado no fragmento abaixo:</p>
        <p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p><italic>Durante discuss&#227;o te&#243;rica no campo da pr&#225;tica, professor fala da provoca&#231;&#227;o do uso do celular realizada no dia anterior e diz que ficou refletindo sobre a conversa que teve com as estudantes. Questiona sobre o que n&#243;s podemos fazer para potencializar e para relacionar essa tecnologia da comunica&#231;&#227;o no processo pedag&#243;gico, de modo que o celular n&#227;o interfira ou n&#227;o desfoque o pr&#243;prio processo pedag&#243;gico. Explica que o docente se incomoda porque tem a impress&#227;o que o estudante n&#227;o est&#225; atento. Estudantes colocam a quest&#227;o das ferramentas de que o celular disp&#245;e</italic> (cron&#244;metro, programas, textos) <italic>e que auxiliam durante as aulas. Como incluir a ferramenta tecnol&#243;gica dentro do processo pedag&#243;gico? Ent&#227;o &#233; mais no sentido de provocar, de trazer &#224; discuss&#227;o, mas n&#227;o no sentido de punir. &#201; para refletir</italic>. (OD3CP)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </p>
        <p>Em s&#237;ntese, a reflex&#227;o instigada pelo docente partiu de uma demanda do contexto da forma&#231;&#227;o em que o docente refletiu sobre a provoca&#231;&#227;o ocorrida no dia anterior e estimulou os estudantes a continuarem a refletir sobre o uso do celular.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
      <p>O di&#225;logo estabelecido na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica &#233; um desafio a ser enfrentado no ensino pr&#225;tico- reflexivo, para que professor e estudante construam uma rela&#231;&#227;o estimuladora do pensar e do agir, no contexto te&#243;rico e no campo da pr&#225;tica. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o deve propiciar a reflex&#227;o diante de impasses comportamentais que permeiam o processo de ensino aprendizagem.</p>
      <p>Nesta perspectiva, o professor tem muitas maneiras de "dizer" aos seus estudantes. Ele pode dar instru&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas sobre como deve ser realizada determinada tarefa, pode criticar o produto ou processo de um estudante, sugerindo como este pode aperfei&#231;oar seu fazer. Pode, ainda, orient&#225;-los sobre como definir prioridades e propor experimentos em que seja poss&#237;vel fazer, analisar e reformular problemas ou refletir sobre o processo demonstrado pelo docente<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>As diferentes maneiras de se comunicar est&#227;o presentes na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica do curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o. Os docentes, por meio do di&#225;logo, fornecem orienta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas sobre determinado procedimento a ser realizado no campo da pr&#225;tica, criticam o cuidado prestado, dando sugest&#245;es de como o estudante pode aperfei&#231;oar seus conhecimentos, e demonstram como definir prioridades.</p>
      <p>Independentemente do que o docente ir&#225; dizer ao estudante, &#233; importante que este di&#225;logo ocorra no contexto do fazer, enquanto o discente est&#225; realizando determinada tarefa ou prestes a come&#231;ar uma nova, fazendo-o refletir sobre esta ou, ainda, instigando-o a imaginar tarefas que poder&#225; desempenhar no futuro<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. Esse movimento de reflex&#227;o rec&#237;proca entre professor e estudante &#233; uma rede que entrela&#231;a o di&#225;logo na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica e possibilita a quebra de impasses no ensino-aprendizagem.</p>
      <p>No contexto da rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica cabe ao docente encontrar alternativas e sensibilizar-se para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do processo reflexivo, fazendo das oportunidades da forma&#231;&#227;o e do servi&#231;o um solo f&#233;rtil para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de habilidades para a reflex&#227;o rec&#237;proca na forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro. Trazer para o cotidiano do processo de forma&#231;&#227;o a reflex&#227;o sobre os impasses gerados, como por exemplo as ferramentas tecnol&#243;gicas, propicia que docentes e estudantes encontrem alternativas para que tais impasses se transformem em terreno f&#233;rtil para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e em reflex&#227;o-na-a&#231;&#227;o rec&#237;proca.</p>
      <p>&#201; ineg&#225;vel que as mudan&#231;as no mundo contempor&#226;neo t&#234;m gerado transforma&#231;&#245;es nas rela&#231;&#245;es entre os indiv&#237;duos, principalmente pelo uso da inform&#225;tica, que provocou altera&#231;&#245;es nos h&#225;bitos de vida das pessoas e, consequentemente, nas rela&#231;&#245;es humanas estabelecidas no contexto social e de trabalho<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. Dos dados apresentados emergem questionamentos sobre como a forma&#231;&#227;o de um profissional cr&#237;tico e reflexivo pode contribuir para a resolu&#231;&#227;o dos problemas da pr&#225;tica, tomando-se como exemplo o uso do celular durante as atividades de ensino-aprendizagem, que deve ser coerente com a proposta curricular e, consequentemente, com o conhecimento gerado e voltado para as necessidades da sociedade<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Estudo desenvolvido com objetivo de conhecer a concep&#231;&#227;o dos acad&#234;micos de gradua&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem acerca de sua forma&#231;&#227;o aponta que &#233; preciso considerar tamb&#233;m a import&#226;ncia dos aspectos humanistas na forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro, pois este profissional ir&#225; desenvolver na sociedade n&#227;o s&#243; um papel de executor, mas de propositor de pol&#237;ticas e pr&#225;ticas humanizadas<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. &#192; medida que o estudante vai se aproximando de sua trajet&#243;ria profissional como enfermeiro, &#233; importante que vislumbre a enfermagem como uma profiss&#227;o que se preocupa com os aspectos que v&#227;o al&#233;m da t&#233;cnica, considerando tamb&#233;m o contexto hist&#243;rico, social, cultural, e econ&#244;mico, a fam&#237;lia e comunidade, com a&#231;&#245;es baseadas na solidariedade, sensibilidade e respeito<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Essas pr&#225;ticas devem ser vivenciadas no di&#225;logo estabelecido na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica durante o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e, para tal, a forma&#231;&#227;o deve enfatizar a busca de conhecimentos e n&#227;o apenas a transmiss&#227;o de informa&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, acredita-se que a concep&#231;&#227;o de conhecimento pressuponha, entre diversos fatores, a rela&#231;&#227;o sujeito-objeto (estudante-conte&#250;do), num interc&#226;mbio din&#226;mico e permanente, que se torna mais rico e efetivo de acordo com a postura mediadora do docente<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Observa-se que a rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica no ensino pr&#225;tico-reflexivo parte da premissa de que o campo da pr&#225;tica &#233; um terreno f&#233;rtil para que se realize a reflex&#227;o-na-a&#231;&#227;o e sobre a a&#231;&#227;o. Nessa perspectiva, o docente, ao estar atento ao leque de situa&#231;&#245;es do contexto real dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e da pr&#243;pria forma&#231;&#227;o, cria oportunidades para que o estudante exercite a reflex&#227;o sobre seu pr&#243;prio processo de forma&#231;&#227;o, construindo, assim, uma bagagem de conhecimentos que responda aos problemas reais do contexto da pr&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>O est&#237;mulo para a reflex&#227;o est&#225; diretamente relacionado ao papel e motiva&#231;&#227;o do docente para orientar o processo pedag&#243;gico. Todavia, o estudante precisa estar aberto ao processo dial&#243;gico- reflexivo, agindo com responsabilidade, autonomia e refletindo sobre as potencialidades e fragilidades na forma&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Ao analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica, foi poss&#237;vel perceber que o desenvolvimento das atividades te&#243;rico-pr&#225;ticas e est&#225;gios supervisionados est&#225; permeado por momentos de demonstra&#231;&#227;o do docente e imita&#231;&#227;o do estudante. O ensinar e o aprender, presentes na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica, ocorrem naturalmente no cotidiano da forma&#231;&#227;o, sem que professor e estudante possam se dar conta de que est&#227;o desenvolvendo uma forma de reflex&#227;o-na-a&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o, quando focada em um ensino reflexivo, desafia, estimula e ajuda os estudantes na constru&#231;&#227;o de habilidades e compet&#234;ncias que fortale&#231;am o compromisso profissional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. Nesse sentido, despertar no estudante a curiosidade, o questionamento e as d&#250;vidas ultrapassa a mera transmiss&#227;o de conhecimentos e avan&#231;a para o desenvolvimento da capacidade cr&#237;tica e reflexiva, favorecendo o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e permitindo a constru&#231;&#227;o de conhecimentos por meio de experi&#234;ncias significativas, ancoradas na rela&#231;&#227;o professor/estudante<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o fortalecimento do di&#225;logo estimula a constru&#231;&#227;o de uma rela&#231;&#227;o de confian&#231;a entre profissional e usu&#225;rio, mediante uma atitude tranquila, receptiva e dial&#243;gica<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Pesquisa desenvolvida com docentes sobre o significado do processo de ensino-aprendizagem aponta que ensinar e aprender &#233; complexo e n&#227;o depende exclusivamente da vontade do docente, pois envolve a constru&#231;&#227;o de conhecimentos necess&#225;rios para a forma&#231;&#227;o do futuro profissional. &#201; um processo de responsabilidades compartilhadas, guiado por concep&#231;&#245;es pedag&#243;gicas dos docentes e compromisso do estudante com sua forma&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>O docente, diante das situa&#231;&#245;es ocorridas na forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro, ir&#225; determinar o tipo de rela&#231;&#227;o estabelecida com o estudante. Assim, tem a possibilidade de construir uma rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica de confian&#231;a, que permite a abertura ao di&#225;logo, a aproxima&#231;&#227;o com a realidade do estudante, a escuta de suas viv&#234;ncias pessoais e acad&#234;micas. Essa atitude do docente tamb&#233;m &#233; corroborada por outros autores defensores de que o fortalecimento da sua pr&#225;tica pedag&#243;gica estimula a autonomia, lideran&#231;a, comunica&#231;&#227;o e prepara o estudante para o trabalho em equipe<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Os dados apontam que o professor necessita estar atento &#224; validade da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes, ou seja, a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com as compet&#234;ncias necess&#225;rias, seu valor pr&#225;tico, sua possibilidade de aplica&#231;&#227;o e sua conex&#227;o com conhecimentos adquiridos anteriormente pelo estudante. Destarte que esses aspectos permitem a constru&#231;&#227;o s&#243;lida de conhecimentos. No entanto, o olhar do docente n&#227;o pode estar centrado somente nos conte&#250;dos program&#225;ticos, mas deve caminhar tamb&#233;m na dire&#231;&#227;o do despertar do estudante para os valores humanos<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>O professor, ao demonstrar partes ou aspectos de determinado procedimento para ajudar o estudante a entender o que ele acredita ser necess&#225;rio, atribui ao estudante uma capacidade de imita&#231;&#227;o. Este processo de demonstra&#231;&#227;o e imita&#231;&#227;o pode, num primeiro momento, n&#227;o merecer aten&#231;&#227;o extraordin&#225;ria, mas a reconstru&#231;&#227;o pela imita&#231;&#227;o &#233; um tipo de processo para solu&#231;&#227;o de determinado problema ou situa&#231;&#227;o. O imitador, no caso o estudante, constr&#243;i e testa, em suas pr&#243;prias a&#231;&#245;es, as caracter&#237;sticas essenciais da a&#231;&#227;o que observou, desenvolvendo assim a reflex&#227;o na a&#231;&#227;o. A reflex&#227;o ocorre no instante em que ele procura executar a a&#231;&#227;o demonstrada pelo docente, refletindo na a&#231;&#227;o tanto sobre o processo que observou quanto sobre suas tentativas de reproduzir<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Durante as atividades acad&#234;micas desenvolvidas no cotidiano dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, professor e estudante est&#227;o mais pr&#243;ximos um do outro do que em uma aula te&#243;rica, pois o grupo de estudante est&#225; mais reduzido<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. Neste contexto de forma&#231;&#227;o, ambos t&#234;m a oportunidade de estabelecer um di&#225;logo partindo de uma realidade concreta de cuidados, o que favorece a forma&#231;&#227;o de um profissional cr&#237;tico e reflexivo, capaz de refletir sobre sua pr&#225;tica para transform&#225;-la<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>No ensino pr&#225;tico-reflexivo o mostrar e o dizer do docente est&#227;o entrela&#231;ados da mesma forma que o ouvir e o imitar do estudante. Por esta combina&#231;&#227;o o estudante pode aprender o que n&#227;o aprenderia apenas pela imita&#231;&#227;o ou seguindo instru&#231;&#245;es do docente. Cada processo pode ajudar a preencher espa&#231;os de comunica&#231;&#227;o inerentes ao outro<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Combinar dizer/ouvir e demonstrar/imitar oferece uma grande diversidade de objetos e modos de reflex&#227;o poss&#237;veis que podem ser combinados para preencher os espa&#231;os inerentes em cada subprocesso. Estes s&#227;o conectados de forma que uma interven&#231;&#227;o ou resposta propicia o desencadeamento ou constru&#231;&#227;o de outra, conectando perguntar, responder, aconselhar, demonstrar, observar, imitar e criticar<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>O di&#225;logo estabelecido entre professor e estudante pode ser edificado por uma corrente de a&#231;&#245;es e reflex&#245;es rec&#237;procas, na qual o professor tem a possibilidade de refletir sobre a mensagem impl&#237;cita em seu pr&#243;prio desempenho. O estudante, por sua vez, tamb&#233;m pode refletir sobre os problemas decorrentes de seu desempenho. Essa reflex&#227;o sobre um desempenho anterior instiga o professor a oferecer uma nova demonstra&#231;&#227;o, e propicia ao estudante encontrar um novo modo de executar determinada a&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>No contexto da forma&#231;&#227;o o estudante pode refletir sobre a sua constru&#231;&#227;o de conhecimentos e o processo de cuidar. O momento dial&#243;gico entre os envolvidos no cuidado incentiva estudante a agir com responsabilidade, avaliando e modificando sua pr&#225;tica, exercitando na academia sua capacidade de exercer a profiss&#227;o de enfermagem com qualidade e respeito ao usu&#225;rio dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Um di&#225;logo bem sucedido na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica necessariamente n&#227;o significa que o estudante ir&#225; aceitar e concordar com todas as inten&#231;&#245;es do professor. Quanto mais ele entende o que o docente est&#225; dizendo, maiores s&#227;o as condi&#231;&#245;es de definir se deseja ou n&#227;o aprender o que o professor quer ensinar. Quando um estudante apresenta dificuldade em entender por uma aparente incapacidade ou falta de vontade, o professor deve considerar que este insucesso pode n&#227;o estar relacionado &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es do estudante ou &#224;s suas orienta&#231;&#245;es, mas &#224; recusa em abrir m&#227;o de algo que ele valoriza<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>O docente, diante dessas dificuldades, pode buscar estrat&#233;gias de ensino-aprendizagem mais apropriadas &#224;s necessidades e particularidades de determinado grupo ou de um estudante e da sociedade em geral<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>. O <italic>feedback</italic> do docente para o estudante, apontando seus pontos fortes e fr&#225;geis, bem como a inser&#231;&#227;o de estudantes com maior rendimento juntamente &#224;queles que apresentam alguma dificuldade contribuem tamb&#233;m para que o processo de forma&#231;&#227;o se torne de excel&#234;ncia<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>O ensino-aprendizagem, durante a forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro, tem o objetivo de formar profissionais n&#227;o apenas capacitados cientificamente, mas prima por uma forma&#231;&#227;o de enfermeiros enquanto seres humanos, mediante uma abordagem em que professor e estudantes estejam cada vez mais pr&#243;ximos, com elevado grau de satisfa&#231;&#227;o, tranquilidade e seguran&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o profissional<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>A diversidade de op&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas a que o professor tem acesso na atualidade possibilita que organize sua comunica&#231;&#227;o com os estudantes, de modo a introduzir determinado tema. Assim, cada docente pode encontrar maneiras adequadas &#224;s suas necessidades e &#224;s dos estudantes, buscando integrar v&#225;rias tecnologias e procedimentos metodol&#243;gicos, por meio do planejamento pedag&#243;gico<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. Esta organiza&#231;&#227;o envolve tamb&#233;m a percep&#231;&#227;o do estudante como pessoa em forma&#231;&#227;o, suas dificuldades, facilidades e supera&#231;&#245;es no cotidiano da sala de aula e nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>O estabelecimento de acordo pedag&#243;gico &#233; uma alternativa encontrada pelo docente para que ferramentas tecnol&#243;gicas sejam utilizadas de maneira consciente. No entanto, isto, por si s&#243;, n&#227;o contempla a complexidade de fatores que podem contribuir ou dificultar o estabelecimento da rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica diante destas tecnologias. &#201; preciso ir al&#233;m do contrato, estabelecer um di&#225;logo reflexivo com os estudantes para que estes, juntamente com o docente, possam encontrar maneiras de potencializar o uso destas ferramentas na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>No processo de ensino-aprendizagem do cuidado em enfermagem faz-se necess&#225;ria a atua&#231;&#227;o conjunta entre professor e estudante, buscando, definindo e efetivando novas formas de ensinar para que, juntos, concretizem a a&#231;&#227;o de aprender<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>. Quando o di&#225;logo entre professor e estudante &#233; efetivo, transforma-se em reflex&#227;o-na-a&#231;&#227;o e sobre a a&#231;&#227;o rec&#237;proca<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. A capacita&#231;&#227;o do docente favorece uma revitaliza&#231;&#227;o constante no contexto formativo, buscando estrat&#233;gias metodol&#243;gicas de ensinar e aprender que possibilitem a transforma&#231;&#227;o das pr&#225;ticas educativas, do desenvolvimento de compet&#234;ncias e habilidades para que o futuro enfermeiro se torne cr&#237;tico e reflexivo para atuar nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>As estrat&#233;gias de ensino s&#227;o um aspecto fundamental da a&#231;&#227;o docente no processo de ensino- aprendizagem, por&#233;m o sucesso de cada estrat&#233;gia depende de fatores relacionados tanto ao docente quanto ao estudante, implicando motiva&#231;&#227;o, conhecimento e persist&#234;ncia no ato de ensinar e aprender<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
      <p>O desenvolvimento desta pesquisa possibilitou a identifica&#231;&#227;o de elementos significativos para o estabelecimento da rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica no ensino pr&#225;tico-reflexivo. O di&#225;logo entre professor e estudante &#233; o guia fundamental para estimular a reflex&#227;o tanto no contexto te&#243;rico como no campo da pr&#225;tica. As atividades desenvolvidas no cotidiano dos servi&#231;os tornam-se mais desafiadoras para a rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica, ao passo que as demandas nascem de necessidades reais e concretas. Docente e estudante necessitam refletir sobre esta demanda para que as respostas oferecidas aos usu&#225;rios dos servi&#231;os possam satisfazer suas necessidades de cuidado. Contudo, a proximidade do docente com os estudantes promove uma rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica mais efetiva e permite ao docente a pr&#225;tica pedag&#243;gica e reflexiva.</p>
      <p>O processo de ensino-aprendizagem no curso est&#225; ancorado no dizer e demonstrar do docente e no ouvir e imitar do estudante, no entanto, esses processos necessitam ser mais articulados para que a reflex&#227;o ocorra nos quatro momentos, e, principalmente, seja formada por uma cadeia de a&#231;&#245;es e reflex&#245;es rec&#237;procas.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto relevante na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica s&#227;o os impasses gerados pelo uso de tecnologias, tanto no contexto te&#243;rico quanto no campo da pr&#225;tica. Nesse sentido, docentes e estudantes, ao se abrirem para o processo de reflex&#227;o-na-a&#231;&#227;o e sobre a a&#231;&#227;o rec&#237;proca, podem eliminar os impasses pedag&#243;gicos e encontrar possibilidades de negocia&#231;&#227;o e potencializa&#231;&#227;o destas ferramentas na forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro.</p>
      <p>Destaca-se que o docente, ao imprimir um tom dial&#243;gico-reflexivo na rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica, abre caminhos para novas descobertas e possibilita a cria&#231;&#227;o de espa&#231;os de ensino-aprendizagem estimuladores da autonomia, das habilidades e das atitudes cr&#237;ticas e reflexivas do estudante, ao longo de sua forma&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o pedag&#243;gica entrela&#231;ada por um di&#225;logo reflexivo cria oportunidades para que as situa&#231;&#245;es reais e concretas dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de e da pr&#243;pria forma&#231;&#227;o sejam elementos estimuladores da reflex&#227;o na forma&#231;&#227;o do enfermeiro. Nesse sentido, o docente deve buscar estrat&#233;gias que melhor atendam &#224;s necessidades dos diferentes momentos, contextos e sujeitos envolvidos no processo formativo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>FOMENTO</title>
      <p>CNPq - aux&#237;lio financeiro por meio de bolsa de doutorado no per&#237;odo de realiza&#231;&#227;o deste estudo.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
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          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Margarete Maria de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">II</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reibnitz</surname>
            <given-names>Kenya Schmidt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">III</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kloh</surname>
            <given-names>Daiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vendruscolo</surname>
            <given-names>Carine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">IV</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
            <given-names>Aline B&#250;ssolo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Education in Nursing and Health Laboratory of Research and Technology. Florian&#243;polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Department of Graduation in Nursing. Florian&#243;polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>III</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Postgraduate Program in Nursing. Florian&#243;polis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>IV</label>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Department of Nursing. Chapec&#243;, Santa Catarina, Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Margarete Maria de Lima</bold>. E-mail: <email>margaretelima2@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <fpage>610</fpage>
      <lpage>617</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to understand how dialogue occurs in the pedagogical relation in the practical reflective teaching in an undergraduate program in nursing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>qualitative research, case study. Data collection was conducted from May 2013 to September 2014 with eight professors of Nursing, by means of observation and interviews. Data analysis followed the operational proposal constituted by the exploratory stage and the interpretive stage.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>point the dialogue established within the pedagogical relation as a challenge to be faced in practical-reflective teaching, so professor and student build a relationship that foster thought and action in the theoretical context and in the field of practice.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>in establishing a dialogic-reflective tone in the pedagogical relationship, the professor opens paths to new discoveries, enabling the creation of teaching-learning spaces that stimulate autonomy, abilities, and critical and reflective attitudes of students along their education.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Descriptors:</title>
        <kwd>Nursing</kwd>
        <kwd>Higher Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Professors</kwd>
        <kwd>Students</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
        <p>The teaching-learning process is complex and, over the years, has suffered the influence of various aspects related to institutional factors, professors and students. Such complexity has instigated the development of studies aimed at making this process effective<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. In this sense, educational institutions need to rethink the epistemology of practice and the pedagogical assumptions that base the curricula, to train professionals with a view to practical-reflective teaching and committed to the demands of services<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Currently, the need for transformation in nursing education so students can participate in the educational process as a subject who builds and rebuilds their knowledge and no longer are mere receivers of information is evident. At the same time, students should be encouraged to reflect on the desired professional profile for the future, when experiencing the teaching-learning activities in the context of practice. This movement contributes to the education of critical, reflective professionals, able to propose changes for the problems of practice<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Establishing a pedagogical relationship based on reflective dialogue fosters the teaching-learning process with satisfactory results for professors, students and, above all, to the people who are cared by them.</p>
        <p>The theoretical framework of the epistemology of the reflective practice of Donald A. Sch&#246;n<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup> adopted in this study argues that dialogue is conducted through words and actions, enabling professors and students to develop mutual reflection-in-action. Reflection-in-action occurs at the moment of execution of the action, without stopping it, even with brief moments of detachment that allow the reformulation of the action. Reflection on the action occurs in retrospect, when we rebuild the action mentally to try to analyze it. Reflection on reflection in action contributes so the professional progresses in the development and build a personal way of knowing, thus contributing to the understanding of future problems or discovery of new solutions<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>In the education of nurses, the pedagogical relationship is marked by elements that involve behaviors, interaction, values, strategies and assumptions, modes of telling and listening, thinking and acting. In this perspective, both professor and student develop theories of action, from a particular type of behavior, acquired in the experiences and interaction with other persons<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. In this context, our objective was to understand the dialogue in the pedagogical relationship in the practical-reflective teaching in an undergraduate program in Nursing.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>METHOD</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Type of study</title>
          <p>Qualitative research, single case study, developed in an Undergraduate Program in Nursing. The case researched was the undergraduate program in nursing in a public University in southern Brazil, which seeks to develop critical, creative, and reflective education with students.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Context and participants of the study</title>
          <p>This study had participation of eight professors of nursing that developed activities in the theoretical context and in the field of practice, in the courses of the integrator axis (educational actions aimed at the development of specific competencies of nurses) of the last four semesters of the 2004 curriculum. The choice for such courses is justified by the presence of two curricula in progress in the program and, in this sense, the pedagogical relationship in the current curriculum (still in the first semesters of the program) might not be well consolidated with the changes in the curricular matrix.</p>
          <p>After the choice of the courses, we selected the participants by drawing lots for two professors per course. The number of participants was previously established for understanding that the comprehension of the case lies in its uniqueness, and relates to the depth of understanding required by a case study<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref><sup>)</sup>, and in a broad and integrated view of the pedagogical relationship, which can be obtained with eight professors. Inclusion criteria consisted of: formal employment in the chosen educational institution; more than two years of exercise in teaching; and institutional experience in theoretical and theoretical-practical activities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection and organization</title>
          <p>The data were collected through non-participant observation of teaching-learning contexts and individual interviews with professors. It began in May 2013 with the observation and, subsequently, interviews were held, ending in September 2014. Two instruments were built: a guideline to guide the observations of educational activities developed in the program and another for the interviews. There were 85 hours of observation distributed in 28 teaching-learning moments, including theoretical activities, theoretical-practical activities, supervised internship, and mentoring of course completion paper. Observations were identified by letter O for observation, followed by letter P for professor, and by the number assigned to each participant, plus letters TC for theoretical context and PC for practice context (OP1TC, OP1PC ... OP8TC, OP8PC).</p>
          <p>After the observations, the professors were interviewed to complement the information from observations. The interviews took place in the work environment of the participants, scheduled by e-mail, with pre-set date and time. They were recorded on digital media and transcribed in full. We decided to identify the interviews with the letters I for interview and P for professor, followed by identification number of each participant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>Process guided by the operational proposal<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref><sup>)</sup>, consisting of two operational moments. The first is related to the fundamental determinations of the research, mapped in the exploratory phase of the research; the second, called interpretive, is the starting point and the objective of the investigation, represented by the encounter with the empirical facts. The interpretive moment consists of data ordering and classification, final analysis, and report.</p>
          <p>In the data ordering, information from the observations and interviews were arranged in a certain order to start a first rereading of the materials, to promote the development of a horizontal map of the findings found in the context researched.</p>
          <p>In the data classification, skimming over the material enabled the apprehension of the relevant structures and central ideas that gradually built the empirical categories of the research. Later, there was transversal reading of each subset and of the set in its entirety. There was a process of clipping information from the observations and from every interview into units of significance, according to structure of relevance and topics of information.</p>
          <p>The central ideas were grouped into five major themes, which originated the first coding. Later, the second coding originated from the immersion and the deepening of information obtained in the first coding, seeking coherences and inconsistencies of the information and once again clipping the data, to structure the categories of analysis.</p>
          <p>The data found gradually built the initial categories, which were enhanced by a reflection process and grouped into three categories: pedagogical relationship: the different manners of telling and listening, demonstrating and imitating in the context of nurse training; combining the telling/listening and the demonstrating/imitating in the pedagogical relationship; pedagogical relationship and technological tools in nurse training: behavioral universes and impasses in the teaching-learning process.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>The project was approved by the Committee on Ethics in Research with Human Beings of the Federal University of Santa Catarina. All participants signed an informed consent form, to meet the ethical principles of research recommended by Resolution 466/12 of the National Council of Health of the Ministry of Health.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Pedagogical relationship: the different manners of telling and listening, demonstrating and imitating in the context of nurse training</title>
          <p>This category covers the different manners of communicating present in the pedagogical relationship of the undergraduate program researched. By means of dialogue, professors transmit specific guidelines about certain procedures to be performed by the student in the field of practice, criticize the care provided, and propose suggestions on how to improve one's knowledge, showing how to set priorities.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>Dialogue established in the pedagogical relationship by means of which professors and students discuss the specific guidelines and priorities related to the activities in the unit and to the completion of the undergraduate thesis.</italic> (OP7TC)</p>
              <p><italic>Professor criticizes a table and a schedule made by the students and gives suggestion by drawing a sketch of the ideal.</italic> (OP6TC)</p>
              <p><italic>In the theoretical-practical activity, professor gives specific instructions to students, points priorities in the medical care, makes observations and directs criticism to the care provided by the student, after completion of the procedure, suggesting what can be done to improve performance.</italic> (0P2PC)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>Professors stated that they sought to instruct the student prior to the execution of a particular procedure, and never in front of the patient, so they did not show insecurity in the care provided. However, after that, they talked with the student about the procedure performed.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>I always instruct the student: never say in front of the mother or the child you can't do or that you never did.</italic> [...] <italic>Even if we have talked, when you have to perform the procedure, you're still in doubt, not sure, don't do it, let me do it, review it again, I always try to help so the student is sure.</italic> (IP2)</p>
              <p><italic>The student couldn't set the Speculum, she signaled me, I excused myself to the patient, set it and she made the collection, so that it wouldn't be evident to the patient that she couldn't have skill, competence, or ability.</italic> (IP4)</p>
              <p><italic>During a visit to hospitalized patients, a professor, after observing the student who is talking with the patients, draws her attention as soon as she leaves a room, due to the manner the student talks. The professor says that she needs to consider the context of the hospitalized adult, that in Pediatrics it's ok to speak as if talking to a child, but that there she is dealing with an adult. After all visits, the professor talks again with the student about her behavior. The</italic> s<italic>tudent says she prefers to receive instructions right away, in order to be corrected, and the professor complements that the student did well during the activity.</italic> (OP7PC)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>Dialogue between professor and student on specific care provided is not always conducted in the daily practical activities, as they believe the student already acquired certain skill and autonomy, thus this communication before and after the procedure would not be necessary. During the observations, some fertile moments for reflection on the action were not explored by the professor, causing deleterious effects to the professor's reflection and, mainly, to student's, who could have reflected on different possibilities of providing medical care.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>We always have it at the end of the day, of the morning, a meeting for them to exchange their experiences and evaluate the issues</italic> [...] <italic>when it is a specific issue, I speak soon after the procedure. As the internship evolves and they're more confident, these meetings are gradually reduced, because they've already got more skill</italic> [...] <italic>we concluded faster.</italic> (IP4)</p>
              <p><italic>The professor monitors the passage of duty of the student. After completion, student is excused from the internship and the professor does not make observations on performance.</italic> (OP6PC)</p>
              <p><italic>Professor does not make observations on student performance after passing duty.</italic> (OP5PC)</p>
              <p><italic>In the field of practice, some rich moments for reflection in and about the action, as the nursing consultation provided to the woman and the correction of nursing developments made by the student, are not explored by the professor, who does not let a student know how the performance during the activity was evaluated.</italic> (OP4PC)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>During the observations of theoretical-practical activities, we were able to identify only one teaching moment by demonstration and imitation, which stimulated reflection on the student action, as shown in the excerpt below:</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>Professor shows the student how to dilute a medication. Student tries to perform it as the professor demonstrated and reflects on the action, determining that the way she placed her finger on the tip of the syringe caused a waste of medication.</italic> (OP2PC)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>Given this potentiality, and considering that it is the professor who sets the tone of the pedagogical relationship, the professor should stimulate the student to reflect both on the care provided and on the listening/imitating and the demonstrating/telling of the professor.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Combining the telling/listening and the demonstrating/imitating in the pedagogical relationship</title>
            <p>This category covers the various modes of dialogue in the pedagogical relationship, from the perspective of a practical and reflective teaching, combining telling and listening and demonstrating and imitating. The professor, after having clear understanding of his/her role of fostering dialogue in the contexts of training, reflects on the conduct of the teaching-learning process and, at the same time, stimulates the students' reflection on their performance in academic activities.</p>
            <p>
              <disp-quote>
                <p><italic>After the internship activities, I think while driving home about what happened that morning, what could be done differently, improved, the way I conducted or not the activities, which student needs something else, what I failed to see and what needed to be seen.</italic> (IP4)</p>
                <p><italic>Professor praises performance of students in writing the course completion paper. The relationship established between professor and students stimulates reflection on reciprocal action, in which professor and students reflect on what they wrote. Professor uses words and actions when writing together with the students.</italic> (OP8TC)</p>
              </disp-quote>
            </p>
            <p>In this dialogical relationship, the professor assumes the role of recognizing the particularities and frailties of every student, seeking to stimulate reflection on the process of training. In this sense, it is noteworthy that these findings are possible when professor and student are relatively sure of having built an adequate vision of the other's significance.</p>
            <p>
              <disp-quote>
                <p><italic>Dialogue is exchange, horizontal relationships, listening, in which persons participate and to which they contribute, feel co-responsible, protagonists of their knowledge.</italic> (IP3)</p>
                <p><italic>The professor often thinks the student is understanding and the student is not, strategies are needed to determine the student's level in the teaching-learning process. The professor should work with the student's abilities and difficulties because each student is unique.</italic> (IP8)</p>
              </disp-quote>
            </p>
            <p>The dialogue established within the pedagogical relationship intertwines the telling and demonstrating of the professor with the listening and imitating of the student, generating reciprocal actions and reflections that foster initiative in relation to demands found in health services and in the other contexts of nursing training.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pedagogical relationship and technological tools in nurse training: behavioral universes and impasses in the teaching-learning process</title>
          <p>The results indicate that the behavioral impasses encountered are related to technological tools adopted by students during training. The computer and the cell phone, although indispensable nowadays, also contribute so students lose focus during the activities developed in the context of the classroom and in the field of practice. Thus, participating professors seek methodological alternatives to rivet the interest of the student for the content to be taught and establish pedagogical agreements for use of cell phone during the theoretical-practical activities in health services.</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>Pedagogical strategies might not be the most appropriate, we have worked with different teaching methodologies, with different issues, and the cell phone is a problem, all the time on the cell phone chatting</italic> [...] <italic>they are doing that all the time, the whole time on the laptop.</italic> (IP4)</p>
              <p><italic>One thing that bothers me a lot, especially in field activity of internship, is the use of a cell phone</italic>. [...] <italic>it distracts a lot and this generation is completely attached to technology. I establish a pedagogical contract</italic> [...] <italic>cell phone in the pocket of the coat, on mute. Getting a call, only if it is an emergency. Student needs to learn how to negotiate the use of the phone.</italic> [...] <italic>Sometimes we prepare</italic> the <italic>class and study, and students are not interested, they have their notebooks, cell phones, and then you sometimes feel frustrated</italic> [...]<italic>.</italic> (IP2) </p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>It was possible to identify a reflective movement by the professors on the use of technologies during training, evidenced during a moment of observation of a professor in the field of practice, as shown in the excerpt below:</p>
          <p>
            <disp-quote>
              <p><italic>During theoretical discussion in the field of practice, professor talks about the provocation of the cell phone use carried out the day before and says he reflected on the conversation he had with the students. He questions about what we can do to enhance and to relate this communication technology in the educational process, so that the phone does not interfere with not blur the educational process itself. He explains that the professor is bothered because of the impression that the student is not paying attention. Students raise the question of the tools that the cell phone features</italic> (chronometer, programs, texts) <italic>and which are helpful during class.</italic> How to include the technological tool into the educational process? <italic>So it's more in the sense of instigating, to put in discussion, but not in the sense of punishing. It is to reflect.</italic> (OP3PC)</p>
            </disp-quote>
          </p>
          <p>In summary, the reflection instigated by a professor originated from a demand of the training context in which the professor reflected on the provocation occurred the day before and encouraged students to continue to reflect on the use of the phone.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSSION</title>
        <p>The dialogue established within the pedagogical relation is a challenge to be faced in practical-reflective teaching, so professors and students can build a relationship that foster thought and action in the theoretical context and in the field of practice. This relationship must provide reflection considering behavioral impasses that pervade the teaching-learning process.</p>
        <p>In this perspective, professors has many ways to "tell" their students. Specific instructions can be given on how a given task should be performed, a student's product or process can be criticized, suggesting how this student can improve performance. The professor may, also, instruct them on how to set priorities and propose experiments that enable doing, analyzing, and reformulating problems or reflecting on the process demonstrated by the professor<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The different ways to communicate are present in the pedagogical relationship of the undergraduate program. Professors, by means of dialogue, provide specific instruction on certain procedures to be performed in the field of practice, criticize the medical care provided, giving suggestions on how students can improve their knowledge, and demonstrate how to set priorities.</p>
        <p>Regardless of what the professor will tell the student, it is important that this dialogue occurs in the context of doing, while the students are performing a certain task or about to start a new one, leading to reflection about this task or instigating to imagine tasks that may be performed in the future<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. This movement of reciprocal reflection between professor and student is a network that interweaves dialogue into the pedagogical relationship and enables breaking impasses in the teaching-learning process.</p>
        <p>In the context of pedagogical relationship, the professor should find alternatives and raise awareness as for the conduct of the reflective process, making the opportunities of training and service a fertile soil for the acquisition of skills for the reciprocal reflection in nurse training. Bringing to the daily life of the training process the reflection on the impasses generated, as for example the technological tools, enables that professors and students find alternatives so such impasses turn into fertile soil for the teaching-learning process and into reciprocal reflection-in-action.</p>
        <p>It is undeniable that the changes in the contemporary world have generated transformations in the relations among individuals, mainly by the use of information technology, which caused changes in the living habits of the persons and, consequently, in human relations established in the social context and in the work context<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref><sup>)</sup>. From the data presented, concerns emerge on how educating a professional to be critical and reflective can contribute to solving the problems of practice, taking as example the use of cell phones during the teaching-learning activities, which should be consistent with the curricular proposal and, consequently, with the knowledge generated and focused on the needs of society<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A study developed to know the conception of undergraduate students in nursing about their training points that we need to consider the importance of the humanist aspects in the training of nurses, because this professional will develop in society not only a role of carrying out, but of proposing humanized policies and practices<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref><sup>)</sup>. As the student approaches the career as a nurse, it is important that he/she sees nursing as a profession that cares about aspects that are beyond technique, also considering the historical, social, cultural, and economical context, the family and community, with actions based on solidarity, sensitivity, and respect<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>These practices should be experienced in the dialogue established within the pedagogical relationship during the teaching-learning process and, to this end, the training should emphasize the pursuit of knowledge and not just the transmission of information. In this sense, it is believed that the conception of knowledge assumes, among several factors, the subject-object relationship (student-content), in a dynamic and permanent exchange, which becomes richer and more effective according to the professor's position of mediator<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>It is observed that the pedagogical relationship in the practical-reflective teaching is based on the premise that the field of practice is fertile soil for the reflection-in-action and on the action. In this perspective, the professor, being aware of the gamut of situations of the actual context of health services and of the training itself, creates opportunities for students to exercise reflection on their own training process, thus building a repertoire of knowledge that addresses the actual problems in the context of practice.</p>
        <p>Stimulus for reflection is directly related to the professor's role and motivation in guiding the pedagogical process. However, the student must be open to the dialogic-reflective process, acting with responsibility, autonomy, and reflecting on the potentialities and weaknesses in the training.</p>
        <p>In analyzing the pedagogical relationship, it was possible to perceive that the development of theoretical-practical activities and supervised internships is permeated by moments of professor demonstration and student imitation. The teaching and learning processes, present in the pedagogical relationship, occur naturally in the daily training, with professor and student not even realizing that a form of reflection-in-action is being developed.</p>
        <p>The training, when focused on a reflective teaching, challenges, stimulates, and aids students in building skills and competencies that strengthen the professional commitment<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref><sup>)</sup>. In that sense, fostering the student's curiosity, leading to questioning and doubting goes beyond the mere transmission of knowledge and advances to the development of critical and reflective capacity, favoring the teaching-learning process and allowing for the building of knowledge through significant experiences, founded on the professor/student relationship<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. In addition, strengthening the dialogue stimulates the building of a relationship of trust between professional and client, through a serene, open, and dialogic attitude<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>A research developed with professors about the meaning of the teaching-learning process points that teaching and learning are complex and do not depend solely on the will of the professor, as it involves the building of knowledge necessary for the training of the future professional. It is a process of shared responsibility, guided by the professor's pedagogical conceptions and the student's commitment to the training<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The professor, considering the situations occurred in the training of nurses, will determine the kind of relationship established with the student. Thus, the professor has the possibility of building a pedagogical relationship of trust, which allows for receptivity to dialogue, for approach to the student's reality, for listening of their personal and academic experiences. Adoption of this attitude by the professor is also supported by other authors that advocate that the strengthening of their pedagogical practice stimulates autonomy, leadership, communication, and prepares the student for team work<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The data indicate that the professor needs to be aware of the validity of the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, that is, his/her relationship with the competencies needed, their practical value, their possibility of application, and their connection with knowledge acquired previously by the student. Thus, these aspects enable the solid building of knowledge. However, the professor's view cannot be focused only on the syllabus, but must also aim at raising the student's awareness as to human values<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The professor, by demonstrating parts or aspects of a given procedure to help the student understand what he/she believes to be necessary, gives the student an imitation capacity. This process of demonstration and imitation can, at first, deserve no special attention, but reconstruction by imitation is a type of process for solution of a given problem or situation. The imitators, in the case the students, build and test, in their own actions, the essential characteristics of the action observed, hence developing reflection in action. Reflection occurs at the moment a students seeks to perform the action demonstrated by the professor, reflecting in action both on the process observed and on his/her attempts to reproduce it<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>During academic activities carried out in the daily life of health services, professor and student are closer to each other than in a theory class, because the student group is reduced<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><sup>)</sup>. In the context of training, both have the opportunity to establish a dialogue founded on a concrete reality of medical care, which favors the education of a critical and reflective professional, able to reflect on the practice to transform it<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>In the practical-reflective teaching, the professor's acts of showing and telling are intertwined in the same way that the student's listening and imitating. By means of this combination, the student can learn that which would not be learned solely by imitation or by following the professor's instructions. Each process can help fill the communication spaces inherent in the other<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Combining the telling/listening and the demonstrating/imitating offers a great diversity of possible objects and modes of reflection that can be combined to fill the spaces inherent in each sub-process. These are connected so an intervention or response triggers or builds another one, connecting the acts of asking, answering, advising, demonstrating, observing, imitating, and criticizing<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The dialogue established between professor and student can be built by a chain of reciprocal actions and reflections, in which professors have the opportunity of reflecting on the message implicit in their own performance. Student, in turn, can also reflect on problems arising from their performance. This reflection on prior performance instigates the professor to provide a new demonstration, and allows for the student to find a new way of performing certain action<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>In the context of training, students can reflect on their construction of knowledge and on the medical care process. The dialogic moment between those involved in medical care encourages students to act responsibly, evaluating and modifying their practices, exercising at the academic context their ability to exercise the profession of nursing with quality and respect for the client of health services<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Successful dialogue in the pedagogical relationship does not necessarily mean that the student will accept and agree with all the intentions of the professor. The more students understand what the professor is telling them, the greater the conditions to define whether or not they want to learn what the professor wants to teach. When a student has difficulty in understanding by an apparent inability or lack of will, the professor should consider that this failure may not be related to limitations of the student or to the instructions, but to refusal to give up something the student values<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The professor, when faced with these difficulties, can seek teaching-learning strategies that are more appropriate to the needs and particularities of a certain group or of a student and of society in general<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>. Feedback from professor to student, pointing out their fortes and weaknesses, as well as the combination of students with higher performance with those that have some difficulty also contribute so the training process become of excellence<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The teaching-learning process, during nurse training, aims to educate professionals so they are not only scientifically trained, but aims to educate nurses as human beings, by means of an approach in which professor and students are increasingly close, with a high degree of satisfaction, tranquility, and confidence as for the professional training<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>The diversity of methodological options to which professors have access today enables them to organize their communication with students, to introduce a certain subject. Thus, each professor can find ways that are appropriate to their needs and to those of the students, seeking to integrate various methodological procedures and technologies, through pedagogical planning<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. This organization also involves the perception of students as a persons in training, their difficulties, facilities, and successes in the routine of classroom and in health services<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Establishment a pedagogical agreement is an alternative found by the professor so technological tools are used in a conscious way. However, this, by itself, does not comprise the complexity of factors that can aid or hinder the establishment of the pedagogical relationship considering these technologies. It is necessary to go beyond the agreement, establishing a reflective dialogue with students so they, with the professor, can find ways to enhance the use of these tools in the pedagogical relationship.</p>
        <p>In the nursing care teaching-learning process, professor and student need to act in tandem, seeking, defining, and effecting new ways of teaching so, together, they carry out the action of learning<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref><sup>)</sup>. When the dialogue between professor and student is effective, it becomes reflection-in-action and on mutual action<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref><sup>)</sup>. The training of the professor fosters a constant revitalization in the context of training, by seeking methodological strategies to teach and learn which allow the transformation of educational practices, of the development of skills and competencies so the future nurse becomes critical and reflective to work in health services<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref><sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Teaching strategies are a key aspect of faculty action in the teaching-learning process; however, the success of each strategy depends on factors related to both professors and students, involving motivation, knowledge, and persistence in the act of teaching and learning<sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref><sup>)</sup>. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
        <p>The development of this research enabled the identification of significant elements for the establishment of the pedagogical relationship in practical-reflective teaching. Dialogue between professor and student is the fundamental guide to stimulate reflection both in the theoretical context and in the field of practice. Activities carried out in the daily life of the services become more challenging for the pedagogical relationship, as demands arise from real and concrete needs. Professor and student need to reflect upon this demand so the answers provided to clients of the services can satisfy their needs of medical care. However, the proximity of professors and students promotes a more effective pedagogical relationship and allows for the professor to have a pedagogical and reflective practice.</p>
        <p>The teaching-learning process in the program is founded on the professor's acts of telling and demonstrating and on the student's listening and imitating; however, these processes need to be more organized so reflection occurs in the four moments, and, especially, is formed by a chain of reciprocal actions and reflections.</p>
        <p>Another relevant aspect in the pedagogical relationship is the impasses resulting from the use of technologies, both in the theoretical context and in the field of practice. In this sense, professors and students, in becoming receptive to the process of reflection-in-action and on reciprocal action, can eliminate the pedagogical impasses and find possibilities for negotiation and enhancement of these tools in nurse training.</p>
        <p>We note that the professor, when establishing a dialogic-reflective tone in the pedagogical relationship, opens paths to new discoveries, enabling the creation of teaching-learning spaces that stimulate autonomy, abilities, and critical and reflective attitudes of students in the course of their education.</p>
        <p>The pedagogical relationship intertwined by a reflective dialogue creates opportunities so the actual and concrete situations of health services and of the education itself become elements that foster reflection in the training of the nurse. In this sense, the professor must seek strategies that best meet the needs of different moments, contexts, and subjects involved in the training process.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>FUNDING</title>
        <p>CNPq - financial aid through doctoral scholarship during the period of this study.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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