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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Rev Bras Enferm</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">reben</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev Bras Enferm</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0034-7167</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1984-0446</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Associa&#231;&#227;o Brasileira de Enfermagem</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">3yJfgzNJN6YdVgttRvRX64d</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0034-71672015000200198</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/0034-7167.2015680203i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>PESQUISA</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural do instrumento <italic>&#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221;</italic> no Brasil</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
          <trans-title>Adaptaci&#243;n transcultural del instrumento &#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221; en Brasil</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Hirata</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">I</xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lu&#237;s</surname>
            <given-names>Margarita Antonia Villar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02">II</xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Gon&#231;alves Pestana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Enfermagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Centro de
               Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Departamento de Enfermagem. Londrina-PR, Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Enfermagem Psiqui&#225;trica e Ci&#234;ncias
               Humanas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Escola de Enfermagem de
               Ribeir&#227;o Preto, Departamento de Enfermagem Psiqui&#225;trica e Ci&#234;ncias Humanas. Ribeir&#227;o
               Preto-SP, Brasil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><bold>AUTOR CORRESPONDENTE: Marcos Hirata Soares</bold> E-mail:
                  <email>mhirata@uel.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
        <season>Mar-Apr</season>
        <year>2015</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>68</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>198</fpage>
      <lpage>205</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2015</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo publicado em acesso aberto (Open Access) sob a licen&#231;a
                  Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial, que permite uso, distribui&#231;&#227;o e
                  reprodu&#231;&#227;o em qualquer meio, sem restri&#231;&#245;es desde que sem fins comerciais e que o
                  trabalho original seja corretamente citado.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>RESUMO</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>realizar a adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural a escala <italic>Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes
                     Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers</italic> no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>os dados foram coletados em 2013, na cidade de Londrina-PR. As etapas
                  metodol&#243;gicas foram as de equival&#234;ncia conceitual e de itens, equival&#234;ncia
                  sem&#226;ntica e equival&#234;ncia operacional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>a validade de conte&#250;do realizada por um grupo de ju&#237;zes, com o consenso m&#237;nimo de
                  80% resultou numa escala composta por 35 itens divididos em 6 fatores. Houve
                  concord&#226;ncia de 100% dos ju&#237;zes quanto aos par&#226;metros de clareza de linguagem,
                  pertin&#234;ncia pr&#225;tica, e relev&#226;ncia te&#243;rica, assim como para exclus&#227;o de um
                  fator.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>o instrumento est&#225; adaptado culturalmente para o Brasil, assim como apresenta
                  validade de conte&#250;do satisfat&#243;ria. S&#227;o sugeridos estudos das propriedades
                  psicom&#233;tricas como a validade de construto, consist&#234;ncia interna e a
                  confiabilidade do instrumento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
        <title>RESUMEN</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>hacer la adaptaci&#243;n transcultural de la escala &#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward
                  Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221; en Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>los datos fueron recogidos en 2013, en Londrina, Brasil. Los pasos metodol&#243;gicos
                  fueron la equivalencia conceptual y equivalencia sem&#225;ntica y operativa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>la validez de contenido hecho por uno grupo de jueces, con uno consenso de 80%
                  result&#243; en una escala de 35 &#237;tems, divididos en 6 factores. Hubo un acuerdo del
                  100% de los jueces para los par&#225;metros de la claridad del lenguaje, la relevancia
                  pr&#225;ctica y relevancia te&#243;rica, as&#237; como para la exclusi&#243;n de uno factor.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusi&#243;n:</title>
          <p>este instrumento ha sido culturalmente adaptado en Brasil, as&#237; como tambi&#233;n
                  presenta validez de contenido satisfactoria. Los estudios futuros se sugieren la
                  evaluaci&#243;n de las propiedades psicom&#233;tricas y validez de constructo, la
                  consistencia interna y la fiabilidad del instrumento.</p>
        </sec>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Descritores:</title>
        <kwd>Enfermagem Psiqui&#225;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Valida&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o Superior</kwd>
        <kwd>Escalas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
        <title>Palabras clave:</title>
        <kwd>Enfermer&#237;a Psiqui&#225;trica</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudios de Validaci&#243;n</kwd>
        <kwd>Educaci&#243;n Superior</kwd>
        <kwd>Escalas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>INTRODU&#199;&#195;O</title>
      <p>O Brasil vem mantendo o compromisso de atender aos princ&#237;pios norteadores para a
            melhoria dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de mental. Mas, como em muitos outros locais, aqui tamb&#233;m se
            apresentam barreiras principalmente de car&#225;ter pol&#237;tico, al&#233;m da necessidade de melhoria
            de recursos humanos, que deve iniciar justamente nos cursos de gradua&#231;&#227;o, como relatado
            por um importante peri&#243;dico cient&#237;fico<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>O enfermeiro, enquanto importante profissional para a articula&#231;&#227;o e consolida&#231;&#227;o dos
            princ&#237;pios da reforma psiqui&#225;trica, necessita investir em diversas estrat&#233;gias de
            mudan&#231;a e revers&#227;o do modelo organicista no qual a enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica se inseriu ao
            longo da hist&#243;ria. V&#225;rias vertentes s&#227;o classificadas como necess&#225;rias, como o processo
            de trabalho, o melhor conhecimento e tamb&#233;m a melhoria do ensino de gradua&#231;&#227;o. Este
            &#250;ltimo aspecto foi sugerido em um estudo de reflex&#227;o sobre o papel do enfermeiro
            enquanto educador para a redu&#231;&#227;o do estigma associado &#224; doen&#231;a mental e tamb&#233;m da
            pr&#243;pria carreira de enfermagem em sa&#250;de mental<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Do ponto de vista qualitativo, h&#225; muito se pesquisa sobre o ensino de sa&#250;de mental e as
            conclus&#245;es s&#227;o, em linhas gerais, muito pr&#243;ximas. Como exemplo, um
               autor<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
				<sup>)</sup> considera que a
            disciplina de sa&#250;de mental est&#225; em fase de transforma&#231;&#245;es, buscando mudan&#231;as e ao mesmo
            tempo encontra diversas barreiras, mas, sobretudo, apresenta aspectos positivos de
            transforma&#231;&#227;o nos futuros enfermeiros. No entanto, h&#225; poucos estudos quantitativos
            recentes sobre o presente tema, e raros ainda s&#227;o os que versam sobre compet&#234;ncias em
            sa&#250;de mental, conforme apresentado por um estudo de revis&#227;o bibliogr&#225;fica a partir de
            215 artigos<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Na Austr&#225;lia, estudos sobre este mesmo tema demonstraram com mais confiabilidade aquilo
            que j&#225; foi percebido nos estudos nacionais citados anteriormente. Apreendeu-se que o
            conte&#250;do te&#243;rico e a viv&#234;ncia pr&#225;tica foram fatores importantes para o desenvolvimento
            de atitudes mais positivas frente aos portadores de transtornos mentais, pelos
            graduandos de enfermagem. Naquele continente, tais estudos foram influenciados pela
            reformula&#231;&#227;o curricular dos cursos de Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem, sugeridos por um
            levantamento nacional com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade da aten&#231;&#227;o prestada nos
            servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de mental<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Todavia, h&#225; muitos fatores contribuintes para a forma&#231;&#227;o do panorama da m&#225; assist&#234;ncia
            de enfermagem, muito complexos para serem pesquisados de forma global. Na rela&#231;&#227;o
            (in)direta entre forma&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica e melhora da pr&#225;tica profissional, h&#225; aspectos
            particulares que podem ser isolados e pesquisados, como a melhoria na forma&#231;&#227;o
            profissional, que de forma indireta influencia a assist&#234;ncia ao portador de transtornos
            mentais alicer&#231;ada nos princ&#237;pios da descentraliza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de mental.</p>
      <p>No Brasil, o estudo pioneiro no tema atitudes e concep&#231;&#245;es de profissionais de sa&#250;de
            frente &#224; doen&#231;a mental &#233; o de valida&#231;&#227;o da escala &#8220;Opinions about Mental
               Illness&#8221;<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>, adaptada
            tamb&#233;m para o idioma portugu&#234;s, denominada Opini&#245;es sobre Doen&#231;a Mental (ODM). Este
            instrumento baseia-se em fatores como o autoritarismo e benevol&#234;ncia, entre outros, para
            mensurar e qualificar as opini&#245;es dos profissionais de sa&#250;de a respeito do portador de
            transtornos mentais.</p>
      <p>Tal instrumento, no entanto, &#233; pouco utilizado no meio acad&#234;mico. Pode ser citada citar
            uma experi&#234;ncia<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
				<sup>)</sup> de
            aplica&#231;&#227;o do instrumento em estudantes de enfermagem e medicina, identificando as
            mudan&#231;as de opini&#245;es frente &#224; doen&#231;a mental, nos fatores autoritarismo, benevol&#234;ncia e
            restri&#231;&#227;o social<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>. No
            contexto internacional<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>, o
            conte&#250;do te&#243;rico e a viv&#234;ncia pr&#225;tica foram fatores importantes para o desenvolvimento
            de atitudes mais positivas frente aos portadores de transtornos mentais, reduzindo o
            estigma apresentado pelos graduandos de enfermagem, o que tamb&#233;m foi verificado num
            estudo do tipo coorte<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Um estudo realizado com 703 estudantes<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>, ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do est&#225;gio em sa&#250;de mental, na cidade de
            Victoria, Austr&#225;lia, para avaliar a contribui&#231;&#227;o do est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico em servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de
            mental, revelou que h&#225; v&#225;rios fatores envolvidos num melhor reconhecimento positivo da
            sa&#250;de mental como campo de trabalho para a Enfermagem. Os fatores foram identificados
            como a quantidade de tempo passada com o preceptor do campo de est&#225;gio, carga hor&#225;ria
            di&#225;ria de est&#225;gio e sexo masculino, ou seja, quanto mais contato com o preceptor, maior
            carga hor&#225;ria de est&#225;gio, como 8 horas, por exemplo, e sexo masculino foram considerados
            fatores contribuintes para maior aprecia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de mental pela Enfermagem.</p>
      <p>Considerou-se como fundamenta&#231;&#227;o te&#243;rica o que diversos estudos emp&#237;ricos na &#225;rea de
            ensino de sa&#250;de mental v&#234;m sugerindo, destacando-se o &#250;ltimo como o mais relevante em
            termos nacionais<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>, e em
            &#226;mbito internacional, os estudos australianos<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
				<sup>,</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>. Neste
            principal e &#250;ltimo estudo nacional<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>, foi realizado um levantamento amplo sobre o tema, em que foi
            considerada a complexidade do ensino de enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica e sa&#250;de mental. Pelas
            suas cr&#237;ticas e pondera&#231;&#245;es, os autores conclu&#237;ram que &#233; fundamental a ades&#227;o efetiva ao
            modelo psicossocial, em detrimento do modelo biologicista, uma vez que modelos
            influenciam a metodologia de ensino, conte&#250;dos te&#243;ricos, a organiza&#231;&#227;o curricular e, por
            fim, o discurso te&#243;rico e pr&#225;tico dos docentes. Este deve conduzir a forma&#231;&#227;o do futuro
            enfermeiro para a desconstru&#231;&#227;o do estigma da doente mental<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>.</p>
      <p>Embora o instrumento ODM seja o &#250;nico conhecido e divulgado no meio acad&#234;mico com o
            objetivo de para mensurar e qualificar as opini&#245;es dos profissionais de sa&#250;de a respeito
            do portador de transtornos mentais e, considerando a sua n&#227;o especificidade para
            estudantes de enfermagem, foi realizada uma busca sobre os atuais instrumentos
            psicom&#233;tricos no tema, dispon&#237;veis na &#225;rea de enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica, dado o
            entendimento de que seria necess&#225;ria a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um instrumento voltado para a &#225;rea
            de enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica e sa&#250;de mental. Foi encontrado o instrumento <italic>&#8220;Nursing
               Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and
               Consumers</italic>
				<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>,
            cuja tradu&#231;&#227;o para o idioma portugu&#234;s &#233; &#8220;Atitudes dos estudantes de Enfermagem frente a
            Enfermagem de Sa&#250;de Mental e Usu&#225;rios&#8221;. No entanto, pelo fato de facilitar a busca por
            vers&#245;es adaptadas do instrumento, manter-se-&#225; o nome original, acrescendo-se a sigla BR
            ao fim do mesmo.</p>
      <p>O referido instrumento possui os objetivos de: explorar as rela&#231;&#245;es entre preparo,
            atitudes frente &#224; Enfermagem de sa&#250;de mental e os usu&#225;rios de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de mental;
            explorar o interesse na carreira de enfermagem em sa&#250;de mental; explorar a influ&#234;ncia do
            per&#237;odo p&#243;s-est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico neste contexto. O construto &#233; a atitude do estudante frente
            &#224; Enfermagem, servi&#231;os, usu&#225;rios e assist&#234;ncia em sa&#250;de mental. N&#227;o foi definido pela
            autora do instrumento o termo compet&#234;ncia, como parte do construto subjetivo. Desta
            forma, n&#227;o se realizou um levantamento sobre o enfoque das compet&#234;ncias em sa&#250;de mental,
            por entender que n&#227;o faz parte do objeto de estudo.</p>
      <p>O estudo de cria&#231;&#227;o do instrumento contou com a entrevista de 687 estudantes de
            enfermagem que vivenciavam a disciplina de sa&#250;de mental em 21 servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de mental
            em Victoria, Austr&#225;lia<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>.
            A mensura&#231;&#227;o das atitudes dos estudantes de enfermagem frente &#224; sa&#250;de mental ocorre em
            dois momentos: no primeiro dia, &#233; aplicado o instrumento com 24 senten&#231;as e no &#250;ltimo de
            perman&#234;ncia do estudante dentro da disciplina de sa&#250;de mental. Neste momento s&#227;o
            acrescentadas 14 quest&#245;es (itens 25 a 39) para avaliar o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-est&#225;gio
            cl&#237;nico.</p>
      <p>O instrumento consiste de 24 afirmativas (Se&#231;&#227;o A) e quatro quest&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas (Se&#231;&#227;o
            B), que incluem sexo, universidade e ano do curso. As senten&#231;as afirmativas apuram tr&#234;s
            &#225;reas de percep&#231;&#245;es e experi&#234;ncias dos estudantes: preparo para o campo da sa&#250;de mental,
            atitudes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao transtorno mental e usu&#225;rios dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de mental e
            atitudes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Enfermagem de sa&#250;de mental, incluindo prefer&#234;ncias de carreira. No
            &#250;ltimo dia de est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico, o instrumento &#233; novamente aplicado, havendo varia&#231;&#227;o de
            tempo verbal nos itens 1, 10, 11 e 22. Os demais itens continuam id&#234;nticos,
            acrescentando-se &#224;s quest&#245;es correspondentes aos itens 25 a 39, uma subescala que avalia
            a disponibilidade da equipe de enfermagem para com os estudantes, visando avaliar a
            contribui&#231;&#227;o do est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico na forma&#231;&#227;o e op&#231;&#227;o pela carreira.</p>
      <p>Os estudantes responderam a cada uma das afirmativas usando uma escala, tipo likert, com
            sete pontos, em que 1= discordo totalmente, 2=discordo muito, 3=discordo, 4=nem
            concordo, nem discordo, 5=concordo, 6=concordo muito, 7=concordo totalmente. O passo
            final na avalia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura do question&#225;rio pr&#233;-teste consistiu do c&#225;lculo dos
            valores do alfa de Cronbach para avaliar a consist&#234;ncia interna dos itens que comp&#245;em as
            subescalas:</p>
      <list list-type="bullet">
        <list-item>
          <p>capacita&#231;&#227;o para o campo de sa&#250;de mental - compreende as senten&#231;as 1, 4, 7 e 10.
                  Um alto escore significa que o aluno possui grande senso de capacita&#231;&#227;o para o
                  campo de sa&#250;de mental. Alfa=0,72;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>conhecimento sobre sa&#250;de mental - compreende as senten&#231;as 9, 18, 19 e 23. Um alto
                  escore significa que o estudante possui uma atitude mais adequada e informada
                  sobre a Sa&#250;de Mental. Alfa=0,56;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>estere&#243;tipos negativos - compreende as senten&#231;as 8, 21 e 24. Um baixo escore
                  indica que o estudante possui cren&#231;as menos estereotipadas sobre a sa&#250;de mental.
                  Alfa=0,51;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>carreira futura - compreende as senten&#231;as 6 e 12. Um alto escore representa um
                  grande desejo de buscar uma carreira na Enfermagem de sa&#250;de mental. Alfa=0,92;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>efic&#225;cia do curso - compreende as senten&#231;as 14 at&#233; 17. Um alto escore representa o
                  grau no qual os cursos universit&#225;rios de enfermagem t&#234;m preparado os estudantes
                  para as diversas &#225;reas de atua&#231;&#227;o da Enfermagem. Alfa=0,55;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>ansiedade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao transtorno mental - compreende os itens 3 e 5 (ambos com
                  escore revertido) e o item 22. Um alto escore representa baixos n&#237;veis de
                  ansiedade. Alfa=0,67;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>contribui&#231;&#245;es valiosas - compreende os itens 2, 11 e 20. Um alto escore representa
                  uma forte cren&#231;a que enfermeiras psiqui&#225;tricas prestam valioso servi&#231;o aos
                  usu&#225;rios &#224; comunidade e aos estudantes das carreiras de enfermagem. Alfa=0,67;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>p&#243;s-est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico - corresponde aos itens 25 a 39. Avalia a disponibilidade da
                  equipe de enfermagem para com os estudantes. Um alto escore indica grande
                  disponibilidade da equipe e um n&#237;vel percebido de habilidade cl&#237;nica na equipe
                  envolvida com os estudantes. Alfa=0,84.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>OBJETIVO</title>
      <p>Adaptar culturalmente o instrumento <italic>&#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward Mental
               Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221;</italic> para estudantes de Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem no
            Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#201;TODO</title>
      <p>Foi utilizada a vers&#227;o original em l&#237;ngua inglesa da escala <italic>&#8220;Nursing Students&#8217;
               Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221;</italic> para a tradu&#231;&#227;o para o
            portugu&#234;s e a retro tradu&#231;&#227;o (<italic>&#8220;backtranslation&#8221;</italic>), visando obter uma
            primeira vers&#227;o brasileira da escala. Embora n&#227;o haja uniformidade sobre os
            procedimentos de adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural de instrumento, adotou-se como refer&#234;ncia
            autores com experi&#234;ncia na &#225;rea<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
				<sup>-</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
				<sup>)</sup>, para a
            adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural de instrumentos de medida de construtos subjetivos.</p>
      <p>Estes autores prop&#245;em que tais etapas de adapta&#231;&#227;o cultural sejam feitas em sequ&#234;ncia,
            iniciando pela equival&#234;ncia conceitual (revis&#227;o bibliogr&#225;fica a respeito do objeto de
            estudo e publica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao instrumento original, discuss&#227;o com especialistas e
            popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo), equival&#234;ncia de itens (discuss&#227;o com especialistas e popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo),
            equival&#234;ncia sem&#226;ntica (tradu&#231;&#245;es, retro tradu&#231;&#245;es, comit&#234; de ju&#237;zes, pr&#233;-teste),
            equival&#234;ncia operacional (avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo grupo de pesquisadores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao formato,
            modo de aplica&#231;&#227;o e categoriza&#231;&#227;o, instru&#231;&#245;es e cen&#225;rio de aplica&#231;&#227;o), equival&#234;ncia de
            mensura&#231;&#227;o (estudos psicom&#233;tricos como validade, confiabilidade, consist&#234;ncia interna
            etc); equival&#234;ncia funcional, que &#233; o resultado das etapas anteriores. Esta etapa pode
            ser replicada em popula&#231;&#245;es distintas das testadas originalmente, permitindo que o
            instrumento possa tamb&#233;m ser &#250;til em popula&#231;&#245;es distintas das usadas no seu processo de
            valida&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Equival&#234;ncia conceitual e de itens</title>
        <p>Nessa etapa, realizou-se a revis&#227;o bibliogr&#225;fica envolvendo publica&#231;&#245;es da cultura do
               instrumento original e da popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo (ensino de enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica e sa&#250;de
               mental na Austr&#225;lia e no Brasil), propostas pedag&#243;gicas do ensino na Austr&#225;lia,
               particularmente nas universidades que serviram de estudo para a constru&#231;&#227;o do
               instrumento. Foi solicitada autoriza&#231;&#227;o da autora do instrumento, Brenda Happell, via
               correio eletr&#244;nico para adapta&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o da escala no Brasil.</p>
        <p>O instrumento foi escolhido pelo engajamento da autora na pesquisa neste tema, tamb&#233;m
               identificada nos estudos j&#225; citados. No levantamento feito, foi poss&#237;vel identificar
               que houve mudan&#231;as tamb&#233;m de reformula&#231;&#227;o curricular, quando foram idealizadas tamb&#233;m
               as compet&#234;ncias a serem desempenhadas pelos estudantes, dentro da &#225;rea de enfermagem
               psiqui&#225;trica e sa&#250;de mental.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Equival&#234;ncia sem&#226;ntica</title>
        <p>A vers&#227;o original do instrumento foi traduzida para l&#237;ngua portuguesa em tr&#234;s
               tradu&#231;&#245;es distintas por profissionais com ampla experi&#234;ncia e conhecimento da l&#237;ngua
               inglesa, garantindo-se que n&#227;o houvesse contato entre eles, antes da tradu&#231;&#227;o. Uma
               tradutora &#233; psic&#243;loga, professora universit&#225;ria com a linha de pesquisa associada &#224;
               sa&#250;de mental, a segunda tradutora &#233; enfermeira, professora universit&#225;ria com flu&#234;ncia
               no idioma e a terceira tradutora, leiga, formada em letras, com flu&#234;ncia no
               idioma.</p>
        <p>O processo resultou na produ&#231;&#227;o da tradu&#231;&#227;o 1(T1), tradu&#231;&#227;o 2 (T2) e tradu&#231;&#227;o 3(T3).
               Ap&#243;s esta etapa, foi organizada uma reuni&#227;o com os tradutores e os pesquisadores do
               estudo, visando comparar as poss&#237;veis discrep&#226;ncias entre a vers&#227;o original da escala
               e T1, T2 e T3, obtendo-se a tradu&#231;&#227;o 1-2-3 T(1-2-3), a qual constituiu a vers&#227;o
               inicial da escala em l&#237;ngua portuguesa. Dando seguimento &#224; an&#225;lise da equival&#234;ncia
               sem&#226;ntica do instrumento, o pr&#243;ximo passo foi a tradu&#231;&#227;o reversa ou retro tradu&#231;&#227;o
               das T1-2-3. Para isso, dois tradutores bil&#237;ngues, um nativo dos Estados Unidos da
               Am&#233;rica (respons&#225;vel pela RT1) e outro do Reino Unido (respons&#225;vel pela RT2),
               residentes no Brasil, e que n&#227;o tiveram contato anterior com o instrumento original,
               procederam &#224; retro tradu&#231;&#227;o do instrumento originado em l&#237;ngua portuguesa, a retro
               tradu&#231;&#227;o 1 (RT1) e a retro tradu&#231;&#227;o 2 (RT2).</p>
        <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia, as tradu&#231;&#245;es e retro tradu&#231;&#245;es foram submetidas &#224; aprecia&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234;
               de ju&#237;zes e &#224; aprecia&#231;&#227;o da autora da escala. Ela concordou com a vers&#227;o apresentada,
               n&#227;o manifestando opini&#245;es em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s retro tradu&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do instrumento foi realizada por um comit&#234; de ju&#237;zes composto por cinco
               membros, todos os professores universit&#225;rios, sendo uma pedagoga, uma psic&#243;loga
               especialista em an&#225;lise do comportamento e em psicometria e tr&#234;s doutores em
               enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica com experi&#234;ncia docente no ensino de enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica
               e sa&#250;de mental. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da escala, os ju&#237;zes receberam previamente o
               material completo (planilha de avalia&#231;&#227;o, vers&#227;o original, T1, T2, T3, T1-2-3, RT1 e
               RT2) e instru&#231;&#245;es quanto aos par&#226;metros de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos itens, uso da escala, soma e
               interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos escores e defini&#231;&#227;o conceitual sobre cada dimens&#227;o integrante da
               escala, conforme a sua vers&#227;o original.</p>
        <p>Os ju&#237;zes avaliaram o instrumento quanto &#224;s equival&#234;ncias sem&#226;nticas e idiom&#225;ticas,
               equival&#234;ncia conceitual e cultural. Para isso, foram incumbidos de entrar em consenso
               no que se referia &#224; clareza da linguagem (se o item &#233; claro para a popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo);
               pertin&#234;ncia pr&#225;tica (se o item &#233; importante para a pr&#225;tica do objeto de estudo) e
               relev&#226;ncia te&#243;rica para cada item do instrumento (est&#225; adequado em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; teoria e
               ao construto que se prop&#245;e a medir). Fez parte do instrumento de valida&#231;&#227;o dos itens
               um formul&#225;rio em que os ju&#237;zes deveriam emitir suas opini&#245;es sobre cada item do
               instrumento.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a consolida&#231;&#227;o desta etapa, foi originada a segunda vers&#227;o preliminar do
               instrumento. O intuito foi verificar a validade de conte&#250;do, ou seja, se os itens que
               compunham o instrumento representavam adequadamente conte&#250;do de interesse,
               calculando-se a porcentagem de concord&#226;ncia dos ju&#237;zes para cada item do instrumento,
               segundo os par&#226;metros citados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Valida&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do</title>
        <p>A validade de conte&#250;do consiste em verificar se o teste resulta numa amostra
               representativa de um universo finito de comportamentos. Nesta etapa, o pesquisador
               deve avaliar se todos os aspectos relevantes do objeto de estudo est&#227;o inclusos no
               instrumento e se h&#225; itens irrelevantes.</p>
        <p>Embora n&#227;o haja um m&#233;todo &#250;nico indicado para se realizar a valida&#231;&#227;o de conte&#250;do,
               autores sugerem<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
					<sup>)</sup> m&#233;todos matem&#225;ticos simples para
               acrescentar maior confiabilidade a esta etapa de valida&#231;&#227;o, que possui aspectos
               subjetivos. Estes apresentam o c&#225;lculo da porcentagem de concord&#226;ncia, que calcula a
               propor&#231;&#227;o entre quantos ju&#237;zes que concordaram e os que n&#227;o concordaram com cada
               item, multiplicado por 100%, indicando, ent&#227;o, a porcentagem de concord&#226;ncia dos
               ju&#237;zes.</p>
        <p>Foi utilizado o crit&#233;rio de concord&#226;ncia de pelo menos 80% de concord&#226;ncia (4 dos 5
               ju&#237;zes deveriam concordar) para perman&#234;ncia ou reavalia&#231;&#227;o posterior do item no
               instrumento, segundo os par&#226;metros de relev&#226;ncia pr&#225;tica e te&#243;rica e clareza de
               linguagem.</p>
        <p>Ao t&#233;rmino da etapa de equival&#234;ncia sem&#226;ntica, o estudo piloto visou ajustar a
               formula&#231;&#227;o das quest&#245;es da segunda vers&#227;o preliminar da escala, em fun&#231;&#227;o da
               popula&#231;&#227;o-alvo para a qual a escala seria aplicada, a fim de se assegurar uma boa
               compreens&#227;o das quest&#245;es do question&#225;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Equival&#234;ncia operacional</title>
        <p>A partir de sugest&#245;es do grupo de pesquisa, ao qual pertencem os autores deste
               estudo, foi elaborada uma quest&#227;o aberta, onde foi solicitada a opini&#227;o do sujeito
               quanto aos itens do instrumento. Foi tamb&#233;m acrescentado um cabe&#231;alho introdut&#243;rio ao
               instrumento para explicar o seu prop&#243;sito e sobre a inexist&#234;ncia de respostas certas
               ou erradas, a fim de obter respostas mais sinceras poss&#237;veis. As demais etapas de
               equival&#234;ncia ser&#227;o realizadas em estudos futuros e divulgadas posteriormente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UEL (CAAE
               n.12795513.6.0000.5231.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram de cursar a disciplina de sa&#250;de mental no momento da
               pesquisa e os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram possuir um diagn&#243;stico de transtorno mental
               severo. N&#227;o houve nenhum sujeito exclu&#237;do nesta etapa do estudo.</p>
        <p>O estudo piloto foi realizado com 30 estudantes da quarta s&#233;rie do Curso de Gradua&#231;&#227;o
               em Enfermagem no interior paranaense, no primeiro e &#250;ltimo dia do m&#243;dulo de sa&#250;de
               mental, com um intervalo de 29 dias, entre a primeira e &#250;ltima aplica&#231;&#227;o do
               instrumento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>RESULTADOS</title>
      <p>Os itens de n&#250;mero 01, 10, 11 e 22 pelo momento de aplica&#231;&#227;o da escala, possuem
            varia&#231;&#245;es no tempo verbal, pois s&#227;o destinadas a avaliar o in&#237;cio e o fim de uma
            disciplina. Portanto, s&#227;o apresentadas nesta tabela apenas as varia&#231;&#245;es do tempo verbal,
            pois se tratam do mesmo item. O <xref ref-type="table" rid="t01">Quadro 1</xref>
            apresenta a vers&#227;o pr&#233;-final do instrumento adaptado.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t01">
        <label>Quadro 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Vers&#227;o pr&#233;-final da escala &#8220;<italic>Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes
                     Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers</italic>&#8221;-BR, para uso no
                  Brasil, Londrina, PR, 2013</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="box" rules="all">
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="center">Item</th>
              <th align="left">Fator/senten&#231;as</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Capacita&#231;&#227;o para o campo de sa&#250;de mental</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">01</td>
              <td align="left">Eu me sinto/me senti bem preparado para meu est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico em
                        psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">04</td>
              <td align="left">Eu tenho boa compreens&#227;o do papel do enfermeiro
                        psiqui&#225;trico</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">07</td>
              <td align="left">Eu me sinto confiante quanto a minha habilidade de cuidar de
                        pessoas que vivenciam um problema de sa&#250;de mental</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">10</td>
              <td align="left">As aulas te&#243;ricas de enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental ir&#227;o
                        me preparar/me prepararam bem para o est&#225;gio clinico</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Conhecimento sobre sa&#250;de mental</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">09</td>
              <td align="left">Transtorno mental n&#227;o &#233; sinal de fraqueza em uma pessoa</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">18</td>
              <td align="left">Algu&#233;m que conhe&#231;o vivenciou um problema de sa&#250;de mental.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">19</td>
              <td align="left">Quando uma pessoa desenvolve um transtorno mental, n&#227;o &#233; culpa
                        dela.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">23</td>
              <td align="left">O modo como as pessoas com transtorno mental se sentem pode
                        ser afetado pelas atitudes das outras pessoas em rela&#231;&#227;o a elas</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Estere&#243;tipos negativos</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">08</td>
              <td align="left">Pessoas com transtornos mentais s&#227;o imprevis&#237;veis</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">21</td>
              <td align="left">Pessoas com transtorno mental n&#227;o conseguem lidar com muitas
                        responsabilidades</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">24</td>
              <td align="left">Pessoas com transtorno mental s&#227;o mais propensas a cometer
                        delitos ou crimes</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Carreira futura</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">06</td>
              <td align="left">Eu vou fazer a P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de
                        mental</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">12</td>
              <td align="left">Eu pretendo seguir uma carreira em enfermagem
                        psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Ansiedade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao transtorno mental</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">03</td>
              <td align="left">Estou ansioso quanto ao trabalho com pessoas que vivenciam um
                        problema de sa&#250;de mental.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">05</td>
              <td align="left">Eu tenho boa compreens&#227;o do papel do enfermeiro
                        psiqui&#225;trico.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">22</td>
              <td align="left">Eu me sinto/senti seguro para/durante este est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico de
                        psiquiatria/sa&#250;de mental.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>Contribui&#231;&#245;es valiosas</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">02</td>
              <td align="left">A enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental traz uma contribui&#231;&#227;o
                        positiva para pessoas que vivenciam um problema de sa&#250;de mental</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">11</td>
              <td align="left">O est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico em enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental ir&#225;
                        me proporcionar/me proporcionou uma experi&#234;ncia valiosa para a minha pr&#225;tica
                        em enfermagem.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">20</td>
              <td align="left">Servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de mental oferecem assist&#234;ncia valiosa a
                        pessoas que vivenciam problemas de sa&#250;de mental</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">&#160;</td>
              <td align="left">
                <bold>P&#243;s-est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">25</td>
              <td align="left">Eu fui encorajado pela equipe de enfermagem a considerar a
                        enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental como uma carreira.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">26</td>
              <td align="left">Eu fui bem supervisionado em meu est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">27</td>
              <td align="left">Eu me senti acolhido pela equipe de enfermagem durante meu
                        est&#225;gio clinico.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">28</td>
              <td align="left">Meu est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico foi longo o suficiente para consolidar meu
                        conhecimento de enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">29</td>
              <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem estava muito ocupada para me oferecer
                        apoio adequado.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">30</td>
              <td align="left">Eu me senti mais acolhido neste est&#225;gio clinico do que me
                        senti em outros est&#225;gios.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">31</td>
              <td align="left">Eu me senti acolhido por meu supervisor
                        cl&#237;nico/professor.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">32</td>
              <td align="left">Fui encorajado a me envolver no cuidado aos pacientes durante
                        o est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">33</td>
              <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem foi acolhedora com os alunos no est&#225;gio
                        cl&#237;nico.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">34</td>
              <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem estava preparada para me receber.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">35</td>
              <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem estava familiarizada com os objetivos
                        de aprendizagem do meu curso.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">36</td>
              <td align="left">Eu gostei do meu est&#225;gio em psiquiatria/sa&#250;de mental.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">37</td>
              <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem demonstrou um alto n&#237;vel de habilidades
                        cl&#237;nicas.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">38</td>
              <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem tratou os pacientes com respeito e
                        dignidade.</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center">39</td>
              <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem foi sens&#237;vel aos meus pedidos de
                        esclarecimento ou ajuda.</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>DISCUSS&#195;O</title>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao processo de avalia&#231;&#227;o das retro tradu&#231;&#245;es, um autor<sup>(</sup>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
				<sup>)</sup> sugere dois par&#226;metros importantes
            para compara&#231;&#227;o: a comparabilidade de linguagem, que se refere &#224; similaridade formal de
            palavras, frases e senten&#231;as e a similaridade de interpretabilidade, que se refere ao
            grau em que as duas vers&#245;es engendram a mesma resposta, caso a reda&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seja a mesma.
            Em teoria, itens retro traduzidos podem diferir da sua lingu&#237;stica original, assim como
            do sentido que possuem. O ideal &#233; que os itens correspondentes possam apresentar
            significados e formas similares de linguagem.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; comparabilidade de linguagem e similaridade de interpretabilidade, para o
            nativo bil&#237;ngue norte-americano, no item 3, a palavra <italic>&#8220;eager&#8221;</italic> traduzida
            como ansiedade, na outra retro tradu&#231;&#227;o, foi usada como sin&#244;nimo para
               <italic>&#8220;anxious&#8221;</italic>. No entanto, considera que a palavra
               <italic>&#8220;eager&#8221;</italic> possui um sentido positivo, alertando, ent&#227;o, para escolher
            a palavra de acordo com o sentido que os autores desejavam. No instrumento, a escala
            possui o sentido negativo, atribu&#237;do pela sua autora que manter o termo &#8220;anxious&#8221; como
            termo retro traduzido.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Opini&#227;o dos sujeitos sobre o instrumento</title>
        <p>Apresentando a quest&#227;o: <italic>&#8220;Qual a sua opini&#227;o sobre os itens da escala? Eles
                  s&#227;o importantes, claros, &#250;teis etc.? fa&#231;a um coment&#225;rio sobre cada quest&#227;o, se
                  achar necess&#225;rio&#8221;</italic>, sintetizaram-se abaixo as respostas dos sujeitos. Dos
               30 sujeitos, 13 manifestaram d&#250;vidas quanto &#224; clareza dos itens 14 a 17, indicando
               que 43% dos sujeitos entrevistados apresentaram dificuldades de entendimento e
               relev&#226;ncia para o item no instrumento e os demais 17 (57%), informaram que os itens
               s&#227;o claros e pertinentes.</p>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de ju&#237;zes, houve a decis&#227;o un&#226;nime de reavaliar os itens 14-17
               do instrumento, sugerindo um pedido de esclarecimento &#224; autora da escala, quanto aos
               objetivos desses no instrumento. A autora esclareceu que as perguntas s&#227;o destinadas
               a compreender as opini&#245;es dos alunos sobre as &#225;reas de pr&#225;tica antes da sua inser&#231;&#227;o
               no est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico, para fazer compara&#231;&#245;es entre as diferentes especialidades. Caso
               n&#227;o houvesse pertin&#234;ncia na &#243;tica dos avaliadores, os itens poderiam ser retirados do
               instrumento.</p>
        <p>Em uma nova reuni&#227;o com o comit&#234; de ju&#237;zes, decidiu-se, unanimemente, pela exclus&#227;o
               da sub-escala efic&#225;cia do curso, composta pelos itens 14: &#8220;Meu curso me preparou para
               trabalhar como enfermeiro em um Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Enfermagem
               M&#233;dico-Cir&#250;rgica&#8221;, 15: &#8220;Meu curso me preparou para trabalhar como enfermeiro em um
               Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Pediatria&#8221;, 16: &#8220;Meu curso me preparou para trabalhar
               como enfermeiro em um Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Psiquiatria/Sa&#250;de Mental&#8221; e 17:
               &#8220;Meu curso me preparou para trabalhar como enfermeiro em um Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o
               em Cuidado ao Idoso&#8221;.</p>
        <p>Tal decis&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; uma situa&#231;&#227;o comum na adapta&#231;&#227;o cultural de instrumentos de medida
               de construtos subjetivos, embora seja relatada por autores com grande experi&#234;ncia na
                  &#225;rea<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>. Mas, considerando-se o debate e
               avalia&#231;&#227;o feitos pelo comit&#234; de ju&#237;zes e tamb&#233;m ouvidos os sujeitos no pr&#233;-teste, os
               autores deste estudo entendem que foi uma decis&#227;o tomada de forma adequada e tamb&#233;m
               um procedimento existente neste tipo de estudo<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>. Outro fato considerado importante foi em rela&#231;&#227;o aos
               princ&#237;pios b&#225;sicos para cria&#231;&#227;o de itens psicom&#233;tricos, os quais sugerem, por
               exemplo, que o mesmo seja claro, conciso, relevante e &#250;til<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>. O fato de 13 estudantes, num universo de 30, manifestarem
               d&#250;vidas, aliados ao debate feito pelo comit&#234; de ju&#237;zes e ainda respaldado pela autora
               da escala, garantiram a legitimidade desta atitude.</p>
        <p>Estes quatro itens eliminados possuem sentido dentro do contexto educacional do pa&#237;s
               de origem, uma vez que a Austr&#225;lia passou por transforma&#231;&#245;es que levaram &#224; cria&#231;&#227;o de
               um curr&#237;culo b&#225;sico generalista com conte&#250;dos nas &#225;reas consideradas fundamentais
               (m&#233;dico-cir&#250;rgica, pediatria, sa&#250;de mental e cuidado do idoso), denominado de
               curr&#237;culo de pr&#233;-registro. Terminada esta forma&#231;&#227;o inicial e estando habilitado para
               o trabalho b&#225;sico, o profissional deve optar por qual das carreiras seguir, buscando
               a especializa&#231;&#227;o<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>.
               Embora com a mesma vis&#227;o de enfermeiro generalista que as diretrizes curriculares
               nacionais determinam para o curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem, n&#227;o &#233; abordada a &#225;rea
               de sa&#250;de coletiva, como se considera importante<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>. Sendo a atua&#231;&#227;o profissional totalmente distinta
               da do contexto brasileiro, justifica-se tamb&#233;m, sua inadequa&#231;&#227;o ao contexto acad&#234;mico
               e profissional do enfermeiro brasileiro.</p>
        <p>Avaliamos que a adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural desta escala contribui com avan&#231;os para
               Enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica e especificamente para o tema de ensino em sa&#250;de mental, dada
               a relev&#226;ncia em oferecer um instrumento validado na l&#237;ngua portuguesa do Brasil para
               mensurar as atitudes e as concep&#231;&#245;es de enfermagem de sa&#250;de mental, visando ao
               aprimoramento da especialidade, do ensino e da assist&#234;ncia nesta &#225;rea.</p>
        <p>O presente estudo oferece tamb&#233;m perspectivas para pesquisas futuras relacionadas ao
               uso da <italic>&#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and
                  Consumers&#8221;</italic>-BR no Brasil, como a avalia&#231;&#227;o de suas qualidades
               psicom&#233;tricas, validade de constructo e confiabilidade, assim como a identifica&#231;&#227;o
               das atitudes dos graduandos de enfermagem brasileiros frente &#224; enfermagem de sa&#250;de
               mental e &#224;s pessoas com problemas de sa&#250;de mental. Dever&#225; tamb&#233;m contribuir para a
               avalia&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica do futuro enfermeiro e valoriza&#231;&#227;o da especialidade
               de sa&#250;de mental para enfermagem, tendo como diretriz os princ&#237;pios da reforma
               psiqui&#225;trica brasileira.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>CONSIDERA&#199;&#213;ES FINAIS</title>
        <p>A escala <italic>&#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and
                  Consumers&#8221;</italic> est&#225; traduzida e adaptada transculturalmente para uso no
               Brasil. O processo metodol&#243;gico pautado pelas diretrizes internacionais para a
               realiza&#231;&#227;o desse tipo de estudo permite afirmar que o instrumento traduzido e
               adaptado apresenta validade de conte&#250;do satisfat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>O estudo abre perspectivas para futuras pesquisas relacionadas ao uso da
                  <italic>&#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and
                  Consumers&#8221;</italic>-BR no Brasil, dentre eles a avalia&#231;&#227;o de suas qualidades
               psicom&#233;tricas, como a validade de construto e a confiabilidade, bem como a
               identifica&#231;&#227;o das atitudes dos graduandos de enfermagem brasileiros frente &#224;
               Enfermagem de sa&#250;de mental e &#224;s pessoas com problemas de sa&#250;de mental, contribuindo,
               desta forma, para a melhoria da forma&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica do futuro enfermeiro, al&#233;m do
               esfor&#231;o pela valoriza&#231;&#227;o da especialidade de sa&#250;de mental para a Enfermagem, tendo
               como diretriz os princ&#237;pios da reforma psiqui&#225;trica brasileira.</p>
        <p>Este estudo traz avan&#231;os significativos para enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica e
               especificamente para o tema de ensino em sa&#250;de mental, dada a relev&#226;ncia em oferecer
               um instrumento validado na l&#237;ngua portuguesa do Brasil para mensurar as atitudes e as
               concep&#231;&#245;es de enfermagem de sa&#250;de mental, visando melhorar a especialidade, o ensino
               e a assist&#234;ncia nesta &#225;rea, o que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, contribui para aprimorar a
               assist&#234;ncia e os treinamentos na &#225;rea.</p>
        <p>Por fim, destaca-se que a escala traduzida possui grande potencial de aplica&#231;&#227;o no
               meio acad&#234;mico, possibilitando um m&#233;todo mais objetivo de avaliar melhor o ensino da
               &#225;rea e contribuir para maior destaque desta especialidade dentro do campo
               profissional do enfermeiro, cuja tem&#225;tica &#233; pouco explorada no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>How to cite this article:</label>
        <p>Soares MH, Lu&#237;s MAV, Hirata AGP. Cross-cultural cultural adaptation of the &#8220;Nursing
               Student&#8217;s Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221; in Brazil. Rev Bras
               Enferm. 2015;68(2):198-205.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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          <name>
            <surname>Hirata</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;ia Gon&#231;alves Pestana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03">I</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <label>I</label>
        <institution content-type="original">State University of Londrina, Center of Health
               Sciences, Department of Nursing. Londrina, Paran&#225;, Brazil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade Estadual de Londrina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <label>II</label>
        <institution content-type="original">University of S&#227;o Paulo, Ribeir&#227;o Preto College of
               Nursing, Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Human Sciences. Ribeir&#227;o Preto, S&#227;o
               Paulo, Brazil.</institution>
        <institution content-type="normalized">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c02"><bold>CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Marcos Hirata Soares</bold> E-mail:
                  <email>mhirata@uel.br</email>
				</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <fpage>194</fpage>
      <lpage>201</lpage>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>to make across-cultural adaptation of the &#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward
                  Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221; scale in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method:</title>
          <p>the scale was tested regarding conceptual, item, semantic, and operational
                  equivalence.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>content validation was conducted by an expert committee with a minimum consensus
                  level of 80%. This process resulted in a 35-item scale divided into 6 factors. The
                  experts reached 100% consensus on the scale&#8217;s clarity of language, practical
                  pertinence and theoretical relevance, as well as on the need for excluding one
                  factor. Data were collected in 2013 in the city of Londrina, Paran&#225;, Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>the instrument was cross-culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese and presented
                  satisfactory content validity. We propose further studies on the scale&#8217;s
                  psychometric properties, such as construct validity, internal consistency and
                  reliability.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Key words:</title>
        <kwd>Psychiatric Nursing</kwd>
        <kwd>Validation Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Higher</kwd>
        <kwd>Scales</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>INTRODUCTION</title>
        <p>Brazil has been upholding its commitment to follow the guiding principles for
               improving mental health services. However, as in many other countries, there are also
               barriers to this goal, which are, for the most part, political in nature. There is
               also the need for improving human resources, a process that should begin at the
               undergraduate level, as was indicated by an important scientific
                  journal<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B01">1</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nursing professionals are crucial to the articulation and consolidation of the
               principles of psychiatric reform and should thus invest in several strategies to
               change and revert the biological model on which psychiatric nursing has been built
               throughout its history. To this end, several approaches have been found to be
               necessary, such as honing work processes, nursing knowledge and undergraduate
               teaching. The latter was suggested by a study that presented a reflection on the role
               of nurses as educators and in reducing the stigma associated with mental illness and
               on the mental health nursing career<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>From a qualitative perspective, there is a great amount of research on mental health
               education and the conclusions are, in general, very similar. As an example, one
                  researcher<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B03">3</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>
               concluded that mental health courses are in a phase of transformation, seeking
               changes and at the same time, facing several obstacles. Above all, however, they have
               presented positive aspects for transforming the training of future nurses.
               Nonetheless, few recent quantitative studies have been conducted on the theme, and
               fewer still on mental health competencies, as was demonstrated by a literature review
               study with 215 articles<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B04">4</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>In Australia, studies on the same theme have demonstrated with more reliability that
               which has been detected by the Brazilian studies mentioned above. These studies also
               found that theoretical content and practical experience were important factors in the
               development of more positive attitudes before individuals affected by mental illness
               on behalf of nursing students. In Australia, such studies were influenced by the
               curricular remodeling of undergraduate nursing programs, suggested by a national
               survey aimed at improving the quality of mental health care provided by mental health
                  services<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Nevertheless, there are several factors that help form a panorama of poor nursing
               care, factors that are too complex to be studied globally. However, within the
               (in)direct relationship between academic training and improved professional practice,
               there are some particular/specific aspects that can be isolated and researched, such
               as the improvement of professional training, which indirectly influences in providing
               care to individuals with mental illness that is based on the principles of
               decentralization of mental health services.</p>
        <p>In Brazil, a pioneer study called <italic>&#8220;Opinions about Mental
                  Illness&#8221;</italic>
					<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>
               studied the attitudes and conceptions of health professionals regarding mental
               illness. The researchers validated a scale, also adapted for Brazilian reality,
               called Opinions about Mental Illness (OMI). This instrument is structured on factors
               such as authoritarianism and benevolence towards others to measure and qualify the
               opinions of health professionals about individuals with mental illness.</p>
        <p>Since then, this instrument has been used in only one academic
                  publication<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>. The
               authors used the instrument with nursing and medicine students, identifying changes
               in opinion regarding mental illness in terms of Authoritarianism, Benevolence and
               Social Restrictiveness<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B09">9</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>. In other countries<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>, theoretical content and practical experience were
               important factors for developing more positive attitudes regarding individuals
               affected by mental illness, reducing the stigma presented by graduating nursing
               students. This result was also observed in a cohort study<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>In Victoria, Australia, a survey conducted with 703 students<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>at the conclusion of their clinical
               experience in mental health assessed the contribution of the clinical internship to
               mental health services. The results revealed that several factors were involved in
               promoting a more favorable attitude towards mental health as a field of work for
               nursing. Such factors that contributed to a greater appreciation of mental health
               nursing included: amount of time spent with a preceptor, increased length of
               placement, such as eight hours, for example, and being a male student.</p>
        <p>As theoretical framework, we adopted that which has been suggested by the empirical
               studies in the field of mental health education mentioned above. In terms of
               Brazilian studies, highlighting the latter<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>, and on the international level, the Australian
                  studies<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B05">5</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B06">6</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B08">8</xref>
					<sup>,</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>. In the main and most recent/last
               Brazilian study<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>, a
               wide-reaching survey was conducted on the theme, in which the researchers considered
               the complexity of the phenomenon of mental health education. They concluded that
               professionals should effectively adhere to the psychosocial model at the detriment of
               the biological model, as such models influence teaching methodologies, theoretical
               content and curricular organization. Consequently, they also influence the
               theoretical and practical discourse of teaching staff, which should guide the
               training of future nurses in the direction of deconstructing the stigma surrounding
               mental illness<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B02">2</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>.</p>
        <p>Although the OMI is the only known and divulged instrument in the academic
               environment with this goal, and considering its non-specificity to nursing students,
               we searched all currently available psychometric instruments on the theme in the
               field of psychiatric nursing, as needed to use an instrument directed at the area of
               psychiatric nursing and mental health. Thus, we found the &#8220;Nursing Students&#8217;
               Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221;<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>, which was translated as
                  <italic>&#8220;Atitudes dos estudantes de Enfermagem frente a Enfermagem de Sa&#250;de Mental
                  e Usu&#225;rios&#8221;</italic>. However, in order to make it easier to be found when
               searching for adapted versions of the scale, we have kept the name in English, adding
               a BR at the end.</p>
        <p>The goal of this instrument is to explore the relationships between preparedness,
               attitudes towards mental health nursing and consumers, and interest in a mental
               health nursing career, as well as the influence of the phase following clinical
               experience in this context. Thus, the concept being measured is nursing students&#8217;
               attitudes toward mental health nursing, services, consumers and practice. The
               developer of the original instrument did not define the term &#8220;competence&#8221; as part of
               the subjective construct. Thus, we did not conduct a survey focused on mental health
               competencies, as we did not consider this the object of study.</p>
        <p>The original scale was constructed through a study that conducted interviews with 687
               nursing students in their mental health placement in 21 mental health services in
               Victoria, Australia<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>
					<sup>)</sup>.
               The attitudes of these students toward mental health were measured with this
               instrument at two times: on the first day of the placement, the first 24 items of the
               instrument were given, and on the last day, when 14 additional items (items 25 to 29)
               were included, to assess the post clinical placement period.</p>
        <p>The instrument consists of 24 statements (Section A) and four demographic questions
               (Section B), encompassing gender, university and year of study. The statements
               investigate the following three areas of the students&#8217; perceptions and experiences:
               preparedness for the mental health field, attitudes toward mental illness and
               consumers and, finally, attitudes toward mental health nursing, including career
               preferences. On the last day of the clinical placement, the instrument was given to
               the students once more. Items 1, 10, 11 and 22 presented altered verb tenses and the
               other items were the same, with the exception of the added items 25 to 29. These
               items correspond to a subscale that assesses the nursing team&#8217;s availability to
               students, assessing how the clinical experience contributed to the students&#8217; training
               and career choice.</p>
        <p>The students responded to each of the statements using a seven-point Likert scale, in
               which 1=completely disagree, 2=strongly disagree, 3=disagree, 4=neither agree nor
               disagree, 5=agree, 6=strongly agree, 7=completely agree. The final phase for
               assessing the structure of the pre-test questionnaire consisted in calculating
               Cronbach&#8217;s alpha to evaluate the internal consistency of the items that composed the
               subscales.</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p>Preparedness for mental health field (PMHF) &#8211; comprising statements 1, 4, 7,
                     and 10 (higher scores represent a greater sense of preparedness);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Knowledge of mental illness (KMI) &#8211; comprising statements 9, 18, 19, and 23
                     (higher scores represent a more informed attitude);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Negative stereotypes (NS) &#8211; comprising statements 8, 21, and 24 (lower scores
                     represent less-stereotyped beliefs);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Future career (FC) &#8211; comprising statements 6 and 12 (higher scores represent a
                     greater desire to pursue a career in mental health nursing);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Course effectiveness (CE) &#8211; comprising statements 14 through 17 (higher scores
                     represent the degree to which students&#8217; university courses had prepared them
                     for various areas of nursing);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Anxiety surrounding mental illness (ASMI) &#8211; comprising items 3 and 5 (both
                     reverse scored) and item 22 (higher scores represent lower levels of
                     anxiety);</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Valuable contributions (VC) &#8211; comprising items 2, 11, and 20 (higher scores
                     represent a stronger belief that psychiatric nurses provide a valuable service
                     to consumers, the community, and students&#8217; nursing careers).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Strength of clinical placement (SP) &#8211; comprising statements 25 to 39 (higher
                     scores indicate a greater readiness of staff for students on placements and a
                     higher perceived level of clinical skill in staff involved with students).</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>OBJECTIVE</title>
        <p>To conduct across-cultural adaptation of the &#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward
               Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221; with undergraduate nursing students in
               Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>METHOD</title>
        <p>The original English version of the <italic>&#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward
                  Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221;</italic> was used for the Brazilian
               Portuguese translation and back-translation process to obtain an initial Brazilian
               version of the scale. Although there is no standardized procedure for the
               cross-cultural adaptation of scales, the framework adopted here came from the work of
               authors with experience in the field<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>
					<sup>-</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
					<sup>)</sup> of
               cross-cultural adaptation of instruments measuring subjective constructs.</p>
        <p>These researchers proposed that the following steps for crosscultural adaptation be
               conducted sequentially, beginning with conceptual equivalence (literature review
               regarding the study of object and publications related to the original instrument,
               discussion with experts and target population), item equivalence (discussion with
               experts and target population), semantic equivalence (translation, back-translation,
               expert committee, pre-test), operational equivalence (assessment on the format, mode
               of application and categorization, instructions and application scenario conducted by
               a group of researchers), measurement equivalence (psychometric studies such as
               validity, reliability, internal consistency, etc.). Finally, functional equivalence
               is assessed, a result of the previous steps. This process can then be replicated with
               different populations than that studied originally so that the instrument can also be
               relevant to populations other than those used in the validation process.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Conceptual and item equivalence</title>
          <p>In this phase, we conducted a literature review of publications from the cultures
                  of the source instrument and that of the target-population (psychiatric/mental
                  health nursing in Australia and Brazil). We also analyzed pedagogical teaching
                  proposals in Australia, particularly those from the universities that participated
                  in the scale&#8217;s construction. Furthermore, we requested permission via e-mail from
                  the instrument&#8217;s developer, Brenda Happel, for conducting the adaptation and
                  validation of the scale in Brazil.</p>
          <p>The instrument was chosen due to the researcher&#8217;s commitment to research on the
                  topic, a feature also identified in the studies mentioned before. Our literature
                  review revealed that there have also been changes in the field of mental health
                  education in the form of curricular reform, which has also defined the
                  competencies to be developed by students in the field of psychiatric/mental health
                  nursing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Semantic equivalence</title>
          <p>In light of the above, three independent forward translations into Brazilian
                  Portuguese were produced by professionals with ample experience and knowledge of
                  the English language. We ensured that none of the translators knew each other
                  before the translation process. One translator was a psychologist and university
                  professor who conducted research in the field of mental health. The second
                  translator was a nurse and university professor fluent in English, and the third
                  held a BA in Languages and Literature and was fluent in English as well.</p>
          <p>This process resulted in translation 1 (T1), translation 2 (T2) and translation 3
                  (T3). After this phase, we arranged a meeting with the translators and the
                  researchers of the study to compare any possible discrepancies between the
                  original scale and T1, T2 and T3. This analysis resulted in translation 1-2-3, or
                  T(1-2-3), the first version of the Brazilian Portuguese scale. The next step in
                  the process of verifying semantic equivalence was producing back-translations of
                  T1-2-3. To this end, two bilingual translators residing in Brazil, one from the
                  United States (responsible for BT1) and the other from the United Kingdom
                  (responsible for BT2), and who had nothad any prior contact with the original
                  instrument, produced back-translation 1 (BT1) and back-translation 2 (BT2). Next,
                  the translations and back-translations were submitted to the appraisal of an
                  expert committee and of the original scale&#8217;s developer, who agreed with the
                  version presented and did not express any opinion on the back-translations.</p>
          <p>A committee of five experts, all of whom were university professors, assessed the
                  instrument. The first worked with education, another was a psychologist
                  specialized in behavioral analysis and psychometrics and the other three were
                  doctors of psychiatric nursing with experience in psychiatric and mental health
                  nursing education. For this process, the experts were given the validation
                  material in its entirety (assessment spreadsheet, original version, T2, T3,
                  T1-2-3, BT1 and BT2). They also received instructions on the parameters for
                  assessing the items, how to use the scale, and calculate and interpret the scores,
                  in addition to conceptual definitions on each of the scale dimensions, in
                  accordance with its original version.</p>
          <p>In this phase, the experts assessed the instrument regarding its semantic and
                  idiomatic equivalence, and conceptual and cultural equivalence. To this end, the
                  experts had to reach a consensus with respect to the clarity of the language (if
                  the item was clear to the target population); practical pertinence (if the item
                  was important to the practice of the object of study); the theoretical relevance
                  of each of item on the instrument; (if it was suited to the theory and construct
                  it intended to measure). The experts were given a form to record their opinions on
                  each of the items.</p>
          <p>Following this phase, the second preliminary version of the instrument was
                  produced. In order to verify content validity, that is, if the items that composed
                  the instrument adequately represented the instrument&#8217;s content of interest,
                  calculating the percentage of consensus among the experts on each item, according
                  to the aforementioned parameters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Content validity</title>
          <p>Content validity refers to the degree to which a test constitutes a representative
                  sample of a finite universe of behaviors. In this phase, the researcher must
                  assess if all of the relevant aspects to the object of study are included in the
                  instrument and if there are any irrelevant items.</p>
          <p>Although there is no method recommended for conducting content validity,
                     researchers<sup>(</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						<sup>-</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>
						<sup>)</sup>
                  have suggested simple mathematical methods for increasing the reliability of this
                  validation phase, which is subjective in nature. The recommendation is to
                  calculate the percent of consensus, which is equivalent to the ratio of experts
                  who agreed to those who did not agree with each item multiplied by 100%, thus
                  indicating the experts&#8217; percentage of consensus.</p>
          <p>We adopted an 80% minimum consensus level (at least four of the five experts had
                  to agree) in order to maintain or re-evaluate an item, according to the parameters
                  of practical and theoretical relevance and clarity of language.</p>
          <p>On finishing the semantic equivalence phase, or the pilot study, the items in the
                  second preliminary version were adjusted to the target population of the scale.
                  This adjustment was aimed to ensure satisfactory comprehension of the items on the
                  questionnaire.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Operational equivalence</title>
          <p>Based on the suggestions of the research group, an open question was formulated,
                  asking for the opinion of the subject on the instrument&#8217;s items. Furthermore, an
                  introductory heading explaining the purpose of the instrument and the absence of
                  right or wrong answers was included in order to obtain the most sincere answers
                  possible. The next steps for determining equivalence will be conducted in future
                  studies and published posteriorly.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>This study was approved by the research ethics committee of the State University
                  of Londrina (UEL), as per Certificate of Ethical Appreciation
                  (CAAE)no.12795513.6.0000.5231.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample characteristics</title>
          <p>We included students enrolled in the mental health course at the time of the study
                  and excluded any students diagnosed with a severe mental illness. No subjects were
                  excluded at this point of the study.</p>
          <p>The pilot study was conducted with 30 undergraduate nursing students in their
                     4<sup>th</sup> and final year of training, in the state of Paran&#225;, Brazil. The
                  students were given the scale on the first and last day of their mental health
                  discipline, separated by a 29-day interval.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>RESULTS</title>
        <p>As the scale was applied at two different times, items no. 01, 10, 11 and 22 were
               written using different verb tenses, as they aimed to assess the beginning and end of
               the course. Therefore, the following table presents these variations in verb tense,
               as they are the same item. ?<xref ref-type="table" rid="t02">Table 1</xref> presents
               the prefinal version of the adapted instrument.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t02">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Prefinal version of the scale <italic>&#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward
                        Mental Health Nursing and Consumers</italic>&#8221;-BR, for use in Brazil,
                     Londrina, Paran&#225;, 2013</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="box" rules="all">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="center">Item</th>
                <th align="left">Factor/statements</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Capacita&#231;&#227;o para o campo de sa&#250;de mental
                              (Preparedness for mental health field)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">01</td>
                <td align="left">Eu me sinto/me senti bem preparado para meu est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico
                           em psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental. (I feel/felt well prepared for my
                           psychiatric/mental health clinical placement).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">04</td>
                <td align="left">Eu tenho boa compreens&#227;o do papel do enfermeiro
                           psiqui&#225;trico. (I have a good understanding of the role of a psychiatric
                           nurse).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">07</td>
                <td align="left">Eu me sinto confiante quanto a minha habilidade de cuidar
                           de pessoas que vivenciam um problema de sa&#250;de mental. (I will apply for a
                           Graduate Program in psychiatric/mental health nursing).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="left">As aulas te&#243;ricas de enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental
                           ir&#227;o me preparar/me prepararam bem para o est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico. (My
                           theoretical component of psychiatric/mental health nursing has prepared
                           me well for my clinical placement).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Conhecimento sobre sa&#250;de mental (Knowledge of mental
                              illness)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">09</td>
                <td align="left">Transtorno mental n&#227;o &#233; sinal de fraqueza em uma pessoa.
                           (Mental illness is not a sign of weakness in a person).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="left">Algu&#233;m que conhe&#231;o vivenciou um problema de sa&#250;de mental.
                           (Someone I know has experienced a mental health problem).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="left">Quando uma pessoa desenvolve um transtorno mental, n&#227;o &#233;
                           culpa dela. (When a person develops a mental illness it is not their
                           fault).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="left">O modo como as pessoas com transtorno mental se sentem pode
                           ser afetado pelas atitudes das outras pessoas em rela&#231;&#227;o a elas. (The way
                           people with mental illness feel can be affected by other people&#8217;s
                           attitudes towards them).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Estere&#243;tipos negativos (Negative
                           stereotypes)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">08</td>
                <td align="left">Pessoas com transtornos mentais s&#227;o imprevis&#237;veis. (People
                           with mental illness are unpredictable).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="left">Pessoas com transtorno mental n&#227;o conseguem lidar com
                           muitas responsabilidades. (People with mental illness can&#8217;t handle too
                           much responsibility).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">24</td>
                <td align="left">Pessoas com transtorno mental s&#227;o mais propensas a cometer
                           delitos ou crimes. (People with mental illness are more likely to commit
                           offences or crimes).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Carreira futura (Future career)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">06</td>
                <td align="left">Eu vou fazer a P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em enfermagem
                           psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental. (I will apply for a Graduate Program in
                           psychiatric/ mental health nursing).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="left">Eu pretendo seguir uma carreira em enfermagem
                           psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental. (I intend to pursue a career in
                           psychiatric/mental health nursing).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Ansiedade em rela&#231;&#227;o ao transtorno mental (Anxiety
                              surrounding mental illness)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">03</td>
                <td align="left">Estou ansioso quanto ao trabalho com pessoas que vivenciam
                           um problema de sa&#250;de mental. (I am anxious about working with people
                           experiencing a mental health problem).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">05</td>
                <td align="left">Eu tenho boa compreens&#227;o do papel do enfermeiro
                           psiqui&#225;trico. (I am uncertain how to act towards someone with a mental
                           illness).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="left">Eu me sinto/senti seguro para/durante este est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico
                           de psiquiatria/sa&#250;de mental. (I feel safe about this psychiatric/mental
                           health placement).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>Contribui&#231;&#245;es valiosas (Valuable
                              contributions)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">02</td>
                <td align="left">A enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental traz uma
                           contribui&#231;&#227;o positiva para pessoas que vivenciam um problema de sa&#250;de
                           mental. (Psychiatric/mental health nursing makes a positive contribution
                           to people experiencing a mental health problem).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="left">O est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico em enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental
                           ir&#225; me proporcionar/me proporcionou uma experi&#234;ncia valiosa para a minha
                           pr&#225;tica em enfermagem. (This clinical placement in psychiatric/mental
                           health nursing will provide valuable experience for my nursing
                           practice).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="left">Servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de mental oferecem assist&#234;ncia valiosa a
                           pessoas que vivenciam problemas de sa&#250;de mental. (Mental health services
                           provide valuable assistance to people experiencing a mental health
                           problem).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#160;</td>
                <td align="left">
                  <bold>P&#243;s-est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico (Strength of
                           placement)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="left">Eu fui encorajado pela equipe de enfermagem a considerar a
                           enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental como uma carreira. (I was encouraged
                           by nursing staff to consider psychiatric/mental health nursing as a
                           career).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="left">Eu fui bem supervisionado em meu est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico. (I was
                           well oriented to my placement).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="left">Eu me sentia colhido pela equipe de enfermagem durante meu
                           est&#225;gio clinico. (I felt supported by nursing staff during my clinical
                           placement).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="left">Meu est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico foi longo o suficiente para consolidar
                           meu conhecimento de enfermagem psiqui&#225;trica/sa&#250;de mental. (My clinical
                           placement was long enough to consolidate my understanding of
                           psychiatric/mental health nursing).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem estava muito ocupada para me
                           oferecer apoio adequado. (Nursing staff were too busy to provide me with
                           proper support.)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="left">Eu me senti mais acolhido neste est&#225;gio clinico do que me
                           senti em outros est&#225;gios. (I felt better supported in this clinical
                           placement than I have on other clinical placements).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">31</td>
                <td align="left">Eu me senti acolhido por meu supervisor cl&#237;nico/professor.
                           (I felt supported by my clinical teacher/preceptor).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="left">Fui encorajado a me envolver no cuidado aos pacientes
                           durante o est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico. (I was encouraged to become involved with
                           patients care whilst on placement).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem foi acolhedora com os alunos no
                           est&#225;gio cl&#237;nico. (Nursing staff were welcoming of students on
                           placement).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem estava preparada para me receber.
                           (Nursing staff were prepared for my arrival).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem estava familiarizada com os
                           objetivos de aprendizagem do meu curso (Nursing staff were familiar with
                           the learning objectives of my course).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="left">Eu gostei do meu est&#225;gio em psiquiatria/sa&#250;de mental. (I
                           enjoyed my psychiatric/mental health placement).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem demonstrou um alto n&#237;vel de
                           habilidades cl&#237;nicas. (The nursing staff demonstrated a high level of
                           clinical skill).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem tratou os pacientes com respeito e
                           dignidade. (The nursing staff treated patients with respect and
                           dignity).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="left">A equipe de enfermagem foi sens&#237;vel aos meus pedidos de
                           esclarecimento ou ajuda. (The nursing staff were responsive to my
                           requests for clarification or assistance).</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>DISCUSSION</title>
        <p>Regarding the assessment of the back-translations, one researcher<sup>(</sup>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>
					<sup>)</sup> suggested two important parameters
               for comparing between them. The first is language comparability, which refers to the
               formal similarity between words, phrases and sentences. The second parameter is
               similarity of interpretability, which refers to the level at which the two versions
               produce the same response, should they be written with different wording. In theory,
               back-translated items can differ from the original linguistic form and from the
               original meaning. Ideally, the corresponding items should present similar meaning and
               similar language forms.</p>
        <p>When assessing the comparability of language and similarity of interpretability, the
               U.S. translator used the word &#8220;eager&#8221; in item three to translate the Portuguese word
                  <italic>&#8220;ansiedade,&#8221;</italic> while the other back-translation produced by the
               U.K. translator used the word &#8220;anxious&#8221;. However, the U.S. translator commented that
               &#8220;eager&#8221; has a positive connotation, and that the authors of the scale should choose
               the word according to the meaning they intended. In the original instrument, the word
               is meant with a negative connotation as attributed by the developer of the scale and,
               according to her preference, the word &#8220;anxious&#8221; was maintained as the back-translated
               term.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>The subjects&#8217; opinion on the scale</title>
          <p>The students were presented with the following question: <italic>&#8220;What is your
                     opinion on the items of the scale? Are they important, clear, useful, etc.?
                     Should you feel the need, leave a comment for each item.&#8221;</italic> The answers
                  provided are summarized below. Of the 30 subjects, 13 manifested doubt regarding
                  the clarity of items 14 and 17, indicating that 43% of the interviewed subjects,
                  who are object of the study, had difficulties related to the comprehension and
                  relevance of those items. The other 17 subjects (57%) reported that the items were
                  clear and pertinent.</p>
          <p>The expert committee made a unanimous decision to reassess items 14-17, suggesting
                  that a request be sent to the developer of the original scale regarding the
                  objective of these items in the instrument, who responded that the questions are
                  aimed at comprehending the students&#8217; opinions about the fields of practice before
                  beginning their clinical placement. In this manner, comparisons can be conducted
                  between different specialties. However, the author suggested that, in case the
                  researchers did not consider the items pertinent, they could be removed from the
                  instrument.</p>
          <p>Thus, one more meeting was held with the expert committee, who unanimously decided
                  to exclude the subscale &#8220;effectiveness of clinical practice,&#8221; consisting of items
                  14, 15, 16 and 17.</p>
          <p>Such a decision is not common in cross-cultural adaptations of instruments
                  measuring subjective constructs, although it has been reported by researchers with
                  broad experience in the field<sup>(</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						<sup>)</sup>.
                  However, considering the debate and assessment made by the expert committee and
                  also those of the pre-test subjects, the authors of this study consider this to
                  have been an appropriate decision that can eventually take place in this kind of
                     study<sup>(</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						<sup>)</sup>. The basic principles for
                  creating psychometric items were also taken into consideration, which recommend
                  that they be clear, concise, relevant and useful<sup>(</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>
						<sup>,</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>
						<sup>)</sup>.Thus, the fact that 13 out of 30 students reported
                  doubt, together with the debate conducted by the expert committee and support of
                  the developer of the scale, ensures the legitimacy of this decision.</p>
          <p>The four eliminated items made sense within the educational context of the country
                  of origin, as Australia has gone through transformations that led to the creation
                  of a general basic curriculum with content in areas considered fundamental
                  (medical-surgical, pediatrics, mental health and older adult care), called the
                  pre-registration curriculum. On the conclusion of this initial phase of academic
                  training and being qualified for basic work, the professional must choose which of
                  these careers to follow and to specialize in<sup>(</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>
						<sup>)</sup>. Although the Australian curriculum encompasses
                  the same view of general nursing as that recommended in the Brazilian national
                  curricular directives for undergraduate nursing programs, it does not include the
                  field of collective health, which is considered important<sup>(</sup>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>
						<sup>)</sup>according to these guidelines.
                  Thus, as professional nursing practice in Australia is completely different from
                  that in Brazil, these items were not adequate to the academic and professional
                  context of Brazilian nurses.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
        <p>The &#8220;Nursing Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221;scale was
               successfully translated and cross-culturally adapted for Brazil. The methodological
               process was based on international guidelines for this type of study, which allows us
               to conclude that the translated and cross-culturally adapted scale presents
               satisfactory content validity.</p>
        <p>This study paves the way for further research related to the use of the &#8220;Nursing
               Students&#8217; Attitudes Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221;-BR scale in Brazil,
               among them the validation of its psychometric properties, such as construct validity
               and reliability. Other studies can also investigate the attitudes of graduating
               nurses in Brazil toward mental health nursing and individuals affected by mental
               illness. Such studies can contribute to improving the academic training of future
               nurses and help strengthen the effort to increase the appreciation given to the
               mental health nursing specialty, guided by the principles of the Brazilian
               psychiatric reform.</p>
        <p>The present study represents a significant advance in psychiatric nursing,
               specificallyin the theme of mental health education. Having a validated instrument
               available in the Brazilian Portuguese language to measure the attitudes and
               conceptions regarding mental health nursing can help improvethe mental health
               specialty, education and care, which ultimately contributes to enhancing the care and
               training provided in the field.</p>
        <p>Lastly, we emphasize that the translated scale has great potential for application in
               the academic environment, providing a more objective method to assess mental health
               education and to increase the appreciation given to this specialty within the field
               of nursing, a specialty that has received very little attention in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>How to cite this article:</label>
          <p>Soares MH, Luis MAV, Hirata AGP. Cross-cultural cultural adaptation of the
                  &#8220;Nursing Student&#8217;s Attitude Toward Mental Health Nursing and Consumers&#8221; in Brazil.
                  Rev Bras Enferm. 2015;682):194-201.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
